Modern Science and Research

NODIR JONUZOQ SHE’RIYATINING MATNIY TUZILISHI VA TEMATIK KO‘LAMI

Hayotjon Mirxoliyev — 2025-11-05

Ushbu tezisda Nodir Jonuzoq she’riyatining matniy tuzilishi va tematik ko‘lami ilmiy tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqotda shoir ijodida poetik matnning kompozitsion qurilishi, ritm va ohang uyg‘unligi hamda semantik qatlamlarning mazmun shakllantirishdagi ahamiyati yoritilgan. Shuningdek, uning she’rlarida aks etgan mavzular — milliy qadriyatlar, inson ruhiyati, tabiat manzaralari va ijtimoiy-falsafiy masalalar — badiiy talqin doirasida ko‘rib chiqilgan. Tezisda shoir poetik olamining matniy tuzilishdagi izchilligi va tematik rang-barangligi o‘zaro bog‘liq holda tahlil etilib, ularning o‘zbek adabiy jarayonidagi ahamiyati ochib berilgan.

MOLIYAVIY SAVODXONLIKNI OSHIRISH ORQALI IQTISODIY BARQARORLIKKA ERISHISH

Maftuna Mannanova — 2025-11-05

Ushbu tezisda moliyaviy savodxonlik darajasini oshirishning mamlakat iqtisodiy barqarorligiga ta’siri, aholining moliyaviy madaniyatini rivojlantirish zaruriyati hamda bu jarayonni qo‘llab-quvvatlashda davlat siyosatining o‘rni yoritilgan. Shuningdek, rivojlangan davlatlar tajribasi asosida O‘zbekistonda moliyaviy savodxonlikni oshirish bo‘yicha takliflar berilgan.

LEGAL PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR BUSINESS ENTITIES

Gulira'no Xakberdoyeva — 2025-11-05

The article examines the legal protection system for business entities in the Republic of Uzbekistan. It analyzes the development of the legal framework and key regulations ensuring entrepreneurs’ rights. The role of state authorities, the Business Ombudsman, arbitration courts, and mediation is highlighted. The study emphasizes that improving legal protection mechanisms strengthens private property, promotes a favorable business environment, and supports the growth of a competitive economy.

GLOBAL AXBOROT MAYDONIDA O‘ZBEKISTON JURNALISTIKASINING O‘RNI

Luiza Toshpo‘latova — 2025-11-05

This article analyzes the role of Uzbek journalism in the global information space, its development trends and participation in international information flows. The specific directions and opportunities of Uzbek journalism in the context of the rapid development of information technologies, the expansion of digital media and the influence of social networks are highlighted. The article analyzes the role of national media in global information exchange, the level of cooperation with international information sources, as well as the issues of journalists' qualifications and information security. The research examines the influence of Uzbek journalism in the global media space, its experience in forming an independent information policy, and the processes of adaptation to international standards. At the end of the article, proposals and recommendations are given to increase the competitiveness of Uzbek journalism in the global information system.

THE TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL REFERENCES IN CONTEMPORARY FICTION: PROBLEMS AND APPROACHES

Sevara Rajabova — 2025-11-05

This paper examines the main difficulties and techniques involved in translating cultural references found in modern fiction. Expressions related to customs, history, idioms, or social life often create challenges for translators because they hold meanings that are specific to the source culture. The study emphasizes that achieving equivalence between the original and translated texts requires not only linguistic skill but also deep cultural understanding. Referring to theories such as domestication and foreignization, it discusses how translators decide between keeping the original cultural flavor and making the text accessible for readers in another culture. The research argues that translating culture-bound elements successfully depends on flexible, context-based choices rather than rigid use of one single method. In conclusion, it suggests that effective cultural translation allows readers from different backgrounds to experience the same emotions and artistic value intended by the author, preserving both the spirit and the integrity of the original work.

JISMONIY TARBIYA – PEDAGOGIKA

Sanjarbek Sidikov — 2025-11-05

Mazkur tezisda jismoniy tarbiya – pedagogika va uning tamoillari haqida sóz etilgan.

PEDAGOGIKALIK TA’LIM ASOSLARI VA UNING STRUKTURAVIY BO’LIMLARI

Aziza Turemuratova — 2025-11-05

Ushbu tadqiqotda ta’lim sistemasini modernizatsiyalash jarayonlarining huquqiy-normativ asoslari tahlil qilinadi. Shu bilan birga zamonaviy ta’lim dasturlariga asoslangan holda pedagogika va pedagogik metodlar kontekstida o‘qitish metodlarini tashkil qilish, o’qituvchilarning pedagogik mahoratini oshirish, psixologik salohiyatga ega bo’lgan o’qituvchilarni ta’lim metodlari bilan ishlashga o’rgatish, ta’lim sistemasini modernizatsiyalash orqali ta’lim modellari hamda zamonaviy o‘qitish texnikasi metodlarini tashkil qilish bo’yicha ma’lumotlar keltirib o’tiladi.

ISАJON SULTON АSАRLАRIDА MILLIY MIFOLOGIYANING BADIIY IFODASI

Kаmolа Eshpo‘Lаtovа — 2025-11-05

Ushbu maqolada zamonaviy o‘zbek adabiyotining yorqin vakillaridan biri — Isajon Sulton ijodida mifologik obrazlarning qo‘llanishi va ularning badiiy talqini tahlil qilinadi. Muallif asarlarida xalq og‘zaki ijodi, rivoyatlar va qadimiy mifologik timsollarni zamonaviy inson ruhiyati, ma’naviy izlanishlari bilan bog‘lab, ularni yangi semantik mazmun bilan boyitadi. Tadqiqotda yozuvchining asarlarida uchraydigan mifologik obrazlarning funksional va ramziy xususiyatlari o‘rganilgan. Maqola Isajon Sulton nasrida folklor va mifopoetikaning o‘zaro uyg‘unligi, mifologik timsollar orqali inson va jamiyat muammolarining yoritilishiga e’tibor qaratadi.

THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON TASK-BASED LANGUAGE TEACHING: A PEDAGOGICAL SHIFT

Ugiloy Xakimova — 2025-11-05

This article explores the transformative role of technology in Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT), emphasizing how digital tools have redefined task design, learner interaction, and classroom dynamics. As language education continues to evolve in response to technological advances, integrating digital platforms, mobile applications, and virtual collaboration tools into TBLT has become increasingly relevant. Drawing on recent research, this paper examines the pedagogical implications of technology-enhanced TBLT, highlighting both its potential and challenges in fostering meaningful language use and communicative competence.

LAPAROSCOPIC PYELOPLASTY - EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TRANSPERITONEAL ACCESS, EXPERIENCE OF THE «MED ART GROUP» CLINIC.

J.J. Umurzakov — 2025-11-05

To solve the problems of patients associated with obstruction of the pyelourethral segment, the easiest and least traumatic consequence is minimally invasive laparoscopic pyeloplasty, the effect and result of which are significantly increased compared to open surgical operations. Laparoscopic access is convenient for better visualization of internal anatomical organs, perfect isolation of the pyelourethral segment, and free space for performing manipulations using laparoscope instruments.

LAND AS A NATIONAL WEALTH: THE IMPORTANCE OF LEGISLATIVE ACTS REGULATING STATE GOVERNANCE IN THE RATIONAL USE AND PROTECTION OF LAND RESOURCES

Dilnura Absalomova — 2025-11-05

This thesis examines the importance and role of land as a national wealth, as well as the activities of state authorities in the field of rational land use and protection. During the analysis, the Land Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On State Cadastres,” and other legislative documents regulating land relations are studied. The paper discusses the functions of state management bodies in ensuring the effective use and protection of land resources, as well as the legal and regulatory mechanisms for their targeted utilization and preservation. In addition, the thesis is presented in a form understandable to the general public and provides explanations on the application of legal acts related to state administration in the field of land use and protection.

IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TREATMENT OF CATARRHAL GINGIVITIS IN ADOLESCENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS

Kamila Turaeva — 2025-11-05

Catarrhal gingivitis is a frequent inflammatory periodontal condition among adolescents, characterized by gingival redness, swelling, bleeding, and discomfort. The prevalence of this disease significantly increases in adolescents with diabetes mellitus, as chronic hyperglycemia alters immune responses, reduces salivary flow, increases bacterial growth, and promotes oxidative stress, thereby exacerbating periodontal inflammation. Poor glycemic control leads to increased susceptibility to oral infections and worsens periodontal outcomes. Effective management of catarrhal gingivitis in diabetic adolescents is essential to prevent further periodontal complications and to improve overall oral and systemic health. Conventional treatment strategies often include mechanical plaque removal, oral hygiene education, and antiseptic mouth rinses, yet these measures may not be sufficient in diabetic patients due to delayed tissue healing and altered host response. Therefore, optimizing treatment protocols tailored for diabetic adolescents plays a crucial role in reducing disease severity, enhancing clinical outcomes, and improving quality of life for young patients.

CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE MUCOSA OF THE ORAL CAVITY IN TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS

Kamila Turaeva — 2025-11-05

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune endocrine disorder characterized by absolute insulin deficiency and persistent hyperglycemia. The oral cavity is highly sensitive to systemic metabolic dysregulation, and diabetic patients frequently develop pathological changes in the oral mucosa due to microangiopathy, neuropathy, immune dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Chronic hyperglycemia disrupts tissue turnover, increases susceptibility to infections, and impairs wound healing, predisposing patients to conditions such as xerostomia, candidiasis, periodontal disease, and mucosal ulcerations. Morphological alterations, including epithelial atrophy, increased keratinization, intracellular edema, and microvascular changes, are key indicators of oral mucosal involvement in T1DM. Understanding clinical and histopathological patterns of mucosal alterations in T1DM is essential for early diagnosis, prevention of complications, and effective dental management, as oral manifestations often precede systemic metabolic imbalance and may signal poor glycemic control.

OSTEOMYELITIS TREATMENT POSTOPERATIVE PREVENTION

Jaloliddin Romanov — 2025-11-05

Osteomyelitis is a severe inflammatory and infectious disease affecting bone and bone marrow, commonly caused by bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. It typically develops from hematogenous spread, direct inoculation during trauma or surgery, or contiguous spread from adjacent soft tissue infections. Despite advances in surgical techniques and antimicrobial therapy, osteomyelitis remains a significant clinical challenge due to its chronic nature, high recurrence rates, and ability of microorganisms to form biofilms on bone surfaces. These biofilms protect bacteria from host immune mechanisms and reduce antibiotic penetration, complicating therapeutic outcomes. Delayed diagnosis, antibiotic resistance, impaired vascularity, and comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus further complicate the prognosis. Considering the clinical burden and potential complications including sepsis, limb deformities, and bone necrosis, effective treatment strategies and postoperative preventive measures are essential for long-term patient recovery and maintenance of musculoskeletal integrity.

TEXNOLOGIYANING PROFESSIONAL NUTQ JANRLARIDAN FOYDALANISHGA TA’SIRI

Iqboloy Fatxiddinova — 2025-11-05

Ushbu maqolada nutqiy janrlarning bir turi boʻlgan professional nutq janrlariga texnologiyaning ta'siri toʻgʻrisida ma'lumotlar ifodalangan. Texnologiyaning rivojlanishi natijasida paydo boʻlayotgan yangi nutqiy janrlar, xususan, professional nutqiy janrlarning yangi turlari ga toʻxtalib oʻtilgan. Ularni shakllantiruvchi omillar alohida e’tiborga olingan.

PROFESSIONAL NUTQIY JANRLARDA IDIOMALAR VA IBORALARNING O`RNI

Iqboloy Fatxiddinova — 2025-11-05

This article discusses the importance of using phrases and idioms in professional speech genres, that is, in occupational contexts. It analyzes how these elements help convey ideas clearly, accurately, and effectively, supported by relevant examples.

RAQAMLI KRIMINALISTIK TEXNIKA NIMA?

Adiba Tulanboyeva — 2025-11-05

Ushbu tezisda raqamli kriminalistik texnika tushunchasi, uning asosiy komponentlari shuningdek, raqamli kriminalistik texnika tushunchasiga chet el olimlarining ta’riflari tahlil qilinadi. Dalillarni aniqlashda qo‘llaniladigan asosiy usullar yoritilgan. Raqamli kriminalistik texnikaning nazariy va amaliy jihatlari yoritiladi.

TALABA YOSHLARDA AXBOROT-PSIXOLOGIK XAVFSIZLIKNI TA’MINLASHNI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH

Gulzoda Fayziyeva — 2025-11-05

Maqolada zamonaviy axborot tahdidlari sharoitida talaba yoshlarining axborot va psixologik xavfsizligini ta'minlashning psixologik jihatlarini o'rganish bo‘yicha usullar va yondashuvlar ko‘rib chiqiladi.

SADRIDDIN AYNIYNING “SUDXO’RNING O’LIMI” ASARIDAGI TOPONIMLARNING ETIMOLOGIYASI

Mohinur Odinayeva — 2025-11-05

This article analyzes the toponyms and their etymology in Sadriddin Ayni's story "The Death of the Usurer". It shows the dependence of toponyms on the cultural and historical context and emphasizes that they serve to provide a deeper understanding of the literary text.

PROFESSIONAL TA’LIMNI BOSHQARISHDA XORIJIY TAJRIBALAR VA O‘ZBEKISTON SHAROITIDA ULARNING QO‘LLANILISHI

Tohirjon Jololov — 2025-11-05

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the best practices in managing the professional education system in foreign countries, their organizational, legal, pedagogical and economic aspects. It also covers the areas of modernization of the professional education system in the Republic of Uzbekistan, adaptation of international experiences to national conditions, and improvement of the management system. The article analyzes the management models of countries with advanced education systems, such as Germany, South Korea, Finland and Singapore, and substantiates the possibilities of their implementation in the Uzbek education system based on an analytical approach.

HISTORICAL IMPROVEMENT OF THE MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL BASE OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN UZBEKISTAN DURING THE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE

Asrorbek Muxtorov — 2025-11-05

This article analyzes the gradual improvement of the material and technical base in the process of developing the higher education system in the Republic of Uzbekistan during the years of independence, the equipment of educational institutions with modern infrastructure, laboratories, information and resource centers, as well as the impact of this process on the quality of education and scientific potential. The article highlights the stages of development of the infrastructure of higher educational institutions based on government decisions, reforms and practical results.

MODERN METHODS FOR DEVELOPING FLEXIBILITY IN 10–12-YEAR-OLD GYMNASTS

Sevara Alimova — 2025-11-05

This article discusses modern methods for developing flexibility in gymnasts aged 10–12. The study analyzes the effectiveness of dynamic stretching, PNF (proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation), and yoga elements in improving muscle elasticity and range of motion. The results show that regular application of these techniques significantly enhances flexibility and coordination in young gymnasts.

ÁDEBIYAT SABAǴÍNDA AŃÍZ HÁM ÁPSANA JANRÍNÍŃ ÓZGESHELIKLERIN OQÍTÍW USÍLLARÍ

Gúlparshın Joldasbaeva — 2025-11-05

Bul maqalada ańız hám ápsanalar teoriyalıq jaqtan analiz etilip, oqıwshılarǵa ańız hám ápsanalardıń janrlıq ózgesheliklerin úyretiw eń áhmiyetli metodikalıq máselelerden biri ekenligi sóz etilgen.

VOYAGA YETMAGANLARDA XULQI OGʻISHINING IJTIMOIY-PSIXOLOGIK XUSUSIYATLARI

Shohista Obloqulova — 2025-11-05

This article analyzes the socio-psychological characteristics of deviant behavior in minors. It examines the changing forms of aggression in adolescence, including age and gender differences based on L.M. Semenyuk's classification. Based on the definitions provided by V.V. Kovalyov and N.P. Fetiskin, deviant behavior is discussed as a pathogenic and antisocial form of disadaptation. The article identifies the key causes of deviations (family upbringing, socio-economic factors, and the negative impact of information technologies) and highlights the importance of psychological prevention and correction measures.

THE FUTURE AND RISKS OF DIGITAL CURRENCY SYSTEMS.

Maftuna Mannanova — 2025-11-05

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of digital currencies (cryptocurrencies and central bank digital currencies — CBDCs) in the global financial system, their development prospects, and potential risks and dangers. The article presents observed trends, examples of international experience, and proposes political, legislative, and technical measures to mitigate risks.

IJTIMOIY TARMOQNING INSON HAYOTIGA TA’SIRI

Mulkijahon Ismoilova — 2025-11-05

Hozirgi kunda yoshlarimizning kitob o‘qishga emas, balki ijtimoiy tarmoqlarga bo‘lgan qiziqishi tobora ortib bormoqda. Har kuni millionlab foydalanuvchilar turli tarmoqlarda soatlab vaqt o‘tkazmoqda.

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER

Ismigul Komolddinova — 2025-11-05

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a prevalent and often chronic psychiatric condition characterized by excessive, uncontrollable worry occurring across multiple domains for at least six months [1]. Despite its high burden, GAD remains underdiagnosed and undertreated [2]. This article provides a comprehensive overview of GAD: its epidemiology and clinical features, underlying mechanisms (cognitive, biological, neural, interpersonal), diagnostic issues, and current treatment paradigms (psychological, pharmacological, digital) [3,4]. We review and compare findings from key studies, highlight areas of agreement and divergence, and point to gaps for future research [5,6]. In conclusion, while evidence supports the efficacy of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and first‐line pharmacotherapy (SSRIs/SNRIs) [2,7], emerging modalities such as digital interventions and novel biological targets warrant further investigation to improve outcomes and reduce the care gap [6,8].

PEDAGOGIKA TARIXI FANINING HOZIRGI KUNDA MUAMMOLARI VA ULARNING YECHIMLARI

Jarqinay Kurbanbaeva — 2025-11-05

This article analyzes the current significance of the history of pedagogy, the problems encountered in its teaching process, their causes, and effective solutions. The importance of modern approaches, innovative technologies, and an integrated educational environment in teaching the history of pedagogy is substantiated. It also highlights the role of this science in the development of national identity, respect for spiritual values, and pedagogical thinking in the younger generation.

LUTFIY IJODIDA TASHXIS VA INTOQ SAN’ATINING QO‘LLANISHI

O‘g‘iloy Qudratova — 2025-11-05

This article analyzes the use of artistic devices, particularly tashkhis (personification – attributing human qualities to inanimate objects) and intoq (animation – giving speech to voiceless entities), in the works of one of the prominent representatives of Turkic classical literature – Mavlono Lutfiy. Based on examples from his ghazals, the study demonstrates the artistic function of these devices, their role in expressing the poet’s mastery, and their emotional-aesthetic power. The analysis also highlights Lutfiy’s poetic style, the degree of imagery animation, and the symbolic harmony between human and nature in classical poetry.

HISTORY OF SOCIAL PROTECTION OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN INDEPENDENT UZBEKISTAN

Diyorbek Otelbayev — 2025-11-05

This article analyzes the provision of social protection of persons with disabilities in the Republic of Uzbekistan during the years of independence, the establishment of legal foundations, existing problems in the education system and methods for their elimination. It also provides information on the priority areas of preparing students with disabilities for the inclusive education process. It also analyzes the inextricable link between psychological preparation in working with children with disabilities, the pedagogical competence of teachers in the implementation of inclusive education, and the social culture of society. According to the analytical results of the article, discussions are held on assessing the student's condition and monitoring his mental health according to the theoretical foundations of inclusive education for students with disabilities.

YANGI O'ZBEKISTON TASVIRIY SAN'ATI: TRANSFORMATSIYA VA MILLIY QADRIYATLAR SINTEZI

Mubina Rahimova — 2025-11-05

This article examines the fundamental changes that have occurred in the visual arts of Uzbekistan since independence, especially between 2016 and 2024. The study examines the impact of state policy, economic reforms, and globalization processes on the national artistic discourse through a literature analysis. The results show that the concept of "New Uzbekistan" is also manifested in the field of art, combining the directions of comprehensive modernization, international integration, and preservation of national and spiritual values.

LEGAL SAFEGUARDS OF TRADEMARKS AND THE PECULIARITIES OF ECONOMIC COURT PRACTICE

Davron Shodmonov — 2025-11-05

This article explores the legal nature of trademarks, mechanisms of their protection under national and international law, and the peculiarities of their consideration by economic courts. The author analyzes trends in the development of trademark rights, the legal consequences of their violations, and provides recommendations for improving the system of protection. The study is based on international documents such as the TRIPS Agreement, the Paris Convention, and the current legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

THE SOCIO-CULTURAL LEGACY OF SAIDNOSIR MIRJALILOV WITHIN THE JADIDIST MOVEMENT

Aminjon Yusupov — 2025-11-05

This paper examines the socio-cultural contributions of Saidnosir Mirjalilov, one of the prominent figures of the Jadidist movement in early 20th-century Turkestan. As a reformer and intellectual, Mirjalilov played a critical role in promoting modern education, national identity, and cultural revival among the Muslim communities of Central Asia. He founded one of the first new-method (usul-i jadid) schools in Turkestan, advocating for progressive curriculum reforms and the integration of science, secular subjects, and mother-tongue instruction into traditional Islamic learning. Beyond his educational efforts, Mirjalilov was active in shaping public discourse through print media and was involved in broader initiatives for cultural and spiritual renewal. This study contextualizes Mirjalilov’s efforts within the wider Jadidist framework and explores how his work contributed to the emergence of modern Uzbek identity and intellectual consciousness. His legacy continues to influence contemporary understandings of enlightenment, resistance, and cultural identity in post-Soviet Central Asia.

WORKING DOCUMENTS AND THEIR LINGUISTIC REQUIREMENTS

Zarifa Normurodova — 2025-11-05

This article analyzes the types of business documents and the general requirements for them, as well as the linguistic requirements related to their language, specifically their lexical, grammatical, and stylistic aspects. Furthermore, typical errors found in document texts are shown, and methods for their elimination are highlighted.

ARAB VA O’ZBEK TILLARIDA KO’PLIK MASALASI

Mubinaxon Toshbotirova — 2025-11-05

Language is a social phenomenon. Language is a form of communication. In the increase of vocabulary, of course, the role of assimilated words is great. There is no language in the world languages table if there are no master words. In particular, most of the words that cover the artistic layer of the uzbek language came to us from the arabic language. Naturally, certain changes take place during the transition of words from one language to another. This article discusses these changes.

USING TBLT TO IMPROVE INTERACTIVE LISTENING AND SPEAKING SKILLS AMONG INTERMEDIATE LEARNERS

Ugiloy Xakimova — 2025-11-05

This study investigates the effectiveness of Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) in enhancing interactive listening and speaking skills among intermediate English language learners. Recognizing the growing emphasis on communicative competence in second language acquisition, this research explores how task-oriented activities can create meaningful contexts for real-life communication. Through a quasi-experimental design, two groups of intermediate learners were observed over a 10- week period, one following a traditional communicative approach and the other using TBLT strategies. Pre- and post-tests, classroom observations, and learner interviews were used to assess improvements in fluency, accuracy, and interactional competence. Findings indicate that TBLT significantly improves learners’ ability to engage in authentic communication, particularly in turn-taking, negotiation of meaning, and comprehension in dynamic conversation. The study concludes with recommendations for incorporating TBLT in curriculum design to foster more effective interactive communication skills.

SPORT MASHG‘ULOTLARIDA ZAMONAVIY TEXNOLOGIYALARDAN FOYDALANISH

Amirjon Nabiev — 2025-11-05

This article discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of using modern technologies in sports training. The influence of digital tools, sensor devices, video analysis systems, virtual training, and artificial intelligence on athletes’ performance is analyzed. The paper examines the scientific foundations of organizing effective training sessions, managing workloads, and optimizing sports results through technological innovations.

SOG‘LOM TURMUSH TARZINI SHAKLLANTIRISHDA JISMONIY MASHQLAR ROLI

Sabina Juraqulova — 2025-11-05

This article examines the concept of a healthy lifestyle, its role in human life, and the theoretical and practical aspects of forming it through physical exercises. The study highlights the scientific effects of physical activity on human health, psychological stability, and social engagement. It also explores the role of education, family, and modern information technologies in promoting a healthy lifestyle among youth.

THE HISTORICAL ROLE OF UZBEKISTAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL SCALE OF THE ARAL SEA PROBLEM

Xojiakbar Isroilov — 2025-11-05

This article analyzes the factors that led to the drying up of the Aral Sea and the ecological and socio-economic problems that arose due to the drying up of the sea, their historical causes, the work being carried out under the leadership of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev, and the prospects for solving this problem. The Aral tragedy had a dramatic impact not only on the ecological situation of the region, but also on its socio-economic development. Throughout the study, scientific documents and scientific articles were studied. Based on these sources, factors such as the policy of the USSR in the process of drying up the Aral Sea, the forced development of cotton farming, improper use of water resources, and the lack of environmental control are revealed.

HISTORY OF UZBEKISTAN'S RELATIONS WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION

Abdulbosit Abdugopporov — 2025-11-05

Currently, Uzbekistan is one of the developing countries. If we look at its history, we can see that one of the main reasons for its current successes is that Uzbekistan has established warm relations with the European Union in various areas. This article will highlight the cooperation between Uzbekistan and the European Union in the political, economic, and cultural-humanitarian spheres.

FEATURES OF BIOCHEMICAL SHIFTS IN HYPOXIC DISORDERS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN NEWBORNS

Sh.F. Shavkatova — 2025-11-05

The neonatal period and the first year of life are characterized by the most active period of brain maturation, and the impact of such an aggressive factor as hypoxia on the developing brain necessitates further study of this pathology. The most significant changes in statistical indicators of mortality and morbidity were observed among premature infants. The high frequency of severe combined perinatal pathology in this category of children has led to an increase in childhood disability, in which pathologies of the nervous system and sensory organs occupy the leading positions (21.2%). Among the most significant etiological factors in the pathogenesis of perinatal cerebral injuries, hypoxia plays a leading role. A literature review has demonstrated the relevance of this problem, which served as the purpose of this study. The aim of this study was to determine the nature of clinical, instrumental, psychomotor, and metabolic changes associated with hypoxic central nervous system injury in newborns. We observed 60 newborns with early hypoxic central nervous system injury (CNS) at 28 to 41 weeks of gestation. The infants were divided into three groups: Group 1, 20 newborns with CNS injury at 28 to 31 weeks of gestation; Group 2, 20 newborns with CNS injury at 32 to 37 weeks of gestation; and Group 3, 20 newborns with CNS injury at 38 to 41 weeks of gestation. The control group consisted of 20 healthy full-term newborns.

DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL FITNESS OF PERSONS WITH DEFECTS IN HEARING AND SPEECH

Shohsanam Qiyomova — 2025-11-05

This article discusses the issues of developing physical fitness of persons with hearing and speech impairments. The study analyzed ways to improve their physical qualities, improve motor activity, and effectively organize the rehabilitation process through sports training. The program, which was based on specially adapted exercises, visual and kinesthetic approaches, as well as communicative support methods, showed high efficiency.

METHODS OF DEVELOPING PHYSICAL QUALITIES THROUGH ATHLETICAL EXERCISES IN ATHLETES WITH DEFECTS IN HEARING AND SPEECH

Shohsanam Qiyomova — 2025-11-05

This article highlights effective methods for developing physical qualities through track and field exercises in athletes with hearing and speech impairments. The study examined the influence of training sessions organized on the basis of visual signals, gestures, and kinesthetic communication on the qualities of speed, strength, endurance, and agility. The results show that the adapted training system significantly increases the physical fitness and social activity of athletes of this category.

MARKETING IN MEDICINE: FEATURES, TASKS AND MODERN TOOLS

J.J. Umurzakov — 2025-11-05

This scientific article examines the fundamental aspects of marketing in medicine, focusing on its main features, objectives, ethical dimensions, and the application of modern digital tools in healthcare management. The study highlights how marketing has become an essential component of medical institutions’ strategic development, contributing to the improvement of patient trust, satisfaction, and service quality. Unlike traditional marketing, medical marketing emphasizes social responsibility, transparency, and compliance with ethical and legal standards. Special attention is given to the use of innovative technologies such as CRM systems, artificial intelligence, and online communication platforms, which have significantly transformed the relationship between healthcare providers and patients. The research underscores that ethical and patient-centered marketing is a key factor in achieving sustainable growth and advancing healthcare services in the digital era.

THE STYLISTIC DEVICES USED IN BEAUTY PRODUCT ADVERTISEMENTS

Nafisaxon Fozilova — 2025-11-05

This article examines the linguistic and stylistic devices used in beauty product advertisements, focusing on how language serves as a persuasive and aesthetic tool to shape consumer perception and influence purchasing behavior. Through qualitative analysis, the study explores various figures of speech such as metaphor, hyperbole, personification, epithet, and repetition, which are commonly used to create emotional appeal and brand identity. It also investigates the psychological and sociolinguistic aspects of advertising discourse, emphasizing how stylistic techniques contribute to the formation of ideals related to beauty, self-confidence, and success. The paper argues that stylistic devices are not merely decorative elements but key instruments of persuasion that establish a link between language, culture, and consumer psychology. The findings highlight the importance of linguistic awareness in understanding how advertisements construct meaning and affect decision-making processes. The study provides insights that can be beneficial for linguists, marketers, and communication specialists interested in the intersection of language and media influence.

PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS AND INTERESTS OF MINORS BY CRIMINAL LAW

Zarnigor Xalilova — 2025-11-05

This work examines the specifics of the regulation and implementation of criminal law protection of the rights of minors. It has been established that the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan contains legal conditions and legal means aimed at achieving high standards for ensuring the protection and restoration of the violated rights of minors. The factors of committing crimes by minors, as well as the conditions for committing unlawful acts against minors, are analyzed. According to the author, the protection of the rights of minors is, among other things, ensured by criminal legal means, which are the most effective, since they protect the life and health of children. The protection of the rights of minors using information resources and the capabilities of law enforcement agencies is essential in preventing the commission of new crimes.

KINOPORTRET YARATISHDA REJISSYOR MAHORATI: KECHA VA BUGUN

Iymona Raxmatullayeva — 2025-11-05

Mazkur maqolada O‘zbekiston kinematografiyasida portret janrining ahamiyati, tarixiy va zamonaviy qahramon obrazlarini yaratish masalasi tahlil qilinadi. Muallif tarixni bilish va uni san’at orqali yosh avlodga yetkazish milliy o‘zlikni anglashning muhim omili ekanini ta’kidlaydi. Maqolada “Buddani izlab” hamda “Sharqdan taralgan nur” nomli portret filmlar tahlil qilinadi. “Buddani izlab” filmi yapon arxeologi Kato Keydze faoliyati orqali o‘zbek zaminining qadimiy tarixini yoritadi, madaniyatlararo aloqani ifodalaydi. “Sharqdan taralgan nur” filmi esa buyuk alloma Abu Ali ibn Sinoning hayoti va ilmiy merosini badiiy-hujjatli uslubda aks ettiradi. Har ikkala filmda rejissyorlarning estetik izlanishlari, zamonaviy qahramon obrazini yaratishdagi yondashuvlari tahlil etilgan.

GLOBALIZATSIYA DAVRIDA BOQIMANDALIKNING YANGI SHAKLLARI

Venera Tadjibayeva — 2025-11-05

Mazkur maqolada globalizatsiya sharoitida inson ongida va ijtimoiy tizimlarda shakllanayotgan boqimandalikning yangi ko‘rinishlari sotsiologik tahlil etilgan. Iqtisodiy, madaniy va axborot oqimlarining kuchayishi natijasida yuzaga kelayotgan passivlik, iste’molchilik ruhining ortishi hamda raqamli muhitda shakllanayotgan virtual boqimandalik fenomeni yoritilgan. Shuningdek, global tarmoq madaniyatining shaxsga ta’siri, yoshlar orasida mustaqil fikrlashga bo‘lgan qiziqishning susayishi, hayotiy mas’uliyatdan chekinish holatlari ilmiy tahlilga tortilgan. Maqolada boqimandalikning zamonaviy ko‘rinishlarini kamaytirish bo‘yicha sotsiologik va ma’naviy yo‘nalishdagi takliflar ham ilgari surilgan.

RAQAMLI KRIMINALISTIK TEXNIKA TIZIMINING ASOSIY ELEMENTLARI

Adiba Tulanboyeva — 2025-11-05

This article presents a scientific and theoretical analysis of the essence, structure, and main elements of the digital forensic technology system. The rapid development of digital technologies has led to an increase in cybercrime, necessitating the use of modern technical tools in the investigative process. Therefore, improving the digital forensic technology system, as well as studying its hardware, software, methodological, and organizational-legal components, is a pressing issue today. The article analyzes foreign experience in implementing advanced technological solutions. Furthermore, based on new scientific sources from 2023–2025, trends in the development of digital forensic technology are highlighted.

MASS MEDIA AND SOCIAL NETWORKS AS THE MAIN FACTORS INFLUENCING AN UNSTABLE PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL POSITION

Gulzoda Fayziyeva — 2025-11-05

The article discusses methods and approaches to the study of psychological aspects of ensuring information and psychological security of students in the context of modern information threats

HISTORY OF THE RESTORATION OF NATIONAL HOLIDAYS AND TRADITIONS IN UZBEKISTAN IN THE PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE

Gulchehra Abduhakimova — 2025-11-05

This article discusses the national holidays of the Uzbek people, their unique customs and rituals, various views on their emergence, and the stages of development of the holidays that we celebrate and those celebrated by our ancestors.

ISSUES OF IMPROVING MECHANISMS FOR PROTECTING CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF CITIZENS

Muhammadrizo Tohirov — 2025-11-05

This article analyzes the issues of improving the mechanisms for protecting the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens. Ensuring human rights and freedoms is considered a priority area of state policy, and their legal, institutional and procedural mechanisms are studied. It also covers reforms aimed at guaranteeing human rights in the Republic of Uzbekistan, compliance with international legal standards, strengthening the judicial system and the role of civil society institutions. The article also presents current issues of protecting human rights in modern conditions, practical recommendations for their improvement.

A STUDY OF THE PARALLELITY OF THE FORMATION OF SPORTS TERMS IN UZBEKISTAN AND ENGLISH

Mushtariy Jo‘raqulova — 2025-11-05

In the process of globalization, sports are not only a socio-cultural phenomenon but also a field that is being studied from a linguistic perspective. Sports terminology plays an important role in enriching the vocabulary of national languages, in the processes of word formation, and in international communication. In the formation of sports-related terms in Uzbek and English, both similarities and differences are observed, as they are created through affixation, composition, abbreviation, semantic extension, and borrowed words. This study aims to explore the word-formation processes of sports terms in the parallelism of these two languages and to identify their linguistic features.

ACADEMIC FREEDOM IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM OF UZBEKISTAN AND ITS LEGAL FOUNDATIONS

Mirafzal Mardonov — 2025-11-05

This article broadly covers the concept of academic freedom in the education system of Uzbekistan, its content and legal foundations. Academic freedom is analyzed as a democratic principle that provides the opportunity to freely choose scientific research, educational content and methods in the activities of educational institutions, teachers and students. The article covers the legislative framework of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the field of education, reforms in line with international standards, and the role of the state and society in ensuring academic freedom. It also puts forward practical proposals for improving academic independence, improving the quality of education, and strengthening university autonomy.

MODERN APPROACHES TO ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING METHODOLOGY

Fotima Ahmedova — 2025-11-06

This article analyzes modern approaches to English language teaching methodology, the advantages of communicative, interactive and integrative methods, and their role in developing students' language competence. The effectiveness of using digital technologies, online learning platforms, and innovative pedagogical tools is also scientifically covered.

DEFINING GLOBALIZATION: DISCUSS ITS MAIN FEATURES

Mohira Ziyadullayeva — 2025-11-06

Globalization represents a complex and multidimensional process that has reshaped the economic, political, and cultural dynamics of the modern world. This study aims to define the concept of globalization and examine its principal features through an analytical review of existing academic literature. The research identifies globalization as an evolving phenomenon driven by technological innovation, liberalization of trade, and the rapid exchange of information across borders.

XALQARO MAYDONDA REKLAMA TARQALISHI VA RIVOJLANISHI (AQSH VA ROSSIYA OAV MISOLIDA)

Luiza Toshpo‘latova — 2025-11-05

The role of advertising in the international arena, in the US and Russian media, its significance and differences, the role of advertising in economic and social life, and the role of media in the advertising distribution process are discussed.

RAQAMLI TO‘LOV TIZIMLARINING IQTISODIYOTGA TA’SIRI VA MOLIYAVIY XAVFSIZLIK MASALALARI

Maftuna Mannanova — 2025-11-05

Raqamli iqtisodiyotning jadal rivojlanishi sharoitida to‘lov tizimlarining elektron va mobil shakllari iqtisodiy munosabatlarning ajralmas qismiga aylandi. Ushbu maqolada raqamli to‘lov tizimlarining iqtisodiyotga ijobiy ta’siri, ularning afzalliklari hamda moliyaviy xavfsizlik bilan bog‘liq muammolar tahlil qilinadi.

SAʼDIY SHEROZIYNING GULISTON ASARINING SHARQ ADABIYOTIDA TUTGAN OʻRNI

Marhabat Azimova — 2025-11-05

This thesis is an analysis of the position of the work "Guliston" in oriental literature, which holds an important place in Persian-Tajik literature, by our ancestor Sa'di Shirazi, a writer, poet, scholar and great thinker, who is revered as the master of the ghazal genre, and the stories in it.

PEDAGOGIKA NAZARIYASI VA PEDAGOGIK TAʼLIMOTLAR TARIXI

Jarqinay Kurbanbaeva — 2025-11-05

This article analyzes the formation of pedagogical science, its theoretical foundations, stages of historical development, as well as the views of great pedagogues and thinkers on education and upbringing. Also, the historical roots of modern pedagogical theories and their significance in the modern educational process are highlighted.

BALIQ OVLANISHI BO‘YICHA STATISTIK MA’LUMOTLAR TAHLILI

X.M. Ayitova — 2025-11-05

Butun dunyoda baliq va baliq mahsulotlari insonlar uchun oziq moddalarning eng muhim manbai sanaladi. Baliqchilik bilan shug‘ullanuvchilar ko‘p asrlardan buyon okean, dengiz, daryo va ko‘llardan, shuningdek sun’iy suv havzalaridan baliq ovlab kelmoqdalar. Baliqchilik tabiiy suv havzalari baliqchiligiga va sun’iy hovuz baliqchiligiga bo‘linadi. Shuning bilan bir qatorda 2000 yildan ortiq davr mobaynida baliqlarni sun’iy suv havzalarida etishtirish bilan ham shug’ullanmoqda [1].

FARG‘ONA VODIYSI SHAROITIDA TARQALGAN ZARARLI CHIGIRTKALARINING XILMA XILLIGI

M.K Begjanov — 2025-11-05

Farg‘ona viloyati geografik joylashuvi jihatdan respublikamizning tog‘li hududlaridan biri sanaladi va tabiatiham betakrordir. Bu viloyatning atrofi tog‘lar bilan o‘ralgan. Viloyatga vodiyning tekislik qismi, Oloy va Turkiston tizmalarining tog‘oldi hududlari kiradi. Ushbu hududda to‘g‘riqanotlilarga bag‘ishlangan ilmiy tadqiqotlar juda kam darajada o‘rganilgan. Shu nuqtayi nazardan, to‘g‘riqanotlilarning tur tarkibini o‘rganish faunamizni o‘rganishda katta ahamiyatga ega.

GURUH ISHIDA EKZISTENSIAL-GUMANISTIK YONDASHUVLAR VA TRENINGLARDA MA’NAVIY MAS’ULIYAT

Aziza Turemuratova — 2025-11-05

Ushbu tadqiqotda ta’limda zamonaviy yondashuvlarga asoslangan holda ekzistensial-gumanistik ta’limga oid tadqiqotlar va psixologik treninglarda guruhlardan iborat jamoaning ma’naviy yetukligini oshirish haqida ma’lumotlar keltirib o’tiladi. Shuningdek, talabalar guruhiga treninglarni tashkil qilish orqali zamonaviy pedagogik metodlarni tashkil qilishning ahamiyati va bosqichlari haqida ma’lumotlar beriladi.

TELEKOMMUNIKATSIYADA DRON TARMOQLARI (Aerial Networks) ORQALI INTERNET TA'MINOTI

Jasurbek Fozilov — 2025-11-06

This thesis explores the use of drone networks (Aerial Networks or drons) for Internet provision in the field of telecommunications. It analyzes how aerial base stations and relay nodes can enhance network coverage, improve signal quality, and increase capacity. The study also discusses energy efficiency, security issues, regulatory frameworks, and practical applications of drone-based communication systems. Based on recent research findings, international statistics, and technology trends, the study concludes that drone networks represent a promising direction for providing Internet connectivity to remote or infrastructure-limited regions.

NАZАR ESHONQUL ROMANIDA KOMPOZITSION YAXLITLIK (“GO‘RO‘G‘LI” ROMANI MISOLIDA)

Kаmolа Eshpo‘lаtovа — 2025-11-06

Ushbu maqolada Nazar Eshonqulning “Go‘ro‘g‘li” romani misolida asarning kompozitsion tuzilishi, syujet va boblar qatori orqali yaratilgan yaxlitlik va o‘ziga xoslik jihatlari tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda asardagi vaqt-makon (xronotop) o‘zgarishlari, voqealar ketma-ketligi, fragmentar tuzilish hamda roman ichidagi loyihaviy bo‘linishlar ko‘zdan kechiriladi. Maqola orqali qahramonning ruhiy holati, jamiyat bilan munosabatlari va buning fonida kompozitsion muammolar qanday aks etgani haqida xulosalar keltiradi.

ПРЕИМУЩЕСТВО УСТАНОВКИ МОДИФИЦИРОВАННОГО ОДНОШАГОВОГО НЕФРОСТОМИЧЕСКОГО КАТЕТОРА. ПЕРВЫЙ ОПЫТ ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ В ФЕРГАНСКОЙ ДОЛИНЕ

Ж.Ж. Умурзаков — 2025-11-06

В данной работе представлены результаты первого клинического опыта установки модифицированного одношагового нефростомического катетера, проведённого в условиях медицинских учреждений Ферганской долины. Основное внимание уделено техническим особенностям процедуры, преимуществам по сравнению с традиционными многоэтапными методами, а также клинической эффективности и безопасности применения нового подхода. Проведённый анализ показал, что использование модифицированного катетера позволяет значительно сократить время вмешательства, минимизировать риск инфекционных осложнений и травматизацию тканей. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о высокой эффективности и перспективности внедрения данной методики в региональную урологическую практику.

PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN MEDIA TEXTS AS AN OBJECT OF RESEARCH

Lobar Pulatova — 2025-11-06

Статья посвящена исследованию особенностей фразеологических единиц (ФЕ) в медиатексте. Рассматривается роль фразеологизмов в формировании образов политиков в англоязычной прессе (на примере образов В. Путина). Отмечается, что благодаря метафоричности, экспрессивности и эмоциональности ФЕ использование фразеологизмов является одним из эффективных средств создания образа, где особую важность имеет эмоционально-оценочная составляющая. Источником материала послужили тексты англоязычных газетных и журнальных статей из качественных британских и американских изданий, в частности, The Economist, The Guardian, The Newsweek, The Telegraph, The Washington Post, Forbes, а также электронных ресурсов: Defense one, Project Syndicate за период с 2009 по 2016 год.

BOQIMANDALIKNI KELTIRIB CHIQARUVCHI OMILLARNING SOTSIOLOGIK TAHLILI

Venera Tadjibayeva — 2025-11-06

Ushbu maqolada boqimandalik hodisasining ijtimoiy mohiyati, uning kelib chiqish sabablari va jamiyat taraqqiyotiga ta’siri sotsiologik nuqtayi nazardan tahlil qilingan. Muallif boqimandalikni faqat iqtisodiy muammo sifatida emas, balki madaniy, psixologik va ijtimoiy ong bilan bog‘liq murakkab ijtimoiy holat sifatida yondashadi. Maqolada oilaviy tarbiya, ta’lim sifati, mehnat qadriyatlari, davlat siyosati hamda ommaviy axborot vositalarining ushbu jarayonga ta’siri yoritilgan. Boqimandalikni kamaytirish uchun ijtimoiy faollik, shaxsiy mas’uliyat va mehnatsevarlik qadriyatlarini mustahkamlash zarurligi asoslab berilgan.

RAQAMLI KRIMINALISTIK TEXNIKANING RIVOJLANISH TENDENSIYALARI

Adiba Tulanboyeva — 2025-11-06

Ushbu tezisda raqamli kriminalistik texnika tizimining rivojlanish tendensiyalari, tarkibiy elementlari va zamonaviy yo‘nalishlari ilmiy-nazariy jihatdan tahlil qilingan. 2023–2025-yillarda raqamli texnologiyalar, sun’iy intellekt va mashina o‘rganish metodlarining joriy etilishi kiberjinoyatlar va elektron dalillarni aniqlashda yangi imkoniyatlar vujudga keldi. Shuningdek, maqolada bulutli forensika, xalqaro standartlar va ilg‘or dasturiy-apparat vositalari asosidagi rivojlanish tendensiyalari ko‘rib chiqilgan.

GLOBALLASHUV JARAYONIDA YOSHLARNI AXBOROT PSIXOLOGIK XAVFSIZLIGINI TA’MINLASH DAVLAT IMIJI SIFATIDA.

Gulzoda Fayziyeva — 2025-11-06

Maqolada zamonaviy axborot tahdidlari sharoitida Jamiyat va davlatning axborot borasidagi rivojlanishi va psixologik xavfsizlikka tahdidlar siyosiy imij sifatida ko‘rib chiqiladi.

EKIN JOYLASHTIRISH VA AGROTEXNIK TADBIRLARNI OPTIMALLASHTIRISH ORQALI ARPA OʻSIMLIGI HOSILINI BARQARORLASHTIRISH

Bahodir Abdujabborov — 2025-11-06

Ushbu maqolada arpa o‘simligini yetishtirish jarayonida ekin joylashtirish tizimi va agrotexnik tadbirlarni optimallashtirish orqali hosildorlikni barqarorlashtirish masalalari tahlil etilgan. Arpaning agrobiologik xususiyatlari, mintaqaviy tuproq-iqlim sharoitlari bilan moslashuvi, o‘g‘itlash, sug‘orish, almashlab ekish va begona o‘tlar bilan kurashish tizimining samaradorligi ilmiy asosda yoritilgan. Shuningdek, maqolada agrotexnik tadbirlarning kompleks yondashuv orqali o‘simlikning genetik potensialini to‘liq namoyon etish imkoniyatlari ochib berilgan.

REGULATION OF CARDIAC ACTIVITY

Madina Sharipova — 2025-11-06

This article examines the fundamental mechanisms regulating human cardiac activity. It describes the neural, humoral, and local factors that coordinate cardiac function with the body's needs. The role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, hormonal influences, and intracardiac self-regulation mechanisms are analyzed in detail. Current concepts regarding the central and peripheral components of heart rhythm, heart rate, and contraction force are presented. The importance of coordinated functioning of all regulatory systems for maintaining homeostasis and adapting to physical exertion and stressful situations is emphasized.

PROFESSIONAL TA’LIMNI RIVOJLANTIRISHNING USTUVOR YO‘NALISHLARI

Tohirjon Jololov — 2025-11-06

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the importance of the modernization of the profes sional education system, training personnel in line with the requirements of the labor market, updating the content of education based on innovative approaches, digital transformation and international integration processes. It also extensively covers priority areas such as improving the professional skills of teachers, developing educational infrastructure, strengthening the principles of continuing education, and improving the system for assessing the quality of education.

IMPROVEMENT OF STATE FINANCIAL CONTROL OF BUDGET FORMULATION AND APPROVAL

Qurbonali Abdiraimov — 2025-11-06

This article analyzes the importance of state financial control in the process of budget formation and approval, the advantages and disadvantages of the current system, and ways to improve it on a scientific basis. The modern mechanisms of state finance management in the Republic of Uzbekistan, in particular, the “Budget Code”, the electronic budget (e-budget) system, and the institutional foundations of control through the activities of the Accounts Chamber, are discussed. The article also studies the mechanisms of fiscal transparency, performance-based budgeting, and public participation based on international experience (OECD, IMF, South Korea, Great Britain). Based on the analysis, proposals are put forward to expand the digital control system, strengthen parliamentary and public oversight, and increase the independence of internal audit services. The results of the study serve as a scientific and practical basis for harmonizing Uzbekistan's budget policy with international standards, strengthening financial discipline, and ensuring the effective use of budget funds.

INFLATION MANAGEMENT THROUGH THE CENTRAL BANK AND THE BANKING SYSTEM: THE ROLE OF MONETARY POLICY IN STABILIZING THE ECONOMY

Shaxzod Abdukaimov — 2025-11-06

This article provides an in-depth scientific analysis of the issues of inflation management through the Central Bank and the banking system and the role of monetary policy in stabilizing the economy. The study highlights the main goals of the Central Bank - maintaining price stability, controlling the money supply and mechanisms for influencing economic activity through interest rates. It also provides a comparative analysis of the reforms implemented in the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2020-2024 to reduce inflation, the effectiveness of monetary policy instruments, and international experience. At the end of the article, scientific and practical recommendations are developed to improve monetary policy, strengthen financial stability, and maintain inflation at a moderate level.

MILLIY TELERADIOKANALLARDA REKLAMA UZATISHDA MILLIY O’ZIGA XOSLIK VA XALQARO TAJRIBA UYG’UNLIGI

Luiza Toshpo֬latova — 2025-11-06

The article discusses the harmonization of national identity and international experience in advertising on national television and radio channels, the ideas put forward in product advertising and their impact on everyday life, advertising marketing and information activities. This article analyzes the issues of harmonizing international experience while maintaining national identity in the process of advertising on national television and radio channels. Advertising is considered an important communicative tool that expresses the culture, values of society and the psychology of consumers. From this point of view, along with preserving national traditions, customs, elements of language and culture in the content and form of advertising on Uzbek television and radio channels, it is important to effectively use advanced foreign approaches. The article studies the experiences of different countries in the field of advertising and shows ways to adapt them to the local media environment. It also analyzes the possibilities of increasing the effectiveness of national advertising through modern marketing technologies, digital platforms and creative approaches. The research results include proposals to ensure the coherence of national and global advertising practices for Uzbek television and radio channels.

THE ROLE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN THE BANKING SECTOR

Nigora Urozova — 2025-11-06

This annotation highlights the crucial role of the English language in the banking sector. In today’s globalized world, English serves as the primary medium for international financial communication, documentation, and customer service. Banks use English for correspondence with multinational clients, preparation of financial reports, and conducting international transactions. Moreover, proficiency in English enables banking professionals to communicate effectively, understand global financial laws, and stay updated with international market trends. Therefore, the English language is not only a tool for communication but also a key factor in promoting efficiency, professionalism, and global integration within the banking industry.

CLASSIFICATION OF UZBEK PEOPLE'S TRADITIONS, HOLIDAYS, AND CEREMONIAL VALUES

Intizor Olimova — 2025-11-06

This article analyzes the ancient ceremonies and holidays of the Uzbek people, such as wedding ceremonies, childbirth celebrations, circumcision feasts, Navruz, and Eid al-Adha. The article discusses the role of these traditions in people’s lives, their educational and spiritual significance, and the importance of preserving our national values. Through the unique features of each ceremony, the virtues of the Uzbek people—such as hospitality, generosity, unity, respect, and compassion—are highlighted. In addition, the article emphasizes the importance of protecting national values and instilling them in the minds of the younger generation in today’s era of globalization.

YOUTH ENTREPRENEURSHIP: THE HARMONY OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY AND ECOLOGICAL SECURITY

Feruza Raxmatullayeva — 2025-11-06

This article analyzes the role of youth entrepreneurship in increasing economic efficiency and ensuring environmental security. It highlights the innovative ideas of young entrepreneurs, their activities in implementing the principles of the "green economy" in practice, and their role in forming environmentally sustainable production systems. The article also analyzes modern mechanisms for obtaining economic benefits while maintaining environmental security, opportunities and support programs created by the state. The results of the study show that it is possible to ensure a balance between economic growth and environmental sustainability through the development of youth entrepreneurship.

PEDAGOGIKA TARIXI VA NAZARIYASINING SHAXS PSIXOLOGIYASIGA TAʼSIRI

Jarqinay Kurbanbaeva — 2025-11-06

This article analyzes the influence of the history and theory of pedagogy on the development of personality psychology, their interconnectedness, and their role in the modern educational process. The influence of pedagogical ideas and educational approaches on psychological mechanisms in personality formation is illuminated on a scientific basis.

PEDAGOGIKA PSIXOLOGIYADA SHAXSTIŃ RAWAJLANGIWINDA MOTIVATSIYANIŃ ORNI

Feruza Dauletyarova — 2025-11-06

Bul maqalada pedagogika psixologiyada shaxstiń rawajlangiwinda motivatsiyaniń orni, xizmeti haqqında sóz etilgen.

LITERATURE IS THE PATH TO PERFECTION.

Ziyada Abdullaeva — 2025-11-06

This article talks about the importance of literature in human life. From the time we are born, we are surrounded by literature, and the place of literature in our life is different.

ULUG‘BEK HAMDAM HIKOYALARIDA FALSAFIY QARASHLAR

O‘g‘iloy Qudratova — 2025-11-06

This article analyzes the themes and artistic features of the stories written by Ulugbek Hamdam, one of the prominent figures of modern Uzbek literature. His works depict the human spirit, the philosophy of life, and the moral issues of society. Special attention is paid to the philosophical depth, symbolic imagery, and internal monologues in the author’s narratives. The study identifies the writer’s unique style and his role in literature. The article contributes to a new interpretation and deeper understanding of Ulugbek Hamdam’s creative works.

ЎЗБЕКИСТОНДА АҲОЛИГА ТИББИЙ ЁРДАМ КЎРСАТИШ ТИЗИМИНИНГ 1991–2025 ЙИЛЛАРДАГИ ТАРИХИЙ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯСИ

Sog'diana Najimova — 2025-11-07

Янги Ўзбекистон тараққиётининг энг муҳим белгиларидан бири — инсон саломатлиги ва унинг ҳаёти сифатини таъминлашга бўлган эътиборнинг муттасил ортиб бориши ҳисобланади. Давлат мустақилликка эришган илк кунларданоқ, соғлом миллат барпо этиш ва ҳар бир фуқарога тўлиқ тиббий ёрдам кўрсатишни давлат сиёсатининг устувор йўналиши сифатида белгилаб олди.

A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CHITOSAN AND NANOCHITOSAN DURING THE RECOVERY PERIOD FOLLOWING CESAREAN SECTION IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

Farzona Ropijonava — 2025-11-07

This article presents the results of a comprehensive study of the physiological effects of chitosan and nanochitosan during the recovery period following cesarean section in experimental animal models. The aim of the study was to comparatively evaluate the effects of chitosan and its nanoform on healing, angiogenesis, inflammation, and hemostasis. The use of nanochitosan improved coagulation parameters, reduced blood loss, and accelerated wound epithelialization. The results demonstrate a pronounced anti-inflammatory and regenerative effect of nanochitosan and confirm its safety in surgical trauma. The obtained data create the preconditions for the further implementation of nanobiopolymer materials in obstetric and gynecological practice.

SAIDNOSIR MIRJALILOV: A LEADING FIGURE OF THE JADIDIST MOVEMENT IN TURKESTAN

Aminjon Yusupov — 2025-11-07

This article explores the pivotal role of Saidnosir Mirjalilov in the socio-political and cultural transformation of Turkestan during the early 20th century. As one of the foremost leaders of the Jadidist movement, Mirjalilov championed educational reform, national awakening, and the struggle for autonomy under the banner of modern Islamic thought. The study examines his contributions to the development of Jadid schools, his involvement in the short-lived Turkestan Autonomy (Kokand Government), and his resistance against Soviet colonial policies. Drawing on contemporary sources and recent scholarship, the paper highlights Mirjalilov’s multifaceted identity as a merchant, educator, and political activist. His tragic fate under Stalinist repression reflects the broader suppression of Central Asian intellectuals during the Soviet era. This research positions Mirjalilov as a symbol of enlightened resistance and a visionary of Turkestan’s modern national identity.

UZBEKISTAN'S COOPERATION IN THE FIGHT AGAINST INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM

S.M. Giyasova — 2025-11-07

This article addresses various problems that come up while trying to fight terrorism and extremism effectively in today's world of globalization and the changing nature of international and regional conflicts. It examines Uzbekistan’s evolving approach to international cooperation in the fight against terrorism and explores the country’s national strategies and regional partnerships with global organizations such as the United Nations and the OSCE.

O’ZBEKISTONDА XORIJIY OLIY TА’LIM MUАSSАSАLАRI FILIАLLАRINING OCHILISHI VА FАOLIYАTI TАRIXI

Asliddin Rahmatov — 2025-11-07

This аrticle аnаlyzes the history of the emergence, development аnd operаtion of brаnches of foreign higher educаtion institutions in Uzbekistаn. In pаrticulаr, the processes of opening internаtionаl higher educаtion institutions аnd their brаnches in Uzbekistаn since the 1990s, the impаct of these processes on the nаtionаl higher educаtion system аnd the problems thаt hаve аrisen аre studied. The аrticle is methodologicаlly bаsed on legаl аnd institutionаl аnаlysis аnd empiricаl dаtа (numericаl indicаtors). Аccording to the mаin results, the opening of brаnches wаs importаnt for the internаtionаl integrаtion of higher educаtion in Uzbekistаn, but аlso cаused problems such аs lаnguаge competence, аcаdemic stаff trаining аnd lаck of а functionаl-initiаl bаse. Аs а conclusion, recommendаtions аre given to improve the effectiveness of the аctivities of brаnches.

ENHANCING ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING THROUGH SMART TECHNOLOGIES IN INCLUSIVE CLASSROOMS

Nigora Sheraliyeva — 2025-11-07

This article explores how smart technologies can effectively enhance English language learning in inclusive classrooms. It discusses the role of digital tools, artificial intelligence, and mobile applications in supporting students with diverse needs. The study emphasizes how these technologies foster motivation, accessibility, and equal learning opportunities for all learners.

ECOLOGICAL MONITORING OF INDUSTRIALIZED AREAS AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEW IMPROVEMENT METHODS: THE CASE OF NAVOI CITY

Sarvinoz Aslonova — 2025-11-07

This article examines ecological monitoring systems in industrialized urban areas, focusing on Navoi city as a case study. The research analyzes existing monitoring methodologies and proposes new approaches for environmental assessment and improvement in regions affected by mining and metallurgical industries. The findings demonstrate that multidisciplinary approaches incorporating atmospheric, soil, and water quality assessments provide more comprehensive environmental management solutions.

THE USE OF LASER ENUCLEATION IN THE CLINIC "MED ART GROUP" IN THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA

J.J. Umurzakov — 2025-11-07

Holmium energy is delivered to the tissue by means of flexible quartz fibers containing a small amount of water and is released in short pulses. The absorbing chromophore for holmium energy is water. The wavelength of 2140 nm and the penetrating ability into the pancreatic tissue to a depth of 0.5 mm provides the necessary effect. At the same time, the further spread of energy is prevented by the presence of cellular and extracellular fluid, which in turn prevents the development of a deep thermal tissue effect [4]. Due to the presence of a large amount of water in the pancreatic tissue and, accordingly, excellent thermal conduction, the surgeon is given the opportunity to apply both ablation and coagulation. The pulse mechanism of energy delivery also contributes to the process of tissue vaporization. Moreover, hemostasis is achieved independently of the coagulation profile of the patient, which is ideal for patients undergoing anticoagulant therapy [4].

EMOTSIYA VA UNING PSIXOLOGIK AHAMIYATI

Feruza Muratbaeva — 2025-11-07

This article analyzes the psychological essence of emotion, its role and importance in human life, as well as the physiological mechanisms underlying emotional processes. Emotions play a significant role in human behavior, perception, thinking, and social relations. The research discusses modern psychological approaches, including the theories of W. James, C. Lange, and S. L. Rubinstein.

PROBLEMS OF THE LEGAL STATUS OF A WITNESS IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS

Gulira'no Xaqberdiyeva — 2025-11-07

The article examines the theoretical and practical problems related to the legal status of a witness in civil proceedings of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It analyzes the rights and duties of a witness, the specifics of their responsibility, and the guarantees of protection provided by law. It is noted that the existing provisions of the Civil Procedure Code require further improvement in order to ensure a balance between the interests of the court and the protection of individual rights. The author offers specific proposals to address the existing issues.

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CREDIT MARKET IN UZBEKISTAN

Abrorbek To'xtaqulov — 2025-11-07

This article analyzes the current state of the credit market in the Republic of Uzbekistan, its main development trends and prospects. The study examines the role of commercial banks and other credit institutions in the country's financial system, areas for liberalizing credit policy, and the possibilities of modernizing lending mechanisms through the introduction of digital technologies. The article was developed using an analytical approach based on statistical data for 2020–2024. The results indicate the need to strengthen competition in the credit market, optimize the flow of financial resources, and widely introduce innovative credit products. Also, proposals are put forward to further strengthen the credit infrastructure of Uzbekistan based on international experience.

SPEECH STYLES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

Oygul Absattarova — 2025-11-07

This article analyzes the types of speech styles, their main characteristics, and scope of application. Speech styles are animportant part of literary language, serving to express various socio-political, scientific, spiritual, and everyday needs ofsociety. Each style has its own lexical, grammatical, and stylistic features that help convey the content of speech clearly,fluently, and effectively. The article highlights the specific aspects of scientific, formal, journalistic, artistic, andconversational styles.

THE ENFORCEMENT INSTITUTION: HOW ARE COURT DECISIONS BEING ENFORCED AND WHAT NEEDS TO CHANGE?

Shaxobiddin Safarov — 2025-11-07

The article analyzes the problems of timely and full enforcement of court decisions in Uzbekistan and proposes to introduce the mechanism of “insuring the enforcement of court decisions” as an innovative approach to ensure their solution. The legal and economic advantages of this mechanism are illustrated using the examples of the experiences of the USA, the Netherlands, Canada and South Korea. In particular, enforcement insurance provides the victim with prompt payment in the event of non-enforcement of a court decision, and subsequently the insurer recovers funds from the debtor based on the right of subrogation.

PARA UZUNLIKKA SAKROVCHI QIZLARDA JISMONIY SIFATLARNING SHAKLLANISHI VA ULARNI RIVOJLANTIRISH OMILLARI

D.N. Xolbekova — 2025-11-07

This research paper analyzes the factors that shape and develop physical qualities in Paralympic long jumpers. The aim of the study was to identify ways to improve jumping technique and develop key physical qualities such as endurance, strength, speed, coordination, and flexibility through specialized physical training. The study took into account the individual characteristics of the athletes, training conditions, and psychological preparedness. The results showed that a properly planned training system, recovery exercises, and motivational factors have a significant impact on the development of physical qualities and improved performance in the Paralympic long jump. This paper provides methodological recommendations of practical value for coaches, teachers, and athletes involved in Paralympic sports.

WAYS TO IMPROVE THE BANKING SYSTEM OF UZBEKISTAN

Mohira Ziyadullayeva — 2025-11-07

This work studies ways to improve the banking system in the Republic of Uzbekistan, existing problems and proposals for their solution. The work analyzes the current state of the banking system of Uzbekistan, considers such urgent issues as increasing the efficiency of commercial banks, introducing digital technologies, improving the quality of financial services and increasing the financial literacy of the population. Also, based on the experience of foreign countries, proposals and recommendations for the further development of the banking sector have been developed. Based on the results of the research, practical proposals have been put forward aimed at forming a stable and competitive banking system in Uzbekistan.

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ANATOMY OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT IN OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY

Z.A. Usmonaliyeva — 2025-11-07

The upper respiratory tract is a complex anatomical system comprising the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, pharynx, and larynx, which play essential roles in respiration, protection, resonance, and phonation. A thorough understanding of their anatomical characteristics is fundamental in otorhinolaryngology for accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and safe surgical procedures. Knowledge of the morphology, blood and lymphatic supply, innervation, and histological structure of the mucosa is crucial for identifying conditions such as sinusitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, polyposis, and tumor processes. Modern diagnostic tools, including endoscopy and tomography, enable the detection of individual anatomical variations, thereby enhancing the safety and efficiency of minimally invasive surgeries. The anatomy of the upper respiratory tract serves not only as the basis for studying pathological processes but also as a cornerstone in restoring respiratory and vocal functions, as well as in organizing phonopedic and reconstructive therapy. Therefore, comprehensive anatomical knowledge of this system holds exceptional importance in the professional training of every otorhinolaryngologist.

ПЕРВАЯ ЖЕНЩИНА-ЮРИСТ УЗБЕКИСТАНА: ЖИЗНЬ И ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ХАДИЧИ СУЛАЙМАНОВОЙ

Malika Mavlonova — 2025-11-07

The article examines the life and scholarly activity of Khadicha Sulaimanova (1913–1965), the first woman to earn a Dоctor of Law degree in Uzbekistan. It analyzes her contribution to the development of Soviet and Uzbek legal science, her participation in shaping legal education, and her role in training legal prоfessionals. Special attention is given to her works on constitutiоnal law and the legal status of women in society. The article highlights her importance as the first female representative in the legal science of the region.

SPELLING TEACHING METHODS AND ITS EFFECTIVENESS

Husniya Sobirjonova — 2025-11-07

In the process of native language and literary education, the main attention should be paid to increasing students' vocabulary, feeling and understanding the subtleties of meaning, differences and similarities, forming the skills of correct pronunciation and error-free writing, correct use of words, and correct expression of thought in speech and text. Thinking and language in a person are inextricably linked, and the role and role of native language and literary education methods, as well as their tools, in raising a creative and independent-minded, spiritually mature person are incomparable. This article discusses the problems of improving the quality of spelling teaching methods and ways to solve them, as well as improving the literacy level of current students. It is also dedicated to highlighting issues such as working on students' spelling errors in native language and literary education, using traditional teaching methods, increasing vocabulary, working on sentences, and developing reading skills in fiction.

JINOYAT SODIR ETISHDA AYB SHAKLLARI VA ULARNING JINOIY JAVOBGARLIKKA TA'SIRINI HUQUQIY JIHATDAN TAHLIL QILING

Marjona Turdimurodova — 2025-11-07

Mazkur maqolada jinoyat huquqi nazariyasining asosiy va eng murakkab bo‘g‘inlaridan biri bo‘lgan ayb instituti va uning shakllari har tomonlama yoritilgan. Ayb shaxsning o‘z harakatlari yoki harakatsizligiga nisbatan ruhiy-psixologik munosabatini ifodalaydi va jinoyat tarkibining zaruriy subyektiv elementi sifatida e’tirof etiladi. Shu bois, aybning mavjudligi yoki mavjud emasligi shaxsning jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilishida hal qiluvchi ahamiyat kasb etadi. Maqolada aybning shakllari — qasd (to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri va bilvosita) hamda ehtiyotsizlik (beparvolik va o‘z kuch va imkoniyatlariga ortiqcha ishonish) turlari chuqur tahlil qilinadi. Har bir shaklning mazmun-mohiyati, ularning o‘zaro farqlari va jinoyat sodir etishdagi o‘rni amaliy misollar hamda O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Jinoyat kodeksi normalariga asoslangan holda izohlanadi. Shuningdek, ayb shakllarining jinoyat tarkibini kvalifikatsiya qilishdagi, shaxsning ijtimoiy xavfli harakatini baholashdagi, va jazoni tayinlashdagi o‘rni alohida ko‘rsatib o‘tiladi.Tadqiqot davomida aybning mavjudligi jinoyat huquqida aybsizlik prinsipi, adolatli jazo tayinlash, hamda subyektiv tomonning individual baholanishi kabi tamoyillar bilan uzviy bog‘liq ekanligi yoritiladi. Muallif ayb shakllarining turlicha bo‘lishi jinoyat sodir etgan shaxsning ichki ruhiy holatini to‘g‘ri aniqlashga, demakki, jinoiy javobgarlikni to‘g‘ri belgilashga xizmat qilishini asoslaydi.Shuningdek, maqolada sud amaliyotida ayb shakllarini noto‘g‘ri baholash oqibatida yuzaga keladigan huquqiy xatoliklar, ularning adolat va qonun ustuvorligiga salbiy ta’siri, hamda ushbu muammolarning oldini olish uchun zarur bo‘lgan nazariy va amaliy takliflar ilgari suriladi. Muallif tomonidan O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy sudi plenum qarorlari, jinoyat huquqi bo‘yicha ilmiy manbalar, xalqaro tajriba hamda zamonaviy yuridik adabiyotlar asosida tahliliy yondashuv qo‘llanilgan.Ushbu ilmiy maqola jinoyat huquqining subyektiv tomonini yanada chuqur o‘rganish, ayb shakllarini aniqlashda yagona huquqiy yondashuvni shakllantirish hamda jinoyat-protsessual amaliyotda adolatli va qonuniy qarorlar qabul qilishga ilmiy-nazariy asos yaratish maqsadida yozilgan.

DOLZARB EKOLOGIK MUAMMOLAR: SABABLARI, OQIBATLARI VA YECHIMLAR

Sanjarbek Abduqayumov — 2025-11-07

This article analyzes the most pressing environmental problems of our time, their causes, consequences, and possible solutions. It highlights global, regional, and local environmental issues such as air pollution, the greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, acid rain, and water scarcity. The paper also proposes effective measures for environmental protection, rational use of natural resources, implementation of waste-free technologies, and ensuring ecological safety.

SPECIFIC FEATURES OF SERVING A SENTENCE OF DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY BY WOMEN AND THE HISTORY OF ITS IMPROVEMENT

Shuxrat Irnazarov — 2025-11-09

This article analyzes the procedure for serving a sentence of deprivation of liberty by women in the Republic of Uzbekistan and its historical development step by step. The study covers the legal guarantees, privileges and conditions established for women within the framework of the 1926 Correctional Labor Code of the Uzbek SSR, the updated code of 1970 and the Criminal Code of 1997. In particular, the reliefs created for pregnant, lactating women and women with young children, the establishment of orphanages under colonies, and the possibility of mitigating punishment are highlighted. The article also analyzes the characteristics of women's crime, types of crimes, their differences from men's crime, and the growth trends in crimes of greed and violence committed by women in modern times. The author justifies the need to strengthen humane principles in this area and improve the criminal-executive system.

TYPES OF PENAL INSTITUTIONS AND THE ORGANIZATION OF THE EXECUTION OF SENTENCES IN THE FORM OF DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY

Shuxrat Irnazarov — 2025-11-09

This article covers the types of penal institutions in the Republic of Uzbekistan, their legal status and the organization of the execution of sentences of deprivation of liberty. It is noted that the criminal-executive legislation of our country is being improved on the basis of humane principles, and a new system of release from punishment based on pardon and the guarantee of public associations has been introduced.

OQIW KÚNI TÁRTIBINDE DENE TÁRBIYANIŃ FORMALARI.

Dilnaz Esnazarova — 2025-11-09

Bul maqalada oqıwshılardıń ayırımları mektepke kelemen degenshe oynap, juwırıwǵa úlgergen bolsa, basqaları keshikpew ushın asıǵıp keledi, ayırımları asıqpastan, bosańlasqan jaǵdayda keledi, yaǵnıy sabaq baslanıwınan aldın hámme oqıwshılardıńda dıqqat-itibarı bir jerge jıynalmaǵan boladı. Sonıń ushın, olardıń dıqqatın toplaw hám sanalı miynetke tayarlaw kerek. Áne sonıń ushında, shınıǵıwdan aldın ótkeriletuǵın gimnastika oǵada paydalı sanaladı. Arnawlı tańlap alınǵan shınıǵıwlar balalardı tınıshlandıradı, olardaǵı tolqınlanıw jaǵdayın basadı, shıyraqlastıradı.

THE IMPORTANCE AND BENEFITS OF PROSTHETICS IN THE ELDERLY

Farangiz Xayitaliyeva — 2025-11-09

This article examines the importance and benefits of prosthetics in the elderly. Data are presented on the impact of prosthetics on restoring chewing function, preserving remaining teeth, and preventing bone atrophy. Particular attention is paid to the aesthetic aspect of prosthetics and its impact on patients' psychoemotional state, improving self-esteem, and social activity. Modern methods of prosthetics, including fixed and implant-based structures, their effectiveness, and durability are discussed. The importance of proper denture care and regular preventive maintenance to ensure comfortable adaptation and long-term results is emphasized. The article emphasizes the comprehensive nature of prosthetics, combining medical, aesthetic, and social aspects, contributing to an improved quality of life for the elderly.

STUDYING THE IMPACT OF MODERN ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF PATIENTS

Diyora Nabijonova — 2025-11-09

Department of Neurology Epilepsy is a chronic brain disease characterized by recurrent, unprovoked attacks of motor, sensory, or mental dysfunction resulting from excessive neuronal discharge in the gray matter of the cerebral cortex. From this definition it follows that no other clinical (mental changes) or electroencephalographic (epileptiform activity) signs alone can be the basis for a diagnosis of epilepsy. Epilepsy does not include single seizures, regardless of their clinical manifestations. Only repeated seizures are the basis for a diagnosis of epilepsy. By definition, febrile convulsions, as well as convulsions that occur during process damage to the brain (for example, with encephalitis, subdural hematoma, acute cerebrovascular accident, etc.) are not epilepsy-epilepsy includes spontaneous, unprovoked seizures (with the exception of reflex forms). Idiopathic forms of epilepsy have characteristic etiological, clinical and prognostic parameters clearly formulated in the specialized literature, with known or possible genetic predetermination, in which a complete clinical or paraclinical study does not reveal structural damage to the brain and the condition of another known disease (2,3). Cryptogenic-presumably symptomatic forms of epilepsy or syndromes, the cause of which is notclear. Up to 60-70% fall cases of epilepsy are cryptogenic (ZenkovL.R.). Currently, a number of forms of epilepsy and epileptic syndromes that are not included in the International Classification have been described: absence seizures in infants, absence epilepsy in adults, autosomal dominant frontal epilepsy with nocturnal paroxysms, familial benign temporal lobe epilepsy, etc. (1). The prevalence of epilepsy in the population ishighand reaches1-2% (ZenkovL.R.). The treatment strategy for epilepsy has currently undergone significant changes. The modern approach to the problem of treating epilepsy involves solving a number of issues related not only to achieving the maximum therapeutic effect, but also to the problems of adequate functioning of patients in society: education, choice ofprofession, employment, starting a family (5). Currently, this definition has found its echo in the concept of “Quality of Life”. According to the WHO definition, QOL is an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value system in which they live, in accordance with their goals, expectations, standardsand concerns.

MODERNIZATION OF LEGAL EDUCATION IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION: DEVELOPING LEGALTECH COMPETENCIES

Nargizaxon Majidova — 2025-11-09

In the 21st century, modern technologies and digital transformation shape society and require new approaches and competencies across all sectors. Legal education is no exception and must be modernized to meet contemporary demands. This article analyzes the improvement of legal education under digital transformation, the development of LegalTech competencies, and the organization of practical training. International experiences are also examined, highlighting potential challenges and proposing solutions. The study results demonstrate that expanding AI and LegalTech courses in law faculties and integrating theoretical and practical knowledge can enhance digital literacy skills among graduates.

THE JADIDIST MOVEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND CULTURAL LIFE IN TURKESTAN

Gulnoza Esanova — 2025-11-10

This article discusses the historical formation of the Jadid movement and its socio-political essence, main ideas, the thinking of the Jadids and the relevance of their ideas today. It also deeply analyzes the return to nature, the path to spirituality, and their significance in society.

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Islom Davletov — 2025-11-10

В статье рассматриваются физиологические особенности выделительной системы человека, её роль в поддержании гомеостаза, водно-солевого равновесия и выведении продуктов обмена веществ. Подробно описаны процессы фильтрации, реабсорбции и секреции в нефроне, а также механизмы регуляции функции почек гормональными и нервными путями. Особое внимание уделено роли почек в регуляции артериального давления, кислотно-щелочного состояния и выделению биологически активных веществ.

BAXSHICHILIK SAN’ATI: TARIXIY ILDIZLAR VA ZAMONAVIY TARAQQIYOT BOSQICHLARI

Nargiza Hamrayeva — 2025-11-10

This article discusses the historical roots and modern development of the art of Bakhshi, state decisions aimed at its development, and the importance of this art in the education of young people.

БОЛАЛАРДАГИ ЎТКИР МИЕЛОИД ЛЕЙКОЗ ШАКЛЛАРИНИНГ МОРФОЛОГИК-ИММУНОЛОГИК КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯСИ ВА КЛИНИК АҲАМИЯТИ

Алишер Ташбаев — 2025-11-10

Болалар онкогематологик амалиётида ўткир миелобластли лейкоз (ЎМЛ) алоҳида аҳамият касб этадиган касалликлардан бири бўлиб, у гемопоэз тизимининг илдиз ҳужайраларидаги клонал ўзгаришлар натижасида ривожланади. ЎМЛ барча болалар лейкозларининг тахминан 15–20% ни ташкил этади ва клиник жиҳатдан тез илгарилаш, юқори рецидив частотаси ҳамда оғир гемопоэтик бузилишлар билан тавсифланади.

BOSHLANG‘ICH SINF O‘QUVCHILARINI PIRLS XALQARO BAHOLASH DASTURIGA TAYYORLASHDA MATN TANLASHGA QO‘YILADIGAN TALABLAR

Dildora Utanbayeva — 2025-11-10

Ushbu maqolada PIRLS xalqaro baholash dasturining o‘tkazilishi, o‘qish savodxonligi ta’rifi, o‘qish savodxonligining maqsadlari, o‘qish maqsadlari birlashtiradigan tushunish jarayonlari, PIRLS tadqiqоtida ishlatiladigan matnlar uchun belgilangan mezоnlar haqida fikr yuritilgan. Shuningdek, PIRLS xalqaro baholash dasturiga boshlang‘ich sinf o‘quvchilarini tayyorlashga mo‘ljallangan “PIRLS UZBEKISTAN” mobil ilovasi haqida ma’lumot berilgan.

TABIAT BOG‘LARINING MILLIY VA XORIJIY QONUNCHILIKDAGI HUQUQIY HOLATI

Gulnora Shopoʻlatova — 2025-11-10

Mazkur tezisda tabiat bog‘larining huquqiy maqomi, ularning tashkil etilishi, vazifalari va boshqaruv tartibi yoritilgan. Ishda Oʻzbekiston Respublikasining ekologik qonunchiligida tabiat bog‘lariga oid normalar tahlil qilinadi, shuningdek, ularni boshqarish va muhofaza qilishdagi amaliy muammolar koʻrib chiqiladi. Tezisda xorijiy davlatlar tajribasi bilan solishtirma tahlil oʻtkazilib, milliy qonunchilikni takomillashtirish boʻyicha takliflar ilgari suriladi. Normativ-huquqiy hujjatlar tahlili asosida mavjud huquqiy mexanizmlarning samaradorligi baholanadi va amaliyotda uchrayotgan muammolar yuzasidan takliflar beriladi.

SIMULYATSION TEXNOLOGIYALAR ASOSIDA TALABALARNING AUSKULTATSION KO‘NIKMALARINI SHAKLLANTIRISH METODIKASI

Hasanboy Mullajonov — 2025-11-10

Ushbu maqolada simulyatsion texnologiyalar asosida talabalarning auskultatsion ko‘nikmalarini shakllantirish metodikasi o‘rganilgan. Metodika talabalarga xavfsiz, takrorlanadigan va real klinik vaziyatlarga yaqin mashg‘ulotlar tashkil etish orqali diagnostik aniqlik va klinik fikrlashni rivojlantirish imkonini beradi. Ishda nazariy tayyorgarlik, virtual mashg‘ulotlar, simulyatsion amaliyot va refleksiya bosqichlari asosida metodik model taklif etilgan. Shu yondashuv nafaqat texnik ko‘nikmalar, balki tahliliy fikrlash va bemor bilan ishlash madaniyatini ham shakllantiradi. Natijada, simulyatsion metodika zamonaviy tibbiyot ta’limining interaktiv va sifatli rivojlanishiga muhim hissa qo‘shadi.

TEXNIK HARAKATLARNI BAJARISHDA GAVDA MUVOZANATINI SAQLASH SHARTLARI

Timur Sharipov — 2025-11-10

Bu maqaloda ko’p yillik ilmiy tadqiqotlarida statik va dinamik muvozanatning yuqori darajadagi rivojlanishi, vestibulyar qo‘zg‘alish sharoitida harakatlarni bajarishda, harakatning sifati, aniqligi va xatolarni minimallashtirishni ta’minlaydi, bu asosiy harakat konstantalarini (kuch, yo‘nalish, tezlik, vaqt) yuqori darajada nazorat qilish holatini yaratadi, shuningdek, sust harakatlanish sharoitida ham sportchining ish qobiliyatini saqlab koladi. Statik va dinamik barqarorlikning ortishi, yangi harakat ko‘nikmalarini o‘zlashtirish, shuningdek, umumiy va maxsus tayyorgarlik bo‘yicha koordinasion mashqlarni muntazam qo‘llash jarayonida sodir bo‘ladi.

SPORT YAKKAKURASHLARIDA MASHG‘ULOTLAR TA’SIRIGA MOSLASHISH USULLARI

Timur Sharipov — 2025-11-10

Bu maqolada T.S.Achilov va T.U. Zufarovlarning ko’p yillik ilmiy tadqiqotlarida yuklamalar darajasini oshirish va sportchilarning ish faoliyatini rivojlantirishni fazalarga bo‘linishini hisobga olgan holda o‘yin va o‘yinlararo sikllarda mashg‘ulot yuklamalarini o‘zgartirish tizimida kompensatsiya va superkompensatsiya mexanizmlaridan foydalanish imkonini berdi. Sportchining joriy holatini baholash va mashg‘ulot siljishlarini aniqlashga asoslangan yuklamalarni o‘zgartirish tizimlari mashg‘ulot jarayonini faollashtirish va uning samaradorligini oshirishga imkon yaratadi.

O‘QUVCHILARNI UZUNLIKKA SAKRASH TURLARI TEXNIKASINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISHNING ILMIY-PEDAGOGIK ASOSLARI

Shohida Saidmurodova — 2025-11-10

Mazkur tezisda umumta’lim maktab o‘quvchilarida uzunlikka sakrash texnikasini takomillashtirishning ilmiy-pedagogik asoslari yoritilgan. Tadqiqot davomida tajriba va nazorat guruhlarida o‘tkazilgan mashg‘ulotlar tahlili asosida sakrash texnikasini bosqichma-bosqich o‘rgatishning samaradorligi aniqlangan. Biomekanik tahlil, videoanaliz va kompleks jismoniy tayyorgarlik usullari o‘quvchilarning natijalarini sezilarli darajada yaxshilagan. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, ilmiy asoslangan yondashuv o‘quvchilarning texnik ko‘nikmalari bilan birga ularning motivatsiyasini ham oshiradi.

O‘ZBEKISTON SUD-HUQUQ TIZIMIDA ODIL SUDLOVNI TA’MINLASH: MUAMMOLAR VA YECHIMLAR

Islombek To‘lanboyev — 2025-11-10

Ushbu maqolada O‘zbekiston sud-huquq tizimida odil sudlovni ta’minlash masalalari, xususan, sudlar mustaqilligi, adolatli qarorlar qabul qilinishini kafolatlash, advokatura institutining roli va sudya etikasining ahamiyati keng tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot davomida huquqiy tahlil, taqqoslash va sotsiologik yondashuv metodlaridan foydalanilgan. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, sudlarning amaldagi mustaqilligi hali to‘liq ta’minlanmagan, advokatlarning jarayondagi o‘rni zaif, sudya etikasiga rioya etish darajasi esa har doim ham yetarli emas. Shu sababli, sud-huquq tizimini yanada takomillashtirish uchun sudlar faoliyatini tashqi bosimlardan himoya qilish, advokatlar institutini kuchaytirish, sudyalarning kasbiy malakasi va etik madaniyatini oshirish zarurligi asoslab berilgan. Maqola yakunida odil sudlovni amalda ta’minlash bo‘yicha aniq taklif va tavsiyalar ilgari surilgan.

БОЛАЛАРДА ЎТКИР МИЕЛОИД ЛЕЙКОЗНИНГ ГЕМАТОМОРФОЛОГИК ВА ИММУНОФЕНОТИПИК ТАВСИФЛАРИНИНГ ДИАГНОСТИК АҲАМИЯТИ

Алишер Ташбаев — 2025-11-10

Болалар онкогематологияси соҳасидаги энг долзарб муаммолардан бири бу гемопоэз тизимининг ўсма табиатли касалликларидан бўлган ўткир миелоид лейкоз (ЎМЛ) ҳисобланади. ЎМЛ суяк кўмигида миелоид қатлам ҳужайраларининг клонал пролиферацияси ва дифференциация жараёнининг тўхташи билан кечувчи касаллик бўлиб, у болалардаги барча лейкозларнинг 15–20% ни ташкил этади. Касалликнинг клиник кечиши тез илгарилашга мойил бўлиб, унинг морфологик ва иммунofenотипик хусусиятларини чуқур ўрганиш ташхис ва прогнозни аниқлашда ҳал қилувчи аҳамиятга эга.

MASOFAVIY TA’LIMNI TASHKIL ETISH VA UNI UMUMIY PEDAGOGIKAGA YO‘NALTIRISH

Dilshoda Nuraliyeva — 2025-11-10

Mazkur maqolada masofaviy ta’limning shakllanishi, rivojlanish bosqichlari, uni samarali tashkil etishning didaktik va metodik asoslari hamda masofaviy o‘qitish jarayonini umumiy pedagogika tamoyillari bilan uyg‘unlashtirish yo‘llari va masofaviy ta’limning uslubiy asoslari keng yoritilgan, masofaviy ta’limni tashkil etish jarayonining metodik asoslari, uning zamonaviy pedagogik tamoyillar bilan uyg‘unligi hamda umumiy pedagogika tizimiga integratsiyalashuv masalalari tahlil etiladi.

AYOLLARNI OILAVIY ZO'RAVCHILIKDAN HIMOYA QILISH: IJTIMOIY-PSIXOLOGIK YUNDASHISHLAR

Latofat Turdiyeva — 2025-11-10

Oiladagi zo'ravonlik butun dunyo bo'ylab millionlab ayollarga ta'sir ko'rsatadigan, jismoniy, hissiy va ijtimoiy zarar etkazadigan keng tarqalgan ijtimoiy va psixologik muammodir. Ushbu tadqiqot oilaviy munosabatlar doirasida ayollarni oilaviy zo'ravonlikdan himoya qilishning ijtimoiy va psixologik yondashuvlarini o'rganadi. Unda zo‘ravonlikka sabab bo‘luvchi asosiy ijtimoiy va psixologik omillar yoritilgan, huquqiy va ijtimoiy himoya tizimlari samaradorligi baholanadi, psixologik maslahatlar va ayollar xavfsizligini ta’minlash bo‘yicha individual strategiyalar tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda, shuningdek, oiladagi zo‘ravonlikni kamaytirishda aholi o‘rtasida targ‘ibot-tashviqot ishlarini olib borish, gender tengligi bo‘yicha ta’lim va jamoatchilikni jalb qilish kabi profilaktika choralari muhimligi ta’kidlangan. Natijalar shuni ko'rsatadiki, huquqiy, ijtimoiy va psixologik aralashuvlarni o'zida mujassam etgan integratsiyalashgan yondashuv ayollarning himoyasi va imkoniyatlarini kengaytirish uchun muhim ahamiyatga ega.

O’ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASINING BIRINCHI PREZIDENTI I.A. KARIMOV ASARLARIDA TA’LIM VA TARBIYANING MOHIYATI HAQIDA

Aziza Turemuratova — 2025-11-10

Ushbu tadqiqotimiz davomida O’zbekiston Respublikasi birinchi prezidenti I.A.Karimov asarlarida ta’lim va tarbiyaning ahamiyati haqida batafsil ma’lumotlar keltirib o’tiladi. Jamiyatimiz taraqqiyoti uchun yosh avlodning komil inson va ma’naviy yetuk shaxs sifatida tarbiyalanishi asosiy g’oya sifatida qaraladi. Shuningdek, prezidentimizning asarlarida ta’lim va tarbiyaning shakllanishida asosiy milliy g’oyalar tahlil qilib o’tiladi. Kelajak avlodga ta’lim va tarbiya berishda, ularning milliy tariximiz va urf-odatlarimizni asrab avaylashiga, vatanga bo’lgan muhabbatini oshirishda albatta oilaning o’rni beqiyosdir.

USING DIGITAL EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING CHEMISTRY IN HIGH SCHOOL

Ra’no Jumanazarova — 2025-11-11

This quasi-experimental study examined the impact of digital education technologies (virtual labs, simulations, molecular visualization tools, and LMS) on secondary-school chemistry learning. Across three schools (Grades 9–10, N = 116), an 8 week intervention was implemented: treatment classes systematically used digital tools, while control classes followed business-as-usual instruction. Results showed significant gains favoring the treatment: (i) ANCOVA on concept test (post ~ group + pre) yielded Δadj = 8.7 percentage points, p < .01; Cohen’s d = 0.62 for conceptual understanding; (ii) d = 0.47 for procedural skills; (iii) extraneous cognitive load decreased (d = −0.45), attributed to guided instruction and well-aligned multiple external representations (MER). Qualitative findings highlighted enhanced engagement, faster error detection, and safe “re try” affordances. We conclude that when guided and purposefully integrated, digital technologies improve conceptual and practical outcomes in secondary chemistry; combining virtual and physical laboratories is recommended for optimum results.

CONSTITUTION – A CRITERIA OF JUSTICE AND DEVELOPMENT

Jonibek O’rinov — 2025-11-11

This article analyzes the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan as a key factor in the construction of state sovereignty, social justice, the rule of law and civil society. The article examines from a philosophical and theoretical point of view the role of the Constitution in the development of man and society, the evolution of the concept of justice and the stages of development of legal thought. The Constitution is not only a legal document, but also the fruit of national thought, values and social consciousness.

ZAMONAVIY MUHANDISLIK VA ARXITEKTURA LOYIHALARIDA 3D LAZER SKANERLASH TEXNOLOGIYASINING QO‘LLANISH IMKONIYATLARI

Muxabbat Kazakbaeva — 2025-11-11

While the requirements for accuracy, speed, and efficiency in modern engineering and architecture are increasing, advanced digital technologies, particularly 3D laser scanning methods, play an important role. With the help of this technology, it becomes possible to measure the spatial structure of real objects with high accuracy, create and analyze their three-dimensional digital models. The article analyzes the technical principles, advantages of 3D laser scanning, types of static and mobile scanning, and practical aspects of their application in engineering and architectural projects. The role of technology in saving time and resources, increasing safety, and optimizing BIM processes in construction processes is also highlighted.

NEUROPSYCHOLINGUISTIC CONDITIONING AND STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF ARTISTIC DISCOURSE

Sadoqat Bekmurodova — 2025-11-11

This article examines the intersection of neuropsycholinguistic mechanisms and structural organization within artistic discourse, exploring how cognitive processes shape literary expression and reception. This interdisciplinary approach contributes to understanding artistic discourse as a complex phenomenon rooted in fundamental neuropsychological processes while manifesting through distinctive linguistic and structural patterns.

PARA UZUNLIKKA SAKROVCHI QIZLARDA CHIDAMLILIK, KUCH VA KOORDINATSIYA SIFATLARINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH USULLARI

D.N. Xolbekova — 2025-11-11

This article examines methods for improving physical qualities endurance, strength, and coordination—in Paralympic long jumpers. It demonstrates ways to improve jumping technique and overall fitness through specialized training, strength exercises, and coordination exercises. The importance of proper load distribution and an individualized approach during training is also analyzed. As a result, an improved training system will contribute to sustainable improvement in athletes' performance.

BASIC TRADE BARRIERS: TARIFFS AND QUOTAS

Sevinch Baxriddinova — 2025-11-11

This paper explores the essential features of trade barriers, specifically concentrating on tariffs and quotas as the main tools for managing international trade. It analyzes the economic reasons for enacting these barriers, their influence on domestic industries, and their overall effects on global trade patterns. The study emphasizes that although tariffs and quotas are typically established to safeguard national economies, encourage local production, and reduce reliance on foreign products, they can also disrupt market efficiency and lead to retaliatory trade actions. Thus, grasping the balance between protective strategies and free trade ideals is vital for achieving sustainable economic growth in today’s global economy.

CAUSES, ETIOLOGY AND DIAGNOSIS OF BREAST CANCER

Ne‘matillo Xabibullayev — 2025-11-11

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors among women worldwide. Millions of women suffer from this disease every year. Breast cancer involves not only physical, but also psychological and social consequences. However, the development of modern medicine and the improvement of treatment methods give hope in the fight against breast cancer. In this article, we will provide detailed information about the causes, symptoms, diagnostic methods and treatment methods of breast cancer. Today, the development of breast cancer is accelerating. This is due to the influence of the etiological factor and its increasing scope. In 2022, approximately 2.3 million women were diagnosed with breast cancer. During this year, approximately 670,000 women died from this disease. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in 157 countries. In 2040, new cases are expected to exceed 3 million, and deaths are expected to exceed 1 million. In 2022, 4,164 new cases of breast cancer were identified in Uzbekistan. Also, along with cervical cancer, they are among the leading causes of death in women this year.

EXPRESSION OF PRAGMATIC MEANING THROUGH MORPHOLOGICAL MEANS IN UZBEK

Husniya Sobirjonova — 2025-11-11

Speech plays a defining role in the development of society. It has the ability to unite people in a community, direct them towards a certain goal. People speak according to their level of thinking, thinking ability and capabilities. In pragmatics, speech act is studied in connection with various aspects of human activity. While structural (system) linguistics studies the language system, the language system, pragmatics studies the system of discourse (dialogue, mutual exchange of ideas, communication, communication-interference, conversation). Simply put, it is a science that studies speech communication as a whole system - in its integral connection with all linguistic and non-linguistic factors of this process, in cooperation. By analyzing the meanings of words, it can be observed that all words at the initial stage have a monosemantic character. They are used to express certain objects and phenomena. Later, they are also used for the purpose of expressing other objects and phenomena. As a result, subsequent meanings of words arise. The pragmatic meaning structure of a word: such linguistic phenomena as narrowing and expanding meaning have been studied in a unique way in linguistics. This phenomenon has been studied in detail, especially at the lexicological level, and in most works it has been analyzed within the framework of lexical meaning.

HISTORY OF SPIRITUAL AND EDUCATIONAL REFORMS IN UZBEKISTAN DURING THE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE

Azizbek Omonov — 2025-11-11

The article discusses the changes that occurred in the spiritual and educational spheres after Uzbekistan gained independence. Starting from the initial stage of independence, further development and updates in recent years are analyzed in simple language. The impact of these reforms on the education of youth, the revival of national values, and the development of society is shown. The article is intended for ordinary readers and is written on the basis of scientific facts.

PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS

Dilafruz Abdumalikova — 2025-11-11

This article analyzes the theoretical foundations of international logistics, its role in the modern economy, and its importance in foreign trade and the global supply chain. The paper highlights the development trends of international logistics systems, their impact on economic efficiency, and directions for improvement.

“THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE”

Temurmalik Xamdamov — 2025-11-11

This article briefly explains what the presumption of innocence is, where it first originated, and why the presumption of innocence is necessary.

HISTORY OF UZBEKISTAN'S RELATIONS WITH INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS (1991–2021)

Hamidullo Xabibullayev — 2025-11-11

This scientific article analyzes the relations of the Republic of Uzbekistan with international financial institutions, the process of their formation and their role in the country's economic development. The study covers the period from 1991 to 2021. The article analyzes the areas of cooperation with the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The programs implemented by international financial institutions in Uzbekistan, their role in credit policy and economic reforms are studied. The conclusions of the article also cover the prospects for Uzbekistan in international cooperation.

UCHUVCHISIZ UCHISH APPARATLARINI KARTOGRAFIYA, GEODEZIYA SOHALARIDGI HOZIRGI O‘RNI VA KELAJAKDAGI RIVOJI

Elnur Mustafoyev — 2025-11-11

This article analyzes the application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) in cartography and geodesy, highlighting their advantages and future development. UAVs enable the creation of accurate maps, updating topographic data, conducting geodetic measurements, and carrying out ecological monitoring. The article discusses how UAVs equipped with high-precision cameras, LiDAR systems, and GPS technology allow for quick and efficient data collection, as well as the advantages they provide over traditional methods. Additionally, the growth indicators of UAV usage in cartography and geodesy, along with their economic efficiency, are also examined.

THE MAIN PEST OF POTATOES IS LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA

Ximoyatxon Sobirjonova — 2025-11-11

The article presents information on the biology of the Colorado potato beetle, its damage, and effective control measures, which are one of the current problems in potato cultivation.

ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENTERPRISES IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE APPROACH

Umid Ravshanboyev — 2025-11-11

This article analyzes the economic efficiency of telecommunications enterprises in the digital economy. The telecommunications sector is considered as the main driver of digital transformation, its role in the economy, factors affecting efficiency, and a comparative analysis is conducted based on international experience. Based on the experiences of South Korea and Estonia, the development features of the telecommunications sector of Uzbekistan are analyzed, and scientifically based proposals are developed to improve the efficiency of the network.

PROSPECTS FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF DIGITAL PROJECTS IN EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS

Gulnoza Maxmudova — 2025-11-11

This article analyzes the implementation of the “Higher Education Process Management – HEMIS”, LMS (Learning Management System) and Module platforms within the framework of digital transformation processes in the higher education system of Uzbekistan, their functional capabilities and impact on the quality of education. The study covers the regulatory and legal framework for the implementation of information and communication technologies in higher education institutions, mechanisms for automating management processes, and the advantages of managing educational activities in a digital environment. While the HEMIS system provides the opportunity to manage educational, scientific, administrative and financial processes in a single information space, the LMS and Module platforms enhance interactive communication between students and teachers, simplify the processes of electronic placement, assessment and analysis of course materials. The integration of these systems creates broad opportunities for digital management, transparency, monitoring of student learning, and analytical management of the quality of education in higher education institutions.

O‘ZBEKISTONDA AHOLIGA TIBBIY YORDAM KO‘RSATISH TIZIMINING TARIXIY TRANSFORMATSIYASI: ZAMONAVIY YONDASHUVLAR VA RIVOJLANISH ISTIQBOLLARI

Sherzod Pardaaliyev — 2025-11-11

Ushbu maqolada O‘zbekiston Respublikasida aholiga tibbiy yordam ko‘rsatish tizimining tarixiy rivojlanishi, mustaqillik yillaridagi tub islohotlar, zamonaviy raqamlashtirish jarayonlari, sun’iy intellekt texnologiyalarining ta’siri hamda ushbu sohada huquqiy tartibga solish mexanizmlarini takomillashtirish masalalari yoritilgan. Tibbiy xizmat sifatini oshirish, aholining salomatligini samarali himoya qilish va davlat siyosatining ustuvor yo‘nalishlari asosida tizimning transformatsiyasi chuqur tahlil etilgan.

CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF CATARACT SURGERY IN PATIENTS WITH COEXISTING OCULAR PATHOLOGIES

Dilfuza Jalalova — 2025-11-12

The management of cataracts in patients with pre-existing ocular diseases presents a significant clinical challenge, as concurrent pathologies may influence surgical outcomes, postoperative recovery, and long-term visual prognosis. This study analyzes the clinical outcomes of cataract surgery in patients with coexisting ocular pathologies such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and corneal dystrophies. A total of 220 patients underwent phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, with outcomes assessed through visual acuity improvement, intraocular pressure (IOP) control, and retinal morphology stability. Results demonstrated that while significant visual gains were achieved in most cases, postoperative complications were more frequent in patients with severe diabetic or glaucomatous changes. Early identification of comorbid ocular conditions, tailored surgical strategies, and postoperative management were found essential in achieving favorable outcomes. The findings emphasize the importance of multidisciplinary assessment and individualized treatment planning in cataract surgery for complex ocular cases.

ADVANCES IN SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF GLAUCOMA: FROM TRABECULECTOMY TO MINIMALLY INVASIVE TECHNIQUES

Dilfuza Jalalova — 2025-11-12

Glaucoma remains one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide, primarily due to progressive optic nerve damage caused by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Over the past several decades, surgical management has evolved significantly from traditional filtration procedures to minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries (MIGS), offering safer and more targeted control of IOP. This article provides a comprehensive evaluation of modern surgical approaches, emphasizing the transition from trabeculectomy and tube shunts to MIGS, and analyzes long-term outcomes in terms of efficacy, safety, and patient quality of life. Through clinical data, literature review, and comparative assessment, the study demonstrates that modern techniques, including iStent, Xen Gel Stent, and Kahook Dual Blade goniotomy, provide comparable IOP reduction with fewer complications and faster recovery. The paper concludes that the integration of traditional and minimally invasive methods, guided by individualized patient selection, is the future of glaucoma surgery.

ROLE OF ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY

Dilfuza Jalalova — 2025-11-12

Endothelial dysfunction (ED) plays a central role in the pathophysiology of hypertensive retinopathy, serving as an early marker and a contributing mechanism in the microvascular damage associated with chronic hypertension. This study investigates the correlation between systemic endothelial dysfunction markers—such as nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)—and the progression of hypertensive retinopathy in patients at different stages of arterial hypertension. A total of 120 hypertensive patients were examined using clinical, laboratory, and ophthalmologic methods including fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and measurement of plasma biomarkers. The results demonstrated a strong association between impaired endothelial homeostasis and retinal microangiopathy, confirming that endothelial dysfunction precedes visible retinal changes. Early detection and correction of endothelial dysfunction may thus serve as an effective strategy for preventing or slowing hypertensive retinopathy progression, preserving vision, and reducing cardiovascular risk.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY AND NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES

Dilfuza Jalalova — 2025-11-12

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most serious microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus and remains a leading cause of preventable blindness among working-age populations worldwide. The complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying DR involve chronic hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, endothelial dysfunction, and neurovascular unit impairment. This article aims to provide a detailed analysis of the molecular and cellular pathways that contribute to the onset and progression of DR, including the roles of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and chronic inflammation. Furthermore, novel therapeutic strategies such as anti-VEGF agents, corticosteroids, antioxidant therapies, and emerging gene-based and regenerative approaches are discussed. The study emphasizes that an integrative therapeutic model addressing both metabolic control and retinal protection is essential for reducing the burden of DR and improving patients’ quality of life.

INGLIZ MATBUOT TILIDA ZEUGMANING KOGNITIV VA STILISTIK JIHATLARI

Shohruh Ramazonov — 2025-11-12

Ushbu maqolada ingliz matbuot tilida zeugmaning kognitiv va stilistik mohiyati, u orqali yaratiladigan semantik ko‘p qatlamlilik hamda ifoda tejamkorligi tahlil etilgan. Zeugma jurnalistik matnlarda o‘quvchining diqqatini tortish, axborotni ixcham va emotsional tarzda yetkazish, shuningdek, o‘quvchining tafakkurini faollashtirish vositasi sifatida o‘rganiladi. Maqolada zeugmaning kognitiv mexanizmlari, uning o‘quvchi ongida assotsiativ bog‘lanishlar yaratish xususiyati hamda matbuot uslubidagi badiiy va kommunikativ ahamiyati yoritilgan.

TOXICITY OF COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY REGIMENS AND WAYS TO REDUCE THEM

Vazira Suyunova — 2025-11-12

Combination chemotherapy has become the cornerstone of modern cancer treatment, providing improved survival rates and disease control. However, the use of multiple cytotoxic agents simultaneously increases the risk of toxicity, which can limit the treatment’s effectiveness and negatively impact patients’ quality of life.

MAKTAB VA OLIY TA’LIM TIZIMIDA IJTIMOIY REKLAMA ORQALI IJTIMOIY FAOLLIKNI OSHIRISH

Diyora Kuliboyeva — 2025-11-12

Ushbu maqolada maktab va oliy ta’lim tizimida ijtimoiy reklama vositalari yordamida o‘quvchi va talabalar orasida ijtimoiy faollikni oshirish masalalari yoritilgan. Ijtimoiy reklamaning ta’lim muassasalaridagi tarbiyaviy, kommunikativ va axloqiy ahamiyati tahlil qilinib, yoshlarning fuqarolik mas’uliyatini shakllantirishda uning o‘rni ilmiy-nazariy jihatdan asoslab berilgan. Shuningdek, ijtimoiy reklama orqali yoshlarni ekologik, madaniy, vatanparvarlik, sog‘lom turmush tarzi va raqamli madaniyat kabi yo‘nalishlarda faol ishtirok etishga undovchi metodik yondashuvlar ko‘rsatib o‘tilgan.

MODERN THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR AFFECTIVE RESPIRATORY PAROXYSM IN CHILDREN

Munojat Abidova — 2025-11-12

Affective respiratory paroxysm is a psychosomatic disorder in children, marked by sudden breathing difficulties and emotional instability. Episodes are often triggered by stress, fear, or anxiety and can affect physical health, psychological development, and daily functioning. Early diagnosis and modern management strategies, including therapy and family education, are essential to reduce recurrence and improve quality of life.

THE IMPACT OF IMPROPER NUTRITION ON THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS

Kamola Hasanova — 2025-11-12

This study investigates the impact of improper nutrition on the menstrual cycle in adolescent girls. The menstrual cycle is a key physiological process regulated by hormonal mechanisms, and its normal functioning depends on the adequate intake of macro- and micronutrients. Nutrient deficiencies, particularly in iron, zinc, B-complex vitamins, and vitamin D, along with restrictive diets, frequent fast food consumption, and skipped meals, can lead to menstrual disorders such as amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, and dysmenorrhea. The research emphasizes the importance of balanced nutrition and proper dietary habits in maintaining reproductive health and hormonal balance in adolescent girls. Preventive measures, including dietary education and ensuring sufficient nutrient intake, are critical for promoting regular menstrual cycles and overall well-being.

MISUSE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TOOLS: THE DANGER OF AI VIRUSES AND BOTNETS

Mas’udjon Eshmurodov — 2025-11-12

This article analyzes emerging threats resulting from the misuse, malicious, or illegal application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, particularly AI-based viruses and botnets (AI-botnets). The paper explores the technical nature of these threats, their propagation mechanisms, detection and prevention measures, as well as their legal, ethical, and political implications. In conclusion, practical recommendations and potential future research directions are provided.

DEVELOPING TRACK AND FIELD ATHLETES’ PHYSICAL PREPAREDNESS CAPACITIES AS A KEY FACTOR OF THE TRAINING PROCESS

Asila Shayimova — 2025-11-12

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of developing physical preparedness capacities of track and field athletes within the training process. The study examines the significance of both general and special physical training in enhancing athletes’ functional capabilities, endurance, speed, and strength. The research also describes effective methods for designing individualized training programs through special exercises tailored to athletes’ unique characteristics. The article presents practical recommendations for optimizing the training process, systematically selecting and performing exercises to improve physical qualities, and increasing overall athletic performance. The findings contribute to assessing athletes’ general preparedness levels, planning both individual and group training sessions, and enhancing competitive potential. Furthermore, the study highlights approaches to ensure effective physical training that considers the complexity and specificity of track and field disciplines.

CURRENT PROBLEMS OF MODERN LINGUISTICS

Ohista Cho‘liyeva — 2025-11-12

Modern linguistics increasingly relies on Natural Language Processing (NLP) — a rapidly developing branch of artificial intelligence that enables computers to analyze, understand, and generate human language. NLP systems aim to capture complex semantic and syntactic relationships between words and sentences, allowing for tasks such as machine translation, sentiment analysis, question answering, and text summarization. However, the field still faces serious challenges, including semantic ambiguity, recognition of irony and sarcasm, bias in training data, and lack of model interpretability. This article explores these challenges in depth and discusses potential solutions based on deep neural networks, large language models (LLMs), and corpus-based approaches. Furthermore, the study highlights the linguistic, psycholinguistic, and cognitive aspects of NLP, emphasizing its role in modeling human reasoning and understanding language meaning.

THE ROLE AND LEGAL BASIS OF THE INSTITUTIONS OF PARDON AND AMNESTY IN MITIGATING CRIMINAL LIABILITY

Marjona Turdimurodova — 2025-11-12

This article analyzes the role of the institutions of pardon and amnesty in mitigating criminal liability in the Republic of Uzbekistan, their legal basis and practical significance. Amnesty and amnesty are legal institutions based on the principles of humanity, justice and social stability, which represent the state's policy of forgiveness towards persons who have committed crimes. The article broadly covers the essence of these institutions, the procedure for their application, their differences and similarities, as well as their role in criminal policy. Also, the practice of applying pardon as an act applied individually by the President, and amnesty as a normative legal act adopted collectively by the Oliy Majlis, is analyzed from a legal perspective. The legal framework of these institutions is studied based on the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Presidential Decrees "On Amnesty" and the Law "On Amnesty". The article also discusses the socio-political significance of pardon and amnesty, their role in ensuring human rights and resocializing convicts into society. Based on practical examples, proposals and recommendations are given to increase the effectiveness of these institutions. The results of the study show that the institutions of pardon and amnesty are an important component of criminal and legal policy and play an important role in implementing the principles of humanism, mitigating criminal liability and ensuring social harmony in society.

THE BODY AND MIND PROBLEM: A CONTEMPORARY MEDICAL APPROACH TO THE IDEA OF DUALISM

B.X. Shakarov — 2025-11-12

This article, “The Body–Mind Problem: A Contemporary Medical Approach to the Idea of Dualism,” offers an interdisciplinary examination of the relationship between the bodily (physical) and the mental/spiritual (psychic) aspects of human beings. The introduction outlines the historical origins of dualism and monism — from classical philosophers such as Plato to Descartes and later thinkers. The main section surveys medical perspectives and practices: psychosomatic disorders, the biopsychosocial model, advances in neuroscience regarding consciousness, and integrative clinical approaches combining psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and complementary modalities. The paper critically assesses the limits of classical dualism and argues for a holistic understanding of patients, where biological and mental factors are studied interactively. The conclusion highlights how a synthesis of philosophical insight and medical science can improve diagnosis, treatment, and the humane care of patients, suggesting directions for future research and clinical practice.

STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF REGIONAL INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES

Zafar Mirzayev — 2025-11-12

This article analyzes the organizational, economic, and innovative strategies for increasing the competitiveness of regional industrial enterprises, using the example of the Kashkadarya region. The main factors determining the competitiveness of industrial enterprises — production efficiency, innovation activity, marketing potential, and the level of human capital — are examined. The article scientifically analyzes existing problems and opportunities, proposes ways to overcome them, and puts forward recommendations aimed at forming regional competitive advantages.

MAIN AREAS OF APPLICATION OF LASERS IN MEDICINE

Surayyoxon Ixrorova — 2025-11-12

Laser technologies have emerged as a cornerstone of modern medical practice due to their precision, controllability, and minimally invasive nature. This study provides a comprehensive review of the main applications of lasers in medicine, including surgery, ophthalmology, dermatology, oncology, diagnostics, and physiotherapy. The physical principles of laser operation, types of medical lasers, and their interaction with biological tissues are discussed to explain their effectiveness in clinical applications. Results indicate that laser systems enhance surgical accuracy, reduce postoperative complications, accelerate recovery, and enable selective tissue targeting. In ophthalmology and dermatology, lasers allow effective treatment of eye and skin disorders, while in oncology, photodynamic therapy and laser ablation demonstrate high tumor selectivity. Diagnostic techniques such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and laser Doppler flowmetry improve early disease detection and patient monitoring. The study concludes that the integration of laser technologies with artificial intelligence, robotics, and nanotechnology holds great potential for the future of personalized, precise, and safe medical interventions.

SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF RESOLVING FAMILY CONFLICTS

Dilfuza Xazratqulova — 2025-11-12

Problematic situations and conflicts in family life arise as a result of a clash of opposing needs, motives and interests. Conflict is interpreted as a clash of opposing goals and positions. The most vulnerable in the process of divorce are usually women with children, who are more prone to mental stress and psychological problems. The article discusses the socio-psychological aspects of resolving family social disagreements.

THE HISTORY OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS IN UZBEKISTAN DURING THE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE

M.R. Majitova — 2025-11-12

This article discusses the changes that took place in scientific research institutions in Uzbekistan after independence. It describes the activities of the Academy of Sciences, the creation of new research centers, and the cooperation between education and industry. The article also highlights the impact of science on economic growth and the support of young researchers.

UCHUVCHISIZ UCHISH APPARATLARI YORDAMIDA QISHLOQ XO'JALIGIDA EKINLARNI MONITORING QILISH VA BOSHQARISH: SAMARADORLIK VA KELAJAKDAGI IMKONIYATLARI

Elnur Mustofoyev — 2025-11-12

This article analyzes the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in agricultural monitoring, nutrient assessment, and optimization of spraying processes [15]. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of multispectral and thermal sensors for detecting crop water stress, nutrient deficiencies, and early-stage pest infestations. A comparative analysis between traditional methods and the DJI Agras T40 drone-based approach highlights significant improvements in precision, efficiency, and sustainability. Findings show that UAV-based agriculture can reduce resource consumption by up to 30 times, minimize environmental impact, and increase yield productivity.

HARMONIZATION OF DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICIES IN THE PATHWAY TO STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT OF UZBEKISTAN

Abdumajid Husanboyev — 2025-11-12

The harmony of domestic and foreign policies in the path of strategic development of Uzbekistan is one of the important factors of the country's development. The reforms, social justice and stability being implemented in domestic policy are closely related to the principles of openness, cooperation and peacekeeping in foreign policy. This harmony serves to increase the country's international prestige, protect national interests and accelerate economic growth. Political strategies implemented on the basis of the idea of "New Uzbekistan" play an important role in strengthening the independence of the state, developing civil society and ensuring the well-being of the people.

THE CONCEPT OF PATRIOTISM, ITS PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTENT-ESSENCE OF NATIONAL AND FOREIGN SCIENTISTS' PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACHES

Nozanin G’ovsiddinova — 2025-11-12

This article analyzes the views of our ancestors on the homeland, patriotism, scientific research of national and foreign scientists on the essence of the feeling of patriotism.

MODERNISM AND POSTMODERNISM: A PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

R.Z. Xudoyberdiyev — 2025-11-12

This article presents a systematic analysis of two main philosophical directions of contemporary worldview — modernism and postmodernism. The article examines the historical roots of modernism, its development from the 17th to the 20th centuries, and its influence on science, culture, art, and literature. The main features of modernism include rationalism, belief in scientific progress, and the existence of universal values. Furthermore, the article analyzes the emergence of postmodernism, its critical stance toward modernism, and its manifestations in contemporary society. Postmodernism is characterized by pluralism, subjectivism, elements of metafiction and irony, as well as a critical approach to social and cultural constructs. The article highlights the differences and similarities between modernism and postmodernism and evaluates their impact on society, culture, and human thinking. It also analyzes the relevance of these directions in contemporary worldview and their significance in art, literature, and philosophical thought. This study can serve as a valuable resource for academic research, pedagogical practice, and philosophical analysis.

AN IMPROVED PEDAGOGICAL APPROACH TO TEACHING THE THEORY OF ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS

A.A. Tokhirov — 2025-11-12

This article recommends teaching the elements of mathematical analysis in schools as the theory of elementary functions. It proposes changing the traditional sequence of topics — “Limit of a sequence, limit of a function, derivative, and integral” — to the following order based on the properties of elementary functions: “Limit of a sequence, limit, derivative, and integral of a continuous function.” The simplification of the traditional approach was achieved by modifying the didactic axiom confirming the continuity of elementary functions and, consequently, adapting the conditions in Heine’s definition of function continuity. In our opinion, this pedagogical approach helps to reduce theoretical gaps and eliminate the difficulties inherent in traditional teaching methods. This work can be considered a simplified interpretation of Academician A.N. Kolmogorov’s idea that the theory of continuous functions should be taught at school, while the theory of general functions should be studied in higher education. We believe that the proposed project can be effectively applied in developing curricula for both general and specialized schools.

THE ROLE OF THE REGIME IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS

Shuxrat Irnazarov — 2025-11-12

This article discusses the content, legal foundations of the regime in penal institutions and its role in the moral correction of convicts. The regime is a procedure for the execution and serving of a sentence established by criminal-executive legislation, which regulates the behavior, rights and obligations of convicts and ensures internal discipline in the institution. The article analyzes the legal and pedagogical content of the regime, the punitive, educational and supporting functions of the regime.

ADDITIONAL RIGHTS GRANTED TO CERTAIN CATEGORIES OF CONVICTS.

Shuxrat Irnazarov — 2025-11-12

This article discusses the additional rights and privileges granted to certain categories of convicts held in penal institutions, in particular, pregnant women and convicts with children under the age of three. Based on Articles 130–133 of the Criminal Code, it is indicated that persons of this category are granted relief in terms of living outside the territory of the penal institution, placing children in an orphanage affiliated with the colony, additional meetings, and material and living conditions. The legal basis for granting these rights, the procedure for their application, restrictions, and the state's humanitarian policy aimed at protecting motherhood and childhood are also analyzed.

SKEPTICISM AND KNOWLEDGE: THE LIMITS OF HUMAN UNDERSTANDING

R.Z. Xudoyberdiyev — 2025-11-12

This article provides a systematic analysis of skepticism and the limits of human knowledge. It explores the historical roots of skepticism, tracing its development from ancient Greek philosophy to contemporary epistemology. The article highlights skepticism’s critical approach to knowledge, truth, and belief, as well as its connection to epistemic boundaries and doubt. The nature of human knowledge, concepts of trust, evidence, and truth are analyzed. Different forms of skepticism — methodological, radical, and dialogical skepticism — are examined, along with their influence on knowledge and its limitations. Additionally, the article discusses modern strategies to counter skepticism and the possibilities for justifying knowledge. This work serves as a valuable resource for researchers in skepticism and epistemology, philosophy students, and educators. The findings contribute to understanding the role of skepticism in the development of knowledge, its application in social and cultural contexts, and the boundaries of human cognition.

ARAB ADABIYOTI ADIBI NAJIB MAHFUZ HAYOTI VA HIKOYALARINING TAHLILI

H.H. Yo’ldoshxo’jayev — 2025-11-12

This article analyzes the life and literary career of the Arab writer and Nobel Prize laureate Naguib Mahfouz. It highlights his early years, his entry into the world of literature, and the artistic and philosophical essence of his works. The article also presents the opinions and evaluations of foreign writers regarding Mahfouz’s creative legacy. Through the analysis of his stories, the paper explores the socio-political situation of Egyptian society at that time, as well as the struggles and emotional experiences of ordinary people.

AXBOROT TEXNOLOGIYALARIDAN FOYDALANISHNING ZARURATI VA AHAMIYATI

Dilorom Maxmudova — 2025-11-12

The concept of creativity. Formation teachers‘ creativity and its role in work process. This speaks to the creative qualities of the teacher. About creative thinking in the educational process, the creation of various ideas, actions to improve the effectiveness of the lesson through discussions. Methods used to develop creative education.

THE ROLE OF THE TRUSTEE IN THE DIGITAL SOCIETY: ITS FORMATION AND IMPACT ON DEVELOPMENT

Ziyoda Abdullaeva — 2025-11-12

This study delves into the intricate nature of trust as a social phenomenon within the contemporary digital landscape, critically examining the key factors that contribute to its formation and its subsequent impact on societal progress. It is worth noting that with the rapid development of information technologies and digital communications, the concept of trust is moving away from its traditional form and is taking on completely new forms and mechanisms. According to the results of the study, the importance of trust in the digital economy, online social environment, and decision-making processes based on artificial intelligence is incomparable. In particular, taking the example of Uzbekistan, the growth of the level of digital trust among young people and its positive impact on economic growth, openness in public administration, education, and healthcare systems are highlighted.

MODERN CAPITALISM AND HUMAN FREEDOM

R.Z. Xudoyberdiyev — 2025-11-12

Modern capitalism represents one of the most complex and contradictory stages of human development, serving as the main driving force of global economic, political, and social processes. This article explores the nature of modern capitalism, its economic mechanisms, and its direct and indirect impact on human freedom. The central focus is on the concept of personal freedom — the individual’s right to economic, political, and moral independence. The study traces the evolution of capitalism from its classical forms to the neoliberal and digital models of the 21st century. Special attention is given to the emergence of the digital economy, artificial intelligence, and platform corporations (Amazon, Uber, Meta, Google), which have reshaped labor relations, privacy, and social justice. The theoretical framework draws on classical economists (A. Smith, K. Marx) and modern philosophers (F. Hayek, J. Rawls, D. Harvey, T. Piketty). Two major forms of freedom are discussed — negative freedom (freedom from coercion) and positive freedom (freedom to realize one’s potential) — and their compatibility with capitalist structures. The analysis shows that modern capitalism simultaneously expands and limits human freedom: it creates opportunities for individual choice and entrepreneurship, yet reinforces inequality, dependency, and subordination to market and corporate power. The decline of social protections and the weakening of state regulation lead to a transformation of freedom into a privilege rather than a universal right. The article also examines the moral and humanistic dimensions of the issue, questioning whether capitalism supports or undermines human dignity and ethical values. In conclusion, it is argued that genuine freedom cannot exist without social justice, equality of opportunity, and robust institutions capable of protecting individuals from economic domination.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF YOUTH POLICY IN UZBEKISTAN IN THE PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE

Xabibulloh Raxmatullayev — 2025-11-13

This article examines the emergence of youth policy in Uzbekistan after independence; it analyzes the opportunities available for young people, political developments, their social aspects, and certain related issues

MUSTAQILLIK DAVRIDA O'ZBEKISTON IJTIMOIY INFRATUZILMANI RIVOJLANTIRISH TARIXI (1991-2025)

Raximjonov Asilxon — 2025-11-13

Mustaqilikka erishgan 1991-yil O’zbekiston tarixida yangi davrni boshlab berdi shu yildan boshlab mamlakat o’zining siyosiy iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy hayotini mustaqil yo’ldan rivojlantira boshladi.

DENTAL HYGIENE AND RULES FOR PROPER CARE

Farangiz Xayitaliyeva — 2025-11-13

This article examines denture hygiene and proper care. An analysis of the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the oral cavity in patients with dentures, the microbiological environment on the denture surface, and existing methods of hygienic cleaning is provided. The importance of an individualized approach to selecting care products and teaching patients proper cleaning techniques is emphasized. The study results confirm that regular and proper denture hygiene helps reduce the risk of inflammation, prevent stomatitis, maintain the functional and aesthetic properties of dentures, and improve patients' quality of life.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSTICS OF TRIGEMINAL NEURAGIA WITH OTHER DENTAL DISEASES

Diyora Nabijonova — 2025-11-13

This scientific article extensively covers the anatomical and physiological characteristics, etiopathogenesis, clinical course, neurological consequences and dental differential diagnosis of trigeminal neuralgia. The study pays special attention to early diagnosis, modern diagnostic principles and effective treatment methods. The article is aimed at developing diagnostic criteria used in medical practice based on a scientific and practical approach.

O‘QUVCHILARGA UZUNLIKKA SAKRASH TEXNIKASINI O‘RGATISHNING INNOVATSION PEDAGOGIK TAMOYILLARI

Shohida Saidmurodova — 2025-11-13

This article analyzes the effectiveness of applying innovative pedagogical principles in teaching the long jump technique to school students. During the research, interactive methods, video analysis technologies, individualized approaches, and game-based learning strategies were used to enhance students’ technical skills. The results show that modern pedagogical innovations improved students’ long jump performance by up to 18%, while also increasing their activity and motivation during physical education lessons.

TYPES OF OFFICIAL WORK PAPERS AND REQUIREMENTS FOR THEIR COMPILATION

Zarifa Normurodova — 2025-11-13

This article discusses the role of official business papers in society, general requirements. The correct official conduct of documents is an important factor in ensuring order in the activities of the state, organizations and institutions. The need for compliance with the norms of official style, accuracy, simplicity and responsibility is emphasized.

TRAININGS TO INCREASE STUDENT MOTIVATION

Aziza Turemuratova — 2025-11-13

This article is aimed at increasing motivation in students, and it covers the theoretical and practical foundations of psychological training. It also analyzes the psychological essence of motivation, its role in the educational process, and motivational problems that arise during student life. It also discusses the content, stages, methods of motivational training and their impact on educational effectiveness. The article provides psychological recommendations for activating students' internal motivation, strengthening self-confidence, and forming a positive attitude towards learning, encouraging action.

FUNCTIONAL-SEMANTIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THERAPEUTIC MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY IN LATIN AND FRENCH

Ozoda Nazarova — 2025-11-13

This article represents a comparative linguistic study of the functional-semantic and morphological characteristics of therapeutic medical terminology in Latin and French. Therapeutic terms reflect the processes of treatment, methods of therapy, and clinical conditions, playing a crucial role in professional medical communication. The research analyzes the structure and meanings of these terms, their adaptation, and usage in modern medical discourse. The study also highlights the semantic transformations of Latin-origin therapeutic lexemes in the French language, focusing on their functional equivalence, derivational patterns, and morphological modifications. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes the importance of understanding the etymological and semantic foundations of medical terminology for accurate translation and effective intercultural communication in the field of healthcare.

ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN CHINA AND UZBEKISTAN: AN ANALYSIS OF COMPETITION IN THE DOMESTIC BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

Asadbek Ahmadjonov — 2025-11-13

Economic cooperation between Uzbekistan and China has been developing rapidly in recent years, and this process is creating new competitive conditions in the local business environment. The article analyzes the fact that China's investment in Uzbekistan and entry into the local market are creating new competitive conditions in the domestic business environment, as well as the impact of Chinese investments on the local market, emerging threats and opportunities for domestic entrepreneurs.

PEDIATRIC CATARACT: EPIDEMIOLOGY, SURGICAL TECHNIQUES, AND VISUAL REHABILITATION

Dilfuza Jalalova — 2025-11-13

Pediatric cataract represents one of the leading causes of preventable childhood blindness worldwide, posing a significant challenge for pediatric ophthalmologists due to its complex etiology, varied presentation, and long-term impact on visual development. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the epidemiological patterns, surgical techniques, and postoperative rehabilitation methods in pediatric cataract management. The research was conducted on 220 pediatric patients aged from 1 month to 15 years who underwent cataract extraction at the Department of Ophthalmology, Samarkand State Medical University between 2019 and 2024. Modern surgical interventions such as phacoaspiration with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation, posterior capsulorhexis with anterior vitrectomy, and manual small incision cataract surgery were compared for safety, efficacy, and visual outcomes. Postoperative visual rehabilitation using optical correction, amblyopia therapy, and continuous follow-up was also analyzed. The findings reveal that early surgical intervention coupled with structured rehabilitation programs significantly improves functional vision and reduces the risk of amblyopia and postoperative complications.

PROMOTING READING IN UZBEKISTAN DURING THE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE

E’zoza Komilova — 2025-11-13

This article analyzes the reforms, programs, and initiatives implemented in Uzbekistan during the years of independence to promote reading culture. It highlights the role of reading in enhancing national spirituality, improving the activities of information-resource centers, and increasing public — especially youth — interest in books. The paper also examines the state policies and mechanisms aimed at supporting and developing reading culture in Uzbekistan.

RESTORATION OF NATIONAL CULTURAL HERITAGE IN UZBEKISTAN THROUGH THE MASS MEDIA IN THE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE

Sobirbek Mansurov — 2025-11-13

This article covers the processes of restoration of national cultural heritage in Uzbekistan through the mass media during the years of independence. After independence, cultural and spiritual renewal, restoration of historical memory and wide promotion of national values became a priority area of state policy in the country. Through the press, radio, television and Internet publications, extensive work was carried out to study the heritage of such scholars as Amir Temur, Alisher Navoi, Mirzo Ulugbek, and to popularize folk oral creativity, art, traditions and values. In particular, as a result of the development of digital technologies, modern forms of cultural heritage promotion - online platforms, virtual museums, electronic publications - are widely used. The article analyzes the role of the media in the restoration of national identity during the period of independence, based on the main stages and documents.

HISTORICAL STAGES OF THE POLICY OF PRESERVING AND PROMOTING NATIONAL CULTURAL HERITAGE IN UZBEKISTAN

Akobir Narziqulov — 2025-11-13

This article analyzes the process of formation of the policy of preservation and promotion of national cultural heritage in the Republic of Uzbekistan and its historical stages. It covers the period from the Soviet era to the years of independence, as well as the reforms implemented in recent years. The article analyzes the legal framework for the protection of cultural heritage, changes in state policy, the results of cooperation with international organizations, and the importance of digitization processes. It also discusses the role of cultural heritage in restoring national identity and educating the younger generation in the spirit of patriotism. As a result of the study, it is noted that the preservation of cultural heritage in Uzbekistan and its promotion on a global scale have become one of the priority areas of state polic.

FUNCTIONAL-PRAGMATIC ESSENCE OF ZEVGMA

Shohruh Ramazonov — 2025-11-13

This article analyzes the role of the phenomenon of zevgma in the language system, its semantic and pragmatic properties, as well as its effectiveness in communicative processes. Zevgma provides brevity, economy of meaning and conciseness of expression in the language. The article highlights the role of zevgma in functionally increasing the effectiveness of speech, and from a pragmatic point of view, in arousing an emotional and logical effect in the process of communication. Also, its features of use in artistic, journalistic and colloquial styles, its possibilities for expanding meaning, creating an ironic or metaphorical effect are analyzed based on examples.

ORGANIZATION OF ADAPTIVE PHYSICAL EDUCATION LESSONS IN GENERAL SCHOOLS

Nargiza Namozova — 2025-11-13

This article analyzes the scientific and pedagogical foundations of the organization of adaptive physical education classes in secondary schools. Issues of physical development of students with special needs, the establishment of wellness activities, the implementation of an individual approach in the course of the lesson are covered. Also, when conducting adaptive physical education lessons, foreign experience and reforms in the educational system of Uzbekistan were analyzed.

HISTORICAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE MEDICAL SERVICE SYSTEM IN UZBEKISTAN DURING THE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE: INSTITUTIONAL TRANSFORMATION, POLICY AND PUBLIC HEALTH (1991–2025)

Ibrohimbek Narimanov — 2025-11-13

This article analyzes the reforms implemented in the medical sector after Uzbekistan gained independence, their institutional aspects and impact on public health. Changes in the period 1991–2025 are studied in 4 stages. The article is based on official documents, statistical data and scientific literature.

HISTORICAL CHANGES IN THE GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION SYSTEM IN UZBEKISTAN (1991–2025)

Ismoil Xamzayev — 2025-11-13

The article analyzes the stages of development of the general secondary education system in the Republic of Uzbekistan in the period from 1991 to 2025, the main directions and results of reforms. The normative and legal changes implemented in the field of education, state programs, the introduction of new educational approaches, and changes in the social status of teachers are scientifically analyzed.

ВОПРОСЫ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ АДАПТАЦИИ ЛИЦ, ВЗЯТЫХ НА ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКИЙ УЧЕТ

Raximjon Naimov — 2025-11-13

The article examines current problems of social adaptation of persons placed on preventive registration in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The legal foundations of preventive registration enshrined in the Law "On Prevention of Offenses" and practical difficulties in their implementation are analyzed. Fifteen key problems of social adaptation have been identified, including labor and professional adaptation, social stigmatization, insufficient development of institutional infrastructure, housing and domestic problems, psychological maladjustment, lack of inter-agency coordination and legal guarantees. Special attention is paid to temporal aspects of the adaptation process, the influence of criminal subculture, and the need for a differentiated approach to various categories of persons. Scientifically grounded recommendations are proposed for improving legislation and social adaptation practices, including creating a system of inter-agency cooperation, developing the institution of mentoring, stimulating employers, and involving civil society institutions.

STRUCTURING TECHNOLOGY LESSONS IN PRIMARY GRADES BASED ON STEAM EDUCATIONAL APPROACH.

Shaxnoza Qudratova — 2025-11-13

The possibilities of STEAM technology in primary education help to increase students' knowledge about existence and the environment. Today, the development of continuing education in our country, the introduction of international technologies into public education are improving. This article is devoted to the importance of STEAM technology in teaching primary education subjects.

FAMILY-PARENT-NEW PLACE COOPERATION IN THE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN WITH DEVIANT BEHAVIOR

G'ayrat Maxmudov — 2025-11-13

This article analyzes the content, importance and directions of cooperation between the family, parents and local institutions in the education of children with deviant behavior. The need to strengthen the integral connection between moral values in society, the family environment, local control and the education system is highlighted. The article presents scientific views on the causes of deviant behavior, mechanisms for its prevention and the impact of the social environment on the child's personality.

“KADRLAR TAYYORLASH MILLIY DASTURI”NING ISHLAB CHIQILISHI VA AMALGA OSHIRILISHI TARIXI (1997–2010)

Ollobergan Narzullayev — 2025-11-13

O‘zbekiston mustaqillikka erishgach, ijtimoiy-siyosiy va iqtisodiy sohalarda tub o‘zgarishlar jarayoni boshlandi. Bu o‘zgarishlarning asosiy omili — jamiyat ehtiyojlariga mos, zamonaviy fikrlaydigan, yetuk mutaxassislarni tayyorlash tizimini yaratish zarurati edi. Sobiq tuzum davrida ta’lim mazmuni asosan siyosiy g‘oyalar bilan bog‘langan bo‘lib, amaliy bilim, mustaqil fikrlash va tashabbuskorlik yetarli darajada shakllantirilmas edi.

CRIMES COMMITTED BY MINORS AND THEIR LEGAL CONSEQUENCES

Xayotjon Urazov — 2025-11-13

The fast-paced development of the modern world highlights the invaluable importance of legal idealism. However, this idealism is negatively affected by the rising crime index, which continues to exert a significant influence on social stability. What is particularly concerning is that nearly 50% of crimes committed worldwide involve minors. This article aims to examine the causes of juvenile delinquency, its consequences, and possible solutions.

MUSTAQIL O’ZBEKISTONNING XALQARO GUMANITAR FAOLIYATI TARIXI

L.S. Zuxriddinova — 2025-11-13

This article explores the evolution of Uzbekistan’s international humanitarian activities since gaining independence. It focuses on the country’s cooperation with global organizations such as the United Nations, UNESCO, and UNICEF, as well as its humanitarian initiatives that contribute to regional peace and stability. The findings reveal that Uzbekistan’s humanitarian diplomacy has become an essential component of its foreign policy, built upon the principles of human dignity, solidarity, and alignment with national interests.

O’ZBEKISTON IQTISODIY RIVOJLANISHIDA YASHIL IQTISODIYOTNING ROLI VA AHAMIYATI

Allayor Shakarov — 2025-11-13

This article analyzes the theoretical and practical significance of transitioning to a green economy model in the economic development of Uzbekistan. The research highlights the reforms implemented on the basis of strategic documents (PQ-4477, PF-158) aimed at ensuring the country’s sustainable growth, increasing energy efficiency, and guaranteeing environmental safety in the use of resources.

CORNEAL BIOMECHANICS AND THEIR CLINICAL IMPORTANCE IN KERATOCONUS

Dilfuza Jalalova — 2025-11-13

Keratoconus is a progressive ectatic disorder characterized by localized thinning and protrusion of the cornea, leading to irregular astigmatism and visual distortion. Recent advances in corneal biomechanics have revolutionized our understanding of its pathogenesis, progression, and treatment strategies. This study aims to evaluate the biomechanical parameters of the cornea—such as corneal hysteresis, corneal resistance factor, and elasticity modulus—and their diagnostic and prognostic significance in patients with keratoconus. By analyzing 150 patients using the Ocular Response Analyzer and Corvis ST, the research highlights early biomechanical changes preceding topographic abnormalities. The results underscore the clinical importance of biomechanical assessment in early detection, risk stratification, and personalized treatment planning, including collagen cross-linking and intracorneal ring segment implantation. Understanding corneal biomechanics provides a foundation for improving outcomes in keratoconus management and reducing the need for corneal transplantation.

NEUROPROTECTIVE STRATEGIES IN GLAUCOMA: CURRENT EVIDENCE AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Dilfuza Jalalova — 2025-11-13

Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, is characterized by progressive optic nerve degeneration and loss of retinal ganglion cells. Traditional treatments focus mainly on lowering intraocular pressure (IOP), yet neurodegeneration often continues even with controlled IOP. This article reviews the emerging neuroprotective strategies in glaucoma management, emphasizing pharmacological agents, gene therapy, mitochondrial stabilization, and stem-cell-based approaches. Evidence suggests that neuroprotection targeting excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and impaired axonal transport can preserve retinal ganglion cell integrity and visual function. Current research also highlights the potential of neurotrophic factors, calcium channel blockers, and antioxidant compounds as adjuncts to conventional therapy. Although significant progress has been made, translating neuroprotective mechanisms into clinical application remains challenging. Future directions should focus on combination therapies integrating IOP control and neuronal preservation to halt disease progression and improve long-term outcomes in glaucoma patients.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY (OCT) PARAMETERS IN DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA

Dilfuza Jalalova — 2025-11-13

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a leading cause of visual impairment among patients with diabetic retinopathy and remains a major global health concern. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has revolutionized the understanding and management of DME by providing high-resolution, quantitative, and non-invasive visualization of retinal microstructures. This study presents a comparative analysis of OCT parameters in patients with varying types and severities of DME. By evaluating central retinal thickness (CRT), macular volume (MV), and retinal layer morphology across different clinical subgroups, the research highlights correlations between OCT-derived metrics and visual acuity outcomes. The findings indicate that specific OCT biomarkers, including hyperreflective foci, disorganization of the retinal inner layers (DRIL), and subretinal fluid accumulation, serve as significant predictors of functional prognosis. The study emphasizes the clinical importance of quantitative OCT monitoring in guiding individualized therapeutic approaches and improving long-term visual outcomes in diabetic patients.

EVALUATION OF ANTI-VEGF THERAPY IN AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION

Dilfuza Jalalova — 2025-11-13

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible central vision loss among the elderly, profoundly impacting quality of life and independence. The advent of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy revolutionized the management of neovascular (wet) AMD, shifting treatment goals from mere stabilization of vision to meaningful visual improvement. This study evaluates the long-term clinical efficacy, safety, and outcomes of anti-VEGF therapy in patients with various stages of neovascular AMD. Data from 230 patients treated over a 24-month period were analyzed, focusing on best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT), and frequency of injections. Results revealed significant improvement in BCVA and reduction in CRT within the first year, followed by a plateau phase with maintenance dosing. Anti-VEGF agents, including ranibizumab, aflibercept, and bevacizumab, demonstrated comparable safety profiles with minimal adverse effects. The findings emphasize the necessity of individualized treatment regimens, adherence to follow-up schedules, and early intervention to maximize therapeutic outcomes.

INGLIZ VA O‘ZBEK PUBLITSISTIK MATNLARIDA ZEUGMA VOSITASINING QIYOSIY SEMANTIK TAHLILI

Shohruh Ramazonov — 2025-11-13

Ushbu maqolada ingliz va o‘zbek publitsistik matnlarida zeugma vositasining semantik xususiyatlari, ularning ifodaviy imkoniyatlari va stilistik ahamiyati qiyosiy jihatdan tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda har ikki tilda zeugmaning ma’no yaratish mexanizmi, kontekstual ahamiyati hamda o‘quvchi idrokiga ta’sir qilish usullari solishtirilgan. Ingliz tili misolida zeugma ko‘proq ironik, satirik yoki badiiy maqsadda ishlatilsa, o‘zbek publitsistik matnlarida u ko‘pincha ma’naviy va hissiy ta’sirni kuchaytirish vositasi sifatida namoyon bo‘ladi. Maqolada zeugmaning kognitiv asoslari, ma’no kengaytirish funksiyasi va publitsistik uslubdagi kommunikativ roli yoritilgan.

ИЧКИ АУДИТ ХИЗМАТИ КЕЛИБ ЧИҚИШИ ВА УНИНГ ФАОЛИЯТИ

B. Nuriddinova — 2025-11-13

Сўнгги йилларда мамлакатимиз давлат молиясини бошқариш тизимининг барча босқичларида, хусусан давлат молиявий назорати ва ички аудитини амалга оширишда кенг кўламли янгича фикрлар, ислоҳотлар амалга оширилиб келмоқда.

RAQAMLI TRANFORMATSIYA SHAROITIDA SUG’URTA XIZMATLARINI MODERNIZATSIYA QILISH YO’NALISHLARI

Javohir Baxtiyarov — 2025-11-13

Ushbu tezis raqamli iqtisodiyot va raqamli transformatsiya sharoitida sug‘urta xizmatlarini modernizatsiya qilishning asosiy yo‘nalishlarini tahlil qilishga qaratilgan. Sug‘urta bozorida texnologik o‘zgarishlarning jadallashuvi, mijozlar talabining o‘zgarishi va onlayn xizmatlar ulushining oshishi ushbu jarayonning dolzarbligini belgilaydi. Tadqiqotda sun’iy intellekt, Big Data, mobil platformalar va avtomatlashtirilgan servis modellarining sug‘urta faoliyatiga ta’siri o‘rganildi. Tahlillar raqamli transformatsiya operatsion samaradorlikni oshirishi, xarajatlarni kamaytirishi, risklarni boshqarish mexanizmlarini takomillashtirishi hamda mijoz tajribasini yaxshilashini ko‘rsatadi.

“O`TKAN KUNLAR” ROMANIDA MILLIY O`ZLIKNI ANGLASH JARAYONINING ESTETIK ASOSLARI

Nigina Fayzullayeva — 2025-11-13

Ushbu maqolada Abdulla Qodiriyning “O‘tkan kunlar” romani milliy o‘zlikni anglash jarayonining estetik asoslari nuqtayi nazaridan tahlil etiladi. Asarda milliy qadriyatlar, tarixiy xotira, an’ana va zamonaviylik o‘rtasidagi murakkab uyg‘unlik tasvirlanadi. Tadqiqotda adabiyoti va madaniyatida milliy o‘zlikni shakllantirishda estetik tafakkur, badiiy ramzlar hamda tarixiy motivlarning o‘rni ochib beriladi. Shuningdek, “O‘tkan kunlar” asari orqali o‘zlikni anglashning ma’naviy, falsafiy va ijtimoiy qatlamlari tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada milliy identitetni ifodalashda estetik yondashuvning ahamiyati, xalq ruhiyati va madaniy xotira bilan bog‘liqligi yoritiladi. Tadqiqot natijasida milliy o‘zlikni anglash jarayonida adabiyotning estetik roli va badiiy obrazlarning tarbiyaviy ta’siri ilmiy asosda izohlanadi.

THE IMPORTANCE OF BIOMARKERS IN THE EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER

Iroda Bahritdinova — 2025-11-13

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, and early detection plays a crucial role in improving patient survival rates. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as imaging and histopathology, often detect cancer only after it has advanced, reducing treatment effectiveness. Biomarkers—biological molecules found in blood, body fluids, or tissues—offer a promising alternative for early diagnosis. They can indicate abnormal cellular processes or tumor formation before clinical symptoms appear. Advances in molecular biology and genomics have led to the identification of numerous biomarkers that enable early screening, precise diagnosis, and monitoring of therapeutic responses. Malignant neoplasms continue to pose a significant global health burden, with rising incidence and mortality rates. Delayed identification often results in limited therapeutic options and poor prognoses. Conventional diagnostic approaches, including radiological imaging, histological examination, and physical assessment, frequently detect tumors only at advanced stages. In this context, molecular biomarkers have emerged as essential tools for early recognition of oncological disorders. These indicators, detectable in biological specimens such as blood, urine, or tissue, reflect underlying pathological changes before clinical manifestations become evident. Recent technological progress in genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics has enabled the discovery of novel molecular signatures, facilitating precision screening and personalized intervention strategies. Identification of specific biomarkers allows clinicians to stratify patients according to risk, monitor disease progression, and evaluate therapeutic efficacy in real time.

SUDLAR MUSTAQILLIGINI TAʼMISHLASH BORASIDA PREZIDENT FARMONLARI

Bahora Odilova — 2025-11-13

Ushbu maqolada mamlakatimizda koʻyingi yilllarda amalga oshirilayotgan sud-huquq islohotlari doirasida sudlarning chinakam mustaqilligini taʼminlashga qaratilgan Prezident farmonlari, ularning mhoiyati xususida soʻz yuritilgan.

JINOYAT PROTSESSIDA DASTLABKI ESHITUV INSTITUTI

Diyorbek Xusanov — 2025-11-13

This article examines the essence and procedural order of the preliminary hearing institution, a change introduced into the legislation by Presidential Decree No. UP-6034 dated July 24, 2020, "On Additional Measures to Further Improve the Activities of Courts and Enhance the Efficiency of Justice."

AYOLLARNING MEHNAT HUQUQLARI VA ULARNI HUQUQIY HIMOYA QILISH

Islombek To‘lanboyev — 2025-11-13

This article analyzes the protection of women’s labor rights, the creation of equal opportunities in the workplace, the fight against discrimination, and legal guarantees related to motherhood. Based on the current legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan and international labor conventions, mechanisms for safeguarding women’s labor rights are studied. The article also highlights ongoing reforms to promote gender equality and the practical significance of maternity leave guarantees.

HUQUQIY ONG VA HUQUQIY MADANIYATNING SHAKILLANISHIDA, OILANING RO‘LI

Islombek To‘lanboyev — 2025-11-13

This article discusses the development of legal awareness and legal culture, the establishment of their legal foundations, and the efforts aimed at forming legal knowledge and skills among citizens, especially the younger generation. It also presents the forms and functions of legal awareness and legal culture. In addition, the article highlights the practical measures implemented in the Republic of Uzbekistan to enhance the legal awareness and legal culture of citizens.

INSON HUQUQLARI KAFOLATLARI VA ULARNI AMALDA TA’MINLASH

Islombek To‘lanboyev — 2025-11-13

This article examines the constitutional guarantees of human rights, their legal foundations, and practical protection mechanisms. It analyzes the real state of human rights protection in the Republic of Uzbekistan through the Constitution, the Ombudsman institution, and the judicial system. The role of civil society institutions, state bodies, and international organizations in ensuring human rights is also discussed.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE MODELS IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Dilbar Rustamova — 2025-11-13

This article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of corporate governance models formed in developed countries, their features, advantages and disadvantages. The study provides a comparative study of the Anglo-Saxon, continental (European), Japanese and hybrid models of corporate governance, identifying the main differences and similarities between them. It also highlights the prospects for introducing corporate governance experience for Uzbekistan.

SEMANTIC FEATURES OF ZEUGMA IN ENGLISH PUBLICISTIC TEXTS

Shohruh Ramazonov — 2025-11-13

This article deeply analyzes the semantic essence of the phenomenon of zeugma, its style of expression, expansion of meaning and contextual functions in English publicistic texts. Zeugma is considered as a means of increasing the conciseness of expression, expressiveness and artistic and aesthetic value of speech in publicistic texts. The study covers the syntactic forms, semantic types, lexical connection possibilities of zeugma and its psycholinguistic aspects affecting the reader's perception.

COSMIC PHILOSOPHY: HUMANITY’S PLACE IN THE UNIVERSE

R.Z. Xudoyberdiyev — 2025-11-13

This article provides a systematic analysis of cosmic philosophy and humanity’s place in the universe from both philosophical and scientific perspectives. It examines the relationship between humans and the cosmos, cosmological and existential questions, as well as epistemological approaches that shape human understanding of the universe. The article highlights the historical roots of cosmic philosophy, tracing its development from ancient Greek and Roman philosophy to contemporary approaches based on astrophysics and cosmology. Philosophical concepts such as the anthropic principle, existential perspectives, and cosmological viewpoints are analyzed in the context of humanity’s place in the cosmos. Additionally, the article discusses the limits of human knowledge about the universe and the theoretical and practical epistemological constraints. Cosmic philosophy enhances the understanding of human existence, purpose, and interconnection with the cosmos. This work serves as a valuable resource for researchers in philosophy, cosmology, astrobiology, and epistemology, as well as for students and educators. The findings help clarify humanity’s place in the universe, its epistemic boundaries, and its connection to cosmic processes.

MAXSUS MAKTAB-INTERNATLARDA JISMONIY TARBIYA MASHG‘ULOTLARINI ADAPTIVLASHTIRISH TAMOYILLARI

Nargiza Namozova — 2025-11-13

This article analyzes the theoretical and pedagogical principles of adaptive physical education training in special boarding schools. When working with children with special needs, an individual approach, differential methods, wellness technologies and psychological support factors are covered. Recommendations for the effective organization of adaptive physical education training on the basis of experience of Uzbekistan and foreign countries are also presented.

EUREKA! THE INTERACTION BETWEEN SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY

R.Z. Xudoyberdiyev — 2025-11-13

This article explores the historical, methodological, and epistemological aspects of the interaction between science and philosophy. The main objective of the study is to identify the theoretical foundations of their interrelationship, to analyze the mechanisms of mutual influence, and to examine how philosophy contributes to the formation of modern scientific practice. The author employs comparative analysis, a historical-philosophical approach, and a systematic review of classical and contemporary scientific literature. The methodological framework combines systematic analysis of philosophical sources, scientific research, and case studies of selected scientific projects, integrating historical-comparative and conceptual approaches. The paper analyzes examples of science–philosophy interaction — from the era of Newton and Bacon to the interdisciplinary projects of the 21st century. Special attention is given to the influence of philosophical disciplines such as epistemology, scientific methodology, and axiology on the development of scientific reasoning and research standards. The results demonstrate that philosophy provides science not only with theoretical and methodological foundations but also shapes the structure of scientific inquiry, conceptual clarity, and normative frameworks for interpreting data. Meanwhile, modern scientific fields — such as artificial intelligence, quantum physics, and bioethics — offer new perspectives that challenge and enrich philosophical reflection. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the dialectical interconnection between science and philosophy, highlighting the importance of reinforcing their interaction to enhance scientific-educational policy, research ethics, and innovative development strategies.

SURGICAL ANATOMY OF THE THYROID GLAND AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE RECURRENT NERVE

Gulnara Islamova — 2025-11-13

This article provides a systematic study of the anatomical features of the thyroid gland and its relationship with the recurrent nerve. The main objective of the study is to identify surgically significant anatomical structures of the thyroid gland, analyze the course and variations of the recurrent nerve, and enhance surgical safety. The study material included macroscopic and microscopic structures of the human neck and thyroid gland. Morphometric analysis of anatomical variations and their relationships with the recurrent nerve was also conducted. The article reviews clinical cases of potential complications (e.g., voice changes, nerve injury) and methods to prevent them. The results indicate that the course of the recurrent nerve and anatomical variations of the thyroid gland are crucial in surgical practice. Anatomical changes in the upper and lower parts of the gland may increase the risk of nerve injury during surgery. Therefore, prior knowledge of anatomical features and adaptation of the surgical plan can reduce complications and ensure patient safety. The study contributes to the integration of knowledge in thyroid surgery, neuroanatomy, and clinical practice. The findings are also valuable for educational purposes for medical students and surgeons.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ КООРДИНАЦИИ МЕЖДУ РАЗЛИЧНЫМИ СУБЪЕКТАМИ ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ ПО РАБОТЕ С ЛИЦАМИ, ВЗЯТЫМИ НА ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКИЙ УЧЕТ В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ

Raimjon Naimov — 2025-11-13

The article examines the current problems of coordinating the activities of various subjects of crime prevention in working with persons on preventive registration in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The legislative framework regulating preventive activities is analyzed, the main shortcomings of the mechanisms of interagency interaction are identified, and ways to improve the system of coordination of the subjects of prevention are proposed.

KASALXONA INFEKSIYALARI. ZAMONAVIY DIAGNOSTIKA VA PROFILAKTIKA USULLARI

Ma’sumaxon To’xtamurodova — 2025-11-14

Hospital-acquired infections (nosocomial infections) are infectious conditions that occur at least 48 hours after a patient has been admitted to the hospital. They reflect the quality of medical care, the level of sterilization, and the hygienic culture of healthcare personnel. In modern medicine, hospital infections have become more complex due to the spread of antibiotic resistance and the presence of biofilm-forming pathogens. Therefore, their early detection and prevention are among the main tasks of medical microbiology. The growing incidence of hospital infections is a global problem, mainly caused by non-compliance with hygiene rules and the irrational use of antibiotics. Modern diagnostic methods - particularly PCR and MALDI-TOF technologies - make it possible to detect infections at an early stage. Prevention is effective only through a comprehensive approach: proper hygiene, sterilization, antibiotic control, and the implementation of epidemiological monitoring systems.

O`ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASIDA KIBERJINOYATLAR UCHUN JINOIY JAVOBGARLIKNI QÒLLASH MEXANIZMLARINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH

Sadoqat Islomova — 2025-11-14

This article analyzes the legal framework for the application of criminal liability for cybercrimes in the Republic of Uzbekistan, existing mechanisms and ways to improve them. The rapid development of information technologies makes the issues of ensuring cybersecurity and preventing crimes in the digital space relevant. Therefore, the need to harmonize international experience, national legislation and law enforcement practice in combating cybercrimes is substantiated. The article also puts forward proposals for amendments to the Criminal Code, mechanisms for using digital evidence in investigation and judicial practice, and increasing the capacity of law enforcement agencies.

XORIJIY MAMLAKATLARDA TERGOV SUDYASI INSTITUTI

Islombek To‘lanboyev — 2025-11-14

This article examines the institution of the investigative judge, which was introduced as part of the reforms carried out in the judicial system, its significance, and the accumulated experience of foreign countries in this area.

KASBIY TAʼLIM TIZIMINI RIVOJLANTIRISH ISTIQBOLLARI

Xamidaxon Abdunazarova — 2025-11-14

In this article, the author expresses his thoughts on the reforms being implemented in our country to improve the system of training mid-level professional personnel, the training of qualified specialists who meet the needs of the labor market, and the implementation of international educational programs.

KIBERJINOYATCHILIK VA UNGA QARSHI KURASH TIZIMI

Islombek To‘lanboyev — 2025-11-14

This article examines the legal liability and investigative practices in Uzbekistan regarding crimes such as hacking, online fraud, card skimming, deception via Telegram, and identity theft. The introduction discusses the widespread nature of cybercrimes and their impact on society. The article also analyzes the penalties stipulated in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the investigation procedures, and the methods of combating these offenses. Issues of cybersecurity and personal data protection are also discussed. Overall, the paper emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to combating cybercrime and strengthening legal measures.

UYG‘UN VA IZZAT SULTONNING “ALISHER NAVOIY” DRAMMASI: OBRAZLAR TIZIMI VA YOZUVCHILARNING MAHORATI

Lola Shomurodova — 2025-11-14

Ushbu maqolada Izzat Sulton va Uyg‘un hamkorligida yaratilgan “Alisher Navoiy” drammasining badiiy-estetik xususiyatlari, obrazlar tizimi hamda yozuvchilarning tarixiy shaxsni badiiy talqin etish mahorati tahlil qilinadi. Asarda markaziy obraz – Alisher Navoiy timsoli orqali insonparvarlik, adolat, ma’rifat va vatanparvarlik g‘oyalari ifodalanadi. Mualliflarning badiiy uslubi, psixologik tahlil usullari va dramatik konfliktlarni yaratishdagi yondashuvi ilmiy asosda yoritiladi.

AXBOROT TEXNOLOGIYALARINING JORIY ETILISHI SHAROITIDA BANKLARNING CHAKANA XIZMATLARI BOZORIDA RAQOBAT VA INNOVATSIYALAR: O‘ZBEKISTONDAGI AMALIY HOLAT VA ISTIQBOLLAR

Qobiljon Isroiljonov — 2025-11-14

Bugungi globallashuv va raqamli iqtisodiyot davrida bank tizimining rivojlanishi axborot texnologiyalarini chuqur joriy etish bilan chambarchas bog‘liqdir. Jahon iqtisodiyotining transformatsiyasi, raqamli moliya vositalarining keng tarqalishi va fintech kompaniyalarining faol kirib kelishi banklar o‘rtasida raqobatni yanada kuchaytirdi.

RAQAMLI IQTISODIYOTNI SHAKLLANTIRISH VA UNING IMKONIYATLARI

Qobiljon Isroiljonov — 2025-11-14

O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2020 yil 24 yanvardagi murojaatnomasi mamlakatni 2017–2021 yillarda har tomonlama rivojlantirishga qaratilgan Harakatlar strategiyasida belgilangan vazifalarni amalga oshirishda, iqtisodiy barqarorlikni ta’minlash va xalq farovonligini oshirishda muhim dastur sifatida xizmat qiladi. U nafaqat joriy yil uchun, balki uzoq muddatli istiqbolga mo‘ljallangan rejalashtirish dasturi hamdir.

THE LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

Z. Mamadaliyeva — 2025-11-14

By examining syntactic structures, pragmatic functions, and sociolinguistic contexts, the study reveals that interrogatives are not merely grammatical constructs but are culturally encoded mechanisms that convey politeness, authority, curiosity, or social hierarchy. Through comparative analysis of interrogative forms in various languages and their usage in specific speech situations, this research highlights the role of interrogative structures in expressing cultural values and shaping communicative behavior. The findings underscore the interrelation between language, thought, and culture, suggesting that interrogative sentences serve as windows into the worldview and interactional norms of a speech community.

TILSHUNOSLIK FANINING FALSAFA, PSIXOLOGIYA VA SOTSIOLOGIYA BILAN UYG‘UNLIGI

Aziza Soatova — 2025-11-14

This article analyzes the interrelations of linguistics with philosophy, psychology, and sociology. It substantiates that language is not only a means of communication but also a complex social phenomenon closely connected with thought, consciousness, and the development of society. The article discusses the role of philosophy in understanding the essence of language, the influence of psychology on speech production and perception processes, as well as the importance of sociology in studying the social nature and functions of language. Furthermore, through the examples of psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics, the multidisciplinary character of linguistics is demonstrated.

ESHITISH ORGANI KASALLIKLARI VA KOXLEAR IMPLANTATSIYA

Nozima Nazarova — 2025-11-14

This article explores the anatomy of the auditory organ, causes of hearing loss, types of ear diseases, and one of the most effective treatment methods — cochlear implantation. The structure, functioning, and significance of the cochlear implant, as well as the development of this technology in Uzbekistan, are analyzed.

“FOREIGN POLICY AND REGIONAL COOPERATION”

Lutfullo Ilmiddinov — 2025-11-14

This article briefly highlights the positive aspects of Uzbekistan's current economic integration with foreign countries, security and stability, cultural and scientific ties, as well as its active foreign policy.

SHUKUR XOLMIRZAYEVNING “KO‘K DENGIZ” HIKOYASIDA TIL VA MILLAT MASALASI

Marjona Noraliyeva — 2025-11-14

Ushbu maqolada Shukur Xolmirzayevning “Koʻk dengiz” hikoyasida yoritilgan til va millat tushunchalari va ular bilan bogʻliq muammolar toʻgʻrisida fikr yuritilgan. Shuningdek, adib hayoti u yashagan muhit va odamlarning uning asarlariga qanchalik ta’sir etganligiga urg‘u beriladi. Hikoyadagi o‘tgan asrda Markaziy Osiyoda ildiz otgan til g‘urur masalasi, shu bilan birga millatlarning o‘ziga xos urf-odat va an’analari va o‘zligini saqlab qolish singari o‘rtaga tashlangan masalalar tahlil qilinadi

STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF UZBEKISTAN NOVELISM

Dilafro‘z Qahharova — 2025-11-14

This article analyzes the formation and stages of development of Uzbek novelism. The article covers the factors of the emergence of the novel genre in Uzbek literature, its development process from the beginning of the 20th century to the period of independence and the modern stage. Also, the artistic, social and philosophical aspects of Uzbek novelism are analyzed using the example of the work of such writers as Alisher Navoi, Abdulla Qodiriy, Oybek, Cholpon, Pirimqul Qodirov, Togay Murod, Isajon Sultan.

SO‘Z QUDRATI NAVOIY NAZDIDA

Olim Jo‘rayev — 2025-11-14

Alisher Navoiy uchun so‘z oddiy vosita emas, balki haqiqatni ifoda etuvchi, komillikka eltuvchi ma’naviy kuchdir. Ushbu maqolada Alisher Navoiyning so’z va uning qudrati haqidagi qarashlari haqida so’z yuritiladi.

BAQSHICHILIKDA MILLIY O‘ZLIK VA MA’NAVIY MEROSNI SAQLASH MASALALARI

Daniyar Xojabaev — 2025-11-14

Mazkur maqolada baxshichilik san’atining milliy o‘zlikni anglash va ma’naviy merosni asrab-avaylashdagi o‘rni tahlil qilinadi. Unda baxshi ijodining xalq ruhiyati, tarixiy xotira va an’anaviy qadriyatlarni avloddan avlodga yetkazishdagi ahamiyati yoritiladi. Shuningdek, zamonaviy jamiyatda baxshichilik an’analarini tiklash, yosh avlodni milliy madaniyat va og‘zaki ijod namunalariga hurmat ruhida tarbiyalash masalalariga e’tibor qaratiladi. Maqolada baxshilik san’atining madaniy identifikatsiyani mustahkamlashdagi o‘rni, uning ma’naviy meros sifatida saqlanishi va rivojlantirish yo‘llari tahlil etilgan.

RAQAMLI IQTISODIYOTNI RIVOJLANTIRISH – MAMLAKAT RAQOBATDOSHLIGINI OSHIRISHNING FUNDAMENTAL ASOSI

Qobiljon Isroiljonov — 2025-11-16

Mamlakatimizda ilm-fanni rivojlantirish, yoshlarni chuqur bilim, yuksak ma’naviyat va madaniyat egasi sifatida tarbiyalash, shuningdek, raqobatbardosh iqtisodiyotni shakllantirish borasidagi ishlarni izchil davom ettirish maqsadida O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti Sh.M. Mirziyoyev 2020 yil 24 yanvardagi Oliy Majlisga Murojaatnomasida 2020 yilni “Ilm, ma’rifat va raqamli iqtisodiyotni rivojlantirish yili” deb e’lon qilish taklifini ilgari surdi.

PHILOSOPHY AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES: NEW PROBLEMS

R.Z. Xudoyberdiyev — 2025-11-15

This article examines the interaction between philosophy and information technologies, as well as emerging problems in this field. The main objective of the study is to identify epistemological, ethical, and methodological issues arising from the development of information technologies and to evaluate them from a philosophical perspective. The research is based on the analysis of historical and contemporary theoretical approaches in philosophy and information technology. Methodologically, the study combines systematic literature review, conceptual analysis, historical-comparative approach, and philosophical-mathematical analysis using contemporary technological projects as examples. The research addresses new philosophical and ethical challenges related to artificial intelligence, big data, cybersecurity, blockchain, and digital communication. The results indicate that the development of information technologies opens new avenues for philosophical reflection, requiring a reassessment of concepts such as the nature of knowledge, human-information relationships, and technological thinking. At the same time, information technologies generate new ethical, legal, and social issues that can be addressed through philosophical approaches. The article demonstrates the importance of integrating philosophy and information technologies and contributes to establishing ethical and methodological foundations for scientific-educational policy, innovative strategies, and practical application of digital technologies.

DIGITAL DEMOCRACY AND PRIVACY IN UZBEKISTAN: NATIONAL AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

Abbosxon Atxamjonov — 2025-11-17

The issues of digital democracy and personal privacy in Uzbekistan have become increasingly relevant with the rapid development of information technologies. Digital democracy offers the public the opportunity to engage electronically in state affairs and actively participate in governance processes. However, this also brings potential threats to personal data privacy and security. This article examines the key challenges in the development of digital democracy in Uzbekistan, measures needed to ensure the protection of personal privacy, and the impact of these processes on society.

AMIRQUL PO'LKAN SULOLASI VA PORTRETI

Hilola Umirova — 2025-11-17

Amirkul Pulkan is one of the prominent figures in Uzbek literature, whose work occupies an important place in contemporary poetry. This article analyzes his unique lineage and creative portrait. Through his poetry, Pulkan depicts universal human values, social issues, and the beauty of nature, creating his literary legacy. The article explores his distinctive creative style, personal portrait, and his relationship with literature.

YOSHLAR O‘RTASIDA HUQUQBUZARLIKLARNING OLDINI OLISH: NAZARIY ASOSLAR VA AMALIY YECHIMLAR

Aziza Mirfayzullayeva — 2025-11-18

Ushbu maqolada yoshlar o‘rtasida huquqbuzarliklarning kelib chiqish sabablari, ularni yuzaga keltiruvchi ijtimoiy, psixologik, ma’naviy va axborot omillari chuqur tahlil qilingan. Globallashuv, raqamli texnologiyalar va axborot oqimlarining kuchayishi sharoitida yoshlarning xulq-atvoridagi o‘zgarishlar, shuningdek virtual makonning salbiy ta’siri ilmiy asosda yoritiladi. Shuningdek, oilaning tarbiyaviy roli, ta’lim muassasalari faoliyati, mahalla va jamiyat institutlarining o‘zaro hamkorlikdagi choralari, erta profilaktika modeli va ijtimoiy-psixologik yordam ko‘rsatish mexanizmlarining ahamiyati ochib berilgan. Maqolada yoshlar o‘rtasida huquqbuzarliklarning oldini olish bo‘yicha samarali strategiyalar, xususan huquqiy ongni yuksaltirish, media-savodxonlikni oshirish, bo‘sh vaqtni mazmunli tashkil etish, mentorlik tizimini rivojlantirish va psixologik qo‘llab-quvvatlashning zamonaviy shakllari keltirilgan.

O‘ZBEKISTONNING INKLYUZIV TA’LIM VA IJTIMOIY QO‘LLAB-QUVVATLASH TIZIMI: NOGIRONLIGI BO‘LGAN BOLALAR UCHUN YARATILAYOTGAN ZAMONAVIY IMKONIYATLAR

Maftuna Nazarova — 2025-11-18

Ushbu maqolada O‘zbekistonda inklyuziv ta’lim tizimi va nogironligi bo‘lgan bolalarni ijtimoiy qo‘llab-quvvatlash bo‘yicha amalga oshirilayotgan islohotlar tahlil etiladi. Inklyuziv ta’limning huquqiy asoslari, ta’lim muassasalarida yaratilayotgan moslashtirilgan infratuzilmalar, psixologik-pedagogik xizmatlarning kengayishi, reabilitatsiya markazlarining faoliyati, pedagoglarning inklyuziv kompetensiyalarini oshirish, raqamli texnologiyalarni qo‘llash imkoniyatlari ilmiy asosda yoritilgan. Shuningdek, inklyuziv ta’limning ijtimoiy ahamiyati, jamiyatdagi inklyuziv madaniyatni shakllantirish jarayonlari hamda nogironligi bo‘lgan bolalar uchun yaratilayotgan zamonaviy ta’lim resurslarining samarasi ochib beriladi.

GIPERTROFIK KARDIOMIOPATIYADA GISTOPATOLOGIK O‘ZGARISHLAR: HUJAYRA DISAR-ARONIYASI, INTERSTITSIAL FIBROZ VA MIKROVASKULYAR PATOLOGIYA

Mirzaolim Khasanov — 2025-11-19

Gipertrofik kardiomiopatiya (GKM) — asosan genetik bazasi bo‘lgan, chap qorin devorining giper¬to¬fiya¬si bilan kechadigan kardiyomiyopatiya turi bo‘lib, gistopatologik jihatdan hujayra giper¬to¬fiya¬si, myotsit disar-aroniyasi, interstitsial va almashtiruvchi fibroz hamda kichik intramural koronar arteriya dysplaziyasi kabi belgilar bilan ajralib turadi. Ushbu maqolada GKM ning gistopatologik aspektlari batafsil ko‘rib chiqiladi. Avvalo, hujayra darajasidagi o‘zgarishlar — myotsitlarning ortiqcha kattalashuvi, noto‘g‘ri joylashuvi va struktura o‘zgarishlari aniqlanadi. Keyin, tsik-tsiklni to‘sib qo‘yuvchi faktorlardan biri sifatida interstitsial fibrozning roli va uning vazifalari muhokama qilinadi — fibroz yurak mushak to‘qimasini qayta tashkil etadi, diastolik disfunksiyani kuchaytiradi va aritmiya xavfini oshiradi. Bundan tashqari, mikrovaskulyar patologiyalar — ya’ni kichik intramural qon tomirlarining devor qalinlashuvi, vazodilatasiyani kamayishi va qon ta’minotining buzilishi bilan bog‘liq ishemiya jarayonlari — gistopatologik makonda muhim o‘rin egallaydi. Ushbu jihatlar klinik jihatdan GKM ning turli tabiatdagi kechishini — simptomlardan tortib to to‘satdan yurak o‘limigacha — izohlashga yordam beradi. Maqolada, shuningdek, gistopatologik baholash natijalari va ularning prognostik qiymati ham ko‘rib chiqiladi — ya’ni yuqori histologik ball bilan kechadigan bemorlarda yomonroq natijalar kuzatilgani aniqlangan. Metodologik jihatdan, mavjud adabiyotlar tahlili orqali hujayra o‘zgarishlari, fibroz va mikrovaskulyar patologiyaning miqdori va xususiyatlari yoritilgan, shuningdek, o‘z laboratoriya tajribasi yoki klinik anatomik materiallari bazasida tadqiqot olib borish tavsiya etilgan. Xulosa sifatida, gistopatologik tahlillar GKM diagnostikasi va prognozida muhim vosita ekanligi tasdiqlanadi, shuningdek kelgusida tushuncha chuqurlashishi va biomarkerlar, genetik ma’lumotlar bilan birga ishlashi lozimligi ta’kidlanadi. Ushbu maqola yurak patologlari, kardiologlar va tadqiqotchilar uchun GKM ning to‘liq tushunilishini kengaytirishga xizmat qiladi.

SPORTDA DIQQAT VA KONSENTRATSIYANI BOSHQARISH USULLARI

Shoxjahon Turaqulov — 2025-11-19

This article analyzes the processes of attention and concentration in athletes, their management methods, and their impact on sports performance. The ability to focus helps athletes maintain emotional stability, make quick decisions, and act effectively under stress. The paper explores the psychological structure of attention, external and internal distractions, exercises to improve concentration, and the role of cooperation between coach and athlete.

NERV SISTEMASI. ORQA MIYA ANATOMIYASI.

Xudoyshukur Hamroyev — 2025-11-19

Nerv sistemasi kasalliklaridan; hayotimiz mobaynida ko’p uchratadigan kasalliklarimizdan biri bu-disk churrasi (intervertebral churra) hisoblanadi. Ushbu kasallik umurtqa pog’onasidagi oraliq diskning shikastlanishi yoki joyidan siljishi natijasida kelib chiqadi. Disklar joyidan siljishi yoxud shikastlanishi oqibatida nerv ikki disk orasida qisillib qoladi. Bu jarayonda orqa miya qismining tashqi qismi (fibroz halqa) yorilib, ichki qismi (pulpoz yadrosi) tashqariga chiqadi va nerv tolalarini siqib qo’yadi. Nerv tolalari bosim ostida siqilishi natijasida o’sha sohada og’riq kuzatiladi. Og’riq kuzatiladigan sohalarga: bel, bo’yin, oyoqlar kiradi. Disk churasining sabablari: yosh bilan bog’liq o’zgarishlar, og’ir jismoniy ish faolliyati, kam harakat turmush tarzi, noto’g’ri holatda o’tirish yoki yotish, genetik moyillik, ortiqcha vazn, avtohalokat, yiqilish yoki boshqa mexanik shikastlanishlar va boshqa holatlarni o’z ichiga oladi. Disk churrasining turlariga: bo’yin umurtqasi disk churrasi(servikal), ko’krak umurtqasi disk churrasi(torakal), bel umurtqasi disk churrasi(lumbar) kiradi. Diagnostika va davolash chora tadbirlari: shifokor tekshiruvi, rentgen, magnit-rezonas tomografiya (MRT), kompyuter tomografiya (KT), elektromiografiya (EMG) bular diagnostikada qo’llanadigan asosiy usullar. Davolashda asosan konservativ davolash usullari qo’llaniladi. Bularga kiradi: og’riq qoldiruvchi dorilar, steroid in’yektsiyalar, fizioterapiya, qo’l terapiyasi massaj, maxsus mashqlar va yana jarrohlik amaliyotlari. Jarohlik amaliyotlariga: diskektomiya, laminaektomiya, sun’iy disk implantatsiyasi kabi amaliyotlar kiradi. Bu kasallik kelib chiqishiga ko’ra ma’lum doiradagi kasb egalarida kelib chiqishi aniqlangan va shu sabali bu kasallikni “Kasb kasalligi” deb ham nomlanadi. Kasb kasalligi sifatida: disk churrasi haydovchilar, ofis hodimlari, quruvchilar, sportchilar kabi kasb egalarida bu kasallik ko’p uchraydi. Disk churrasi erkak va ayollarda uchrash nisbati 2:1 nisbatda bo’ladi. Eng ko’p hollarda bel sohasidagi churralar taxminan 90% uchraydi. Ushbu kasallik bilan zararlanish asosan 25-55 yoshlar oralig’iga to’g’ri keladi. Umumiy populyatsiyada 5-20% odamda disk churrasi kuzatiladi.

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS AND DANGERS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

R.Z. Xudoyberdiyev — 2025-11-19

This article is dedicated to exploring the philosophical foundations of artificial intelligence (AI), its development mechanisms, and potential risks to humanity. The introduction discusses the concept of AI, its historical development, and its connection with modern technologies. It also analyzes the process of creating systems that emulate human intelligence, algorithmic logic, and machine learning methods. In the Materials and Methods section, the technical and scientific foundations of AI, learning algorithms, neural networks, and artificial neural systems are examined, as well as the practical applications of AI (medicine, transportation, finance, security) from a scientific perspective. This section also presents methods for evaluating AI through experiments and simulations. In the Results and Discussion section, the social and ethical risks of AI are discussed in detail, including job displacement, reduced human oversight, privacy threats, algorithmic bias, and security issues. Additionally, potential existential risks of AI that may threaten humanity and moral values are evaluated from a philosophical perspective. The Conclusion summarizes ways to mitigate AI risks, ethical standards, legal regulations, and future development prospects. The article contributes to a deeper understanding of the social and scientific challenges of AI and emphasizes the importance of creating safe and sustainable AI systems for humanity.

COMPLICATIONS THAT MAY OCCUR IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH LEIOMYOMA

N.B. Xaydarova — 2025-11-19

To evaluate the significance of immunological markers in predicting early and late obstetric complications in pregnant women with uterine leiomyoma.

COMPLICATIONS THAT MAY OCCUR IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH LEIOMYOMA

N.B. Khaydarova — 2025-11-19

To evaluate the significance of immunological markers in predicting early and late obstetric complications in pregnant women with uterine leiomyoma.

MODELING THE RISK OF PREECLAMPSIA DEVELOPMENT USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE METHODS.

Маржона Нематова — 2025-11-19

Preeclampsia is a multifactorial obstetric complication that occurs in the second half of pregnancy and is characterized by hypertension and dysfunction of various organs, significantly increasing the risk of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Despite considerable progress in understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms, effective methods for early detection and prediction of preeclampsia remain a pressing issue in clinical practice. This article presents an overview of modern approaches to predicting preeclampsia using artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. Machine learning algorithms, including random forests, gradient boosting, and deep neural networks, are discussed in the context of analyzing clinical, biochemical, and ultrasound data of pregnant women. Particular attention is given to the integration of multimodal data to improve prediction accuracy.

ASOSIY ISHLAB CHIQARISH XARAJATLARI AUDITINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH

Ibroxim Chorshanbiyev — 2025-11-19

Ushbu maqolada asosiy ishlab chiqarish xarajatlarini auditorlik tekshiruvini samarali tashkil etishning nazariy va amaliy jihatlari tahlil qilinadi. Xususan, audit jarayonida qo‘llaniladigan metodlar, ichki nazorat tizimi samaradorligini baholash, hamda raqamli texnologiyalar yordamida xarajatlarni monitoring qilish yo‘llari yoritilgan. Takomillashtirish bo‘yicha takliflar O‘zbekiston korxonalarining hozirgi iqtisodiy islohotlari kontekstida ishlab chiqilgan.

O‘ZBEKISTON AHOLISI IQTISODIY SAVODXONLIGINI OSHIRISHDA TA’LIM TIZIMI VA RAQAMLI TEXNOLOGIYALARNING O‘RNI

L.E. Soatova — 2025-11-19

The article discusses the issue of increasing the economic literacy of the population of Uzbekistan in the context of the education system and digital technologies. In recent years, expanding the financial literacy of the population and forming economic decision-making skills has become one of the priority areas of state policy in the country. To this end, measures are being taken to deepen economic knowledge in general and higher educational institutions, effectively use modern digital tools, and promptly provide economic information to the population. The article analyzes the role of the education system, online platforms, and digital technologies in the process of increasing economic literacy, and indicates future problems and ways to solve them.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITY: A NEW STAGE OF HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS

B.X. Shakarov — 2025-11-19

This scientific study examines the issues of ethical responsibility, the transformation of human consciousness, and the social consequences of technological decision-making arising from the development of artificial intelligence (AI) systems. Emerging at the intersection of modern science and technology, AI significantly affects human cognition, decision-making processes, and moral evaluation criteria. The research focuses on ensuring the alignment of AI activities with human values, legal norms, and principles of social justice. The main objective of the study is to define the concept, subjects, and boundaries of ethical responsibility within AI systems and to develop theoretical and practical foundations for distributing responsibility between humans and technology. Analytical, conceptual, and comparative methods are used, with a systematic analysis of international experience, ethical codes, AI policies, and philosophical theories of morality. The findings indicate that as AI systems gain greater autonomy in decision-making, the redistribution of human responsibility becomes inevitable. Ethical responsibility should be viewed as a multi-level structure encompassing developers, users, and regulators. The study proposes the establishment of an ethical governance framework based on the principles of fairness, transparency, reliability, and accountability. The scientific novelty of this research lies in the evaluation of AI’s capacity for ethical behavior and the development of a multi-level responsibility model at a new stage of human consciousness. The practical significance lies in providing an ethical foundation for political, legal, and social decision-making related to AI implementation and in fostering sustainable and safe human–machine interaction.

PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF SIGNAL PROPAGATION IN NEURONS

Y.K. Sattarov — 2025-11-19

This scientific study examines the physical principles of signal propagation in neurons, including the generation of action potentials, changes in membrane potential, the regulation of ionic currents through ion channels, and synaptic transmission mechanisms. The research highlights the electromechanical and electrochemical bases of signal transmission in neural networks and their relationship with brain function and neurobiological processes. The main objective of the study is to identify the physical mechanisms of signal propagation and their neurophysiological characteristics, as well as to explore the potential applications of this knowledge in clinical and experimental neurobiophysics. The study analyzes the electrical properties of neuronal membranes, the dynamics of ionic currents, and the spatiotemporal patterns of signal propagation within neural networks. The results indicate that the initiation and propagation of action potentials depend on the passive and active properties of neuronal membranes, the coordination of ion channels, and synaptic connectivity. The physical principles of signal propagation serve as a critical mechanism determining information transfer efficiency and the sensitivity of brain functions. The scientific novelty of this work lies in the comprehensive examination of the physical and electromechanical bases of neuronal signal propagation and the potential application of this knowledge in experimental studies and clinical neurobiology. The practical significance includes using these physical principles in neurology, neurorehabilitation, and the development of artificial neural networks.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES AND MECHANISMS FOR COMBATING INTERNET ADDICTION AMONG YOUTH: A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

Bekzod Tolibov — 2025-11-19

This scientific article explores the issue of Internet addiction among youth through a sociological perspective, emphasizing the mechanisms and preventive measures necessary to address this growing challenge in the digital era. With the rapid expansion of information technologies and social networks, the Internet has become an integral part of young people's daily lives, influencing their social behavior, communication patterns, and even psychological well-being. The study analyzes the root causes of Internet dependency among youth, including social isolation, lack of parental control, peer influence, and psychological vulnerability. It also examines the socio-cultural factors that reinforce online dependency, such as the pursuit of virtual approval, digital entertainment, and information overload. The research highlights the importance of a multifaceted preventive strategy involving families, educational institutions, and state organizations to cultivate responsible Internet use among young generations. Special attention is given to the development of media literacy, digital hygiene education, and the promotion of real-life social engagement as protective mechanisms. The sociological analysis presented in this paper aims to contribute to understanding how societal structures can either mitigate or exacerbate Internet addiction, ultimately providing insights for policy development, community programs, and future sociological studies on digital behavior.

EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISEASES

Akhadulla Akhmedov — 2025-11-19

Respiratory system diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, significantly affecting patient quality of life and healthcare systems. Early diagnosis and preventive interventions are essential for reducing disease progression, complications, and economic burden. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of contemporary approaches to the early detection and prevention of respiratory diseases. It reviews epidemiological trends, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and preventive strategies. Emphasis is placed on the importance of identifying high-risk populations, recognizing early clinical signs, and implementing evidence-based preventive measures. Advances in molecular diagnostics, biomarkers, and artificial intelligence support personalized care and enhance early intervention. Integrating early detection, risk management, and individualized treatment is crucial for improving long-term outcomes and mitigating the global impact of respiratory diseases.

AVTOMOBIL DVIGATELLARINI TASHXISLASH VA TA’MIRLASH

Davronjon Abdushukurov — 2025-11-19

This scientific article discusses the theoretical and practical foundations of diagnosing and repairing automobile engines. It provides detailed information on engine systems, modern diagnostic technologies, and methods for identifying and eliminating malfunctions. The study also analyzes innovative approaches to maintenance and repair of automobile engines.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF EASEL PAINTING IN UZBEKISTAN: IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INFLUENCE OF 20TH-CENTURY EUROPEAN ART SCHOOLS

Dilfuza Zarifova — 2025-11-19

This article analyzes the formation and development of Uzbek easel painting in the context of the influence of European art schools. It explores how artistic movements such as the Renaissance, Realism, Impressionism, and Modernism penetrated national artistic thinking, their reflection in the works of Uzbek painters, and the mechanisms of artistic synthesis within national painting. The study examines the aesthetic and methodological foundations of cross-school interaction and highlights the distinctive features of contemporary Uzbek easel painting.

PATHOGENETIC ASPECTS OF PREVENTIVE THERAPY OF POST-VENTILATORY COMPLICATIONS IN PREMATURE NEWBORNS

Dilobar Mamirova — 2025-11-19

Mechanical ventilation (MV) remains a vital but potentially iatrogenic procedure for premature infants, associated with a high risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and neurological complications. This review analyzes the pathophysiological basis of the most common respiratory disorders in premature infants during the neonatal period and infancy, such as respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (including cases with pulmonary hypertension), apnea of prematurity, transient tachypnea of the newborn, as well as conditions that arise in later life, such as acute bronchiolitis of respiratory syncytial virus etiology and bronchial asthma. The structural, biochemical, and functional characteristics of the respiratory organs of premature infants, which form the basis for the development of these pathologies, are considered in detail. Patterns of inverse relationship between the epidemiology of respiratory diseases and gestational age have been identified. In this regard, the search for effective strategies for the prevention of post-ventilation complications is a priority task in neonatology.

BESH TASHABBUS OLIMPIADASI QOIDALARI ASOSIDA FUTBOLCHILARNI MUSOBAQAGA TAYYORLASH

T.X. Sadullayev — 2025-11-21

Ushbu maqolada “Besh tashabbus olimpiadasi” doirasida futbolchilarni musobaqalariga tayyorlashning zamonaviy yo‘llari tahlil qilinib, ular takomillashtirish hamda musobaqa samaradorligini oshirishga qaratilgan taklif va tavsiyalar ishlab chiqilgan.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ МЕТОДА ПРЯМОГО СМЕШИВАНИЯ ПРИ ИЗУЧЕНИИ РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ ТЕПЛОВЫХ ВОЛН В ПРЯМОУГОЛЬНОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

К.М. Shaimov — 2025-11-22

The method of lines is modified to solve a linear two-dimensional parabolic equation with discontinuous boundary conditions in Cartesian coordinates. The approximate analytical method is applicable for setting initial and boundary conditions in the form of arbitrary functions. The features of the process of propagation of thermal waves in a rectangular area are demonstrated, where one or two sides of the calculation region have a higher temperature. The methods of applying the method for solving two-dimensional equations of elliptic and hyperbolic types are shown.

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION INDICATORS OF DOMESTIC TOURISM (CASE OF BUKHARA REGION)

Niginabegim Nuriddinova — 2025-11-22

This article analyzes the main trends, opportunities, and efficiency evaluation indicators of domestic tourism development in the Bukhara region. During the research, the economic indicators of tourism infrastructure, service quality, transport system, marketing activities, and local community participation were examined. In addition, a system of evaluation indicators used in the development of domestic tourism has been developed. The results show that achieving efficiency in regional tourism requires the modernization of infrastructure, the introduction of digital technologies, and the support of local entrepreneurship.

O‘RTA ASR SHARQ ALLOMALARI MA’NAVIY MEROSINING MILLIY MA’NAVIYATIMIZGA TASIRI

Sardor Baxtiyorov — 2025-11-22

The article analyzes the role and significance of the creative heritage of medieval Eastern scholars in the formation of our national spirituality. Through their scientific, philosophical, and literary works, the scholars enriched the spiritual values of the Uzbek people, exerting a profound influence in moral, educational, and cultural spheres.

TYPES OF NATURAL RESOURCE USE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Qurbangul Patualiyeva — 2025-11-22

Natural resources are the basis of human life and economic development, providing energy, raw materials and environmental sustainability. However, due to the growth of the population and the expansion of industry, the demand for these resources has increased, leading to their depletion and environmental pollution. This study reviews information on the main types of natural resources and the processes associated with their use in modern society, dividing them into renewable and non-renewable forms. It also examines how unsustainable practices affect ecosystems and the climate, emphasizing the need for rational management and environmental protection. Today, by combining sustainable technologies, environmental policies and responsible consumption, humanity can ensure that the use of resources supports current and future generations without disrupting the natural balance of the environment.

THERMODYNAMICS

Y.K. Sattarov — 2025-11-22

This article provides a detailed overview of the main concepts and laws of thermodynamics, as well as their practical applications. Thermodynamics is an important branch of physics that studies the transformation of heat, work, and energy in material systems. The paper thoroughly analyzes such concepts as thermodynamic systems, state functions, internal energy, heat capacity, enthalpy, and entropy. The first and second laws of thermodynamics are discussed in terms of their physical meaning, mathematical expressions, and significance for heat engines (such as internal combustion engines, steam engines, refrigerators, and heat pumps). The article also examines issues related to the law of conservation of energy, the Kelvin–Planck and Clausius formulations, and the directionality of natural (irreversible) processes. In addition, the role of thermodynamics in chemical processes, biological systems, and energy efficiency improvement is highlighted. The main goal of the article is to explain the theoretical foundations of thermodynamics and to demonstrate its practical importance in engineering, ecology, and everyday life.

THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE–BASED EMOTIONAL ANALYSIS SYSTEMS ON FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS

Shahzodjon Abdullayev — 2025-11-22

This article explores the influence of artificial intelligence–based emotional analysis systems on family relationships. As AI technologies become increasingly integrated into daily life, their ability to detect, interpret, and respond to human emotions offers new opportunities for psychological support within the family. The study examines how AI-driven emotional recognition tools can help improve communication, identify early signs of conflict, and support emotional well-being among family members. At the same time, the article discusses potential risks, including data privacy concerns, emotional dependence on technology, and the limitations of machine-based interpretations. Overall, the research highlights both the promise and the challenges of using AI emotional analysis systems to strengthen family dynamics.

THE INFLUENCE OF ROBOTS ON HUMANITY

Shohruh Ramazonov — 2025-11-22

This article explores the influence of robots on humanity, focusing on technological, social, economic, educational, and ethical aspects. It highlights how robotics has transformed industries, healthcare, education, domestic life, and social interaction. The study also discusses challenges, including unemployment, ethical dilemmas, and over-dependence on machines. Recommendations for responsible integration of robotics into society are provided.

THE IMPACT OF IMPROPER NUTRITION ON THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS

Hasanova Kamola — 2025-11-23

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT IN SPORTS: INSIGHTS AND APPLICATIONS FOR UZBEKISTAN

Dilfuzakhon Usmanova — 2025-11-23

Planning is important for helping sports teams around the world perform better, last longer, and stay ahead of the competition. The article focuses on how to strategically manage sports strategically, combining theories and studies with examples from Uzbekistan. This research examines existing studies and various scenarios to find key strategies for sports management, such as a clear goal, good leaders, new ideas, involvement, and long-term planning. The article also highlights Uzbekistan's chess achievements as an example of successful planning while pointing out issues in sports management and suggesting improvements.

SAKSOVUL KO’CHATLARINI YETISHTIRISH VA EKISH TEXNOLOGIYALARI O‘ZBEKISTON TARJIBASI

Laylo Mamayusupova — 2025-11-25

Ushbu maqolada O‘zbekistonning cho‘l va yarim cho‘l hududlarida saksovul o‘simligini ko‘paytirish va sun’iy ekinzorlar barpo etish bo‘yicha olib borilayotgan ishlar yoritilgan. Saksovulning biologik xususiyatlari, urug‘dan ko‘chat yetishtirish va ochiq maydonga ekish texnologiyalari ilmiy asosda tahlil qilingan. Maqolada “Yashil makon” umummilliy loyihasi doirasida Orolqum, Qizilqum va Ustyurt hududlarida saksovulzorlarni kengaytirish tajribalari keltirilgan. Shuningdek, saksovulni parvarish qilish, qum ko‘chishini to‘xtatish va ekologik barqarorlikni ta’minlashdagi o‘rni ochib berilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari O‘zbekiston sharoitida saksovul ekish texnologiyasini takomillashtirish, ekologik xavfsizlikni mustahkamlash hamda cho‘llanish jarayonlarini kamaytirishda muhim ahamiyatga ega.

THE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY

D.M. Tulayeva — 2025-11-26

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) represents one of the most severe and progressive microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus, ultimately leading to chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure if left untreated. Despite decades of research, the biological mechanisms underlying its initiation and progression remain complex and multifactorial. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the cellular and molecular pathways that contribute to DN development, focusing on hyperglycemia-induced metabolic disturbances, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, glomerular hemodynamic abnormalities, and epigenetic modifications. Persistent hyperglycemia triggers excessive production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), activation of the polyol and hexosamine pathways, and protein kinase C (PKC) overexpression, all of which synergistically damage glomerular and tubular structures.

O‘ZBEKISTON SHAROITIDA TURMUSH TARZIGA BOG‘LIQ KASALLIKLARNI BOSHQARISH STRATEGIYALARI

Gulhayo Xurramova — 2025-11-26

Maqolada O‘zbekiston sharoitida turmush tarziga bog‘liq kasalliklarning (NCDs) tarqalish darajasi, ularning shakllanishiga ta’sir etuvchi asosiy omillar va ushbu kasalliklarni samarali boshqarish strategiyalari tahlil qilingan. Urbanizatsiya jarayoni, ovqatlanish madaniyatidagi o‘zgarishlar, jismoniy faollikning kamayishi, stress, uyqu gigiyenasining buzilishi va zararli odatlarning kuchayishi turmush tarziga bog‘liq kasalliklarning ortishiga sabab bo‘layotgani ilmiy manbalar asosida yoritilgan. Shuningdek, profilaktik tibbiy ko‘riklar, skrining dasturlari, sog‘lom turmush tarzini targ‘ib qilish, psixologik salomatlikni mustahkamlash va raqamli salomatlik texnologiyalaridan foydalanishning ahamiyati tibbiy-amaliy nuqtai nazardan asoslab berilgan. Maqola natijalariga ko‘ra, aholi salomatligini yaxshilash va NCDs tarqalishini kamaytirishda kompleks, tizimli va ilmiy asoslangan yondashuvning muhimligi ta’kidlangan.

THE ROLE OF AI IN HUMAN LIFE

Shohruh Ramazonov — 2025-11-28

This article explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in human life, highlighting its impact on healthcare, education, industry, communication, and daily activities. It discusses both the benefits and challenges of AI, including ethical considerations, privacy concerns, and the changing nature of work. The article emphasizes the need for responsible integration of AI into society to enhance human well-being and productivity.

CHANGE AND STABILITY: SOCIAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES (SOCIAL CHANGES AND THE PHILOSOPHICAL INTERPRETATION OF STABILITY)

R.Z. Xudoyberdiyev — 2025-11-28

This article, titled “Change and Stability: Scientific and Philosophical Perspectives (A Philosophical Interpretation of Social Change and Stability)”, explores the complex interrelation between dynamic social processes and the principles of stability that sustain them. The study integrates theoretical and empirical sources, examining how scientific methods (sociology, history, systems theory) intersect with philosophical approaches (ontology, epistemology, ethics) in understanding social transformation. The first section traces the historical development of the concepts of change and stability — from ancient philosophy to contemporary sociological paradigms such as functionalism, conflict theory, and postmodernism. It analyzes the driving forces behind change (technological progress, economic transformation, cultural interaction) and forms of stability (institutional, cultural, ecological). The second section discusses social systems as complex adaptive structures, emphasizing feedback mechanisms between stability and change. The third section focuses on ethical and political dimensions, including issues of social justice, sustainable development, and moral challenges arising from technological advancement. In conclusion, the article proposes strategies for harmonizing change and stability within modern societies, emphasizing flexible institutional structures, inclusivity, and interdisciplinary collaboration. The work provides both theoretical insight and practical guidance, making it valuable for researchers in philosophy, sociology, and political science.

ESTETIK FALSAFA VA SAN’ATNING FALSAFIY TALQINI

R.Z. Xudoyberdiyev — 2025-11-28

This article examines the philosophical foundations of aesthetics and the role of art in human life. Aesthetics is explored as a field that studies the nature of beauty, artistic perception, and the development of aesthetic taste. The paper analyzes the views of Eastern and Western philosophers on beauty and artistic expression, and discusses the cultural, educational, and social significance of art. Additionally, the study highlights how various forms of art influence human emotions, worldview, and moral values. The findings emphasize that art plays an essential role in shaping an individual’s spiritual world and contributes to the cultural development of society.

THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON YOUTH

Shoxrux Ramazonov — 2025-11-28

Social networking has become a common trend which has reached to almost every corner of the world. Currently, it has become essential to determine the impact of social media on the overall life of young people. From one year to the other the rate of technology is increasing at a very rapidly and the youth is the ones trapped in this rapid change. The use of social networking sites has detonated and grown into an online platform where people create and share content, bookmark it and network at a remarkable rate. Among the prominent users of the social networking sites are the youth. This research evaluates the impact of social media sites on youth’s quality of life in different aspects. Social networking is changing the conduct with which young people communicate with their parents, friends and along with that how they make use of technology. To achieve this, an online survey was conducted which was filled by 95 respondents. The major findings revealed that social media has significant impact on youth life. Social networking sites grabs their attention and then focus it towards inappropriate actions that results in youth’s distraction from studies and poor academic performance, depression, anxiety and other physiological issues.

SELF-AWARENESS OF LIVING MATTER: INTEGRATION OF BIOPHYSICAL ENERGY AND MEDICAL-BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS

B.X. Shakarov — 2025-11-28

This article analyzes the self-awareness property of living matter and the interrelation between bioenergetic processes and medical–biological mechanisms. Self-awareness is viewed as the organism’s ability to evaluate its internal state, perceive external signals, and generate adaptive responses, all of which depend on complex functional systems. Bioenergetic processes—ion fluxes, membrane potentials, electrodynamic fields, and intracellular energy transformations—are interpreted as fundamental mechanisms of information transmission and signal perception in living systems. The article further examines the role of the nervous system, the brain’s bioelectrical activity, and the coordinated interaction of physiological and molecular processes in shaping self-awareness. The integration of neurophysiological, biochemical, and biophysical mechanisms is presented as the evolutionary and functional foundation for the emergence of self-recognition in living matter. The study also considers the potential medical and bioenergetic applications of these mechanisms. The work aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of self-awareness through the combined perspectives of physical, biological, and medical sciences.

COPYRIGHT IN UZBEKISTAN: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS, LEGAL FORMS, AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE

Sarbinaz Muratbekova — 2025-11-28

This scientific article discusses the concept of copyright and its importance in the field of science in Uzbekistan. It provides information about the theoretical foundations of copyright, its forms and duration of personal and property rights. The consequences of copyright infringement, liability and the importance of the institution for young people are widely analyzed.

THE ROLE OF SCHOOL IN A CHILD’S FUTURE

Shohruh Ramazonov — 2025-11-28

This article examines the crucial role of schools in shaping a child’s future. Schools not only provide academic knowledge but also develop social, emotional, and cognitive skills essential for personal and professional growth. The paper highlights how education influences career opportunities, social behavior, critical thinking, and overall personality development. Challenges faced by schools and strategies to enhance their effectiveness are also discussed.

DEATH AND THE LIMIT OF MORTALITY: MODERN LIMITS OF INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE

B.X. Shakarov — 2025-11-28

Modern intensive care medicine is one of the fastest-developing and most complex areas of healthcare, significantly enhancing the ability to preserve and prolong human life. At the same time, clinical practice raises the urgent issue of clearly defining the boundaries between death and life support. Advanced diagnostic methods, intensive therapy, mechanical ventilation, and cardiovascular support technologies used in intensive care units increase patient recovery chances, while simultaneously creating complex ethical, legal, and social challenges. Current studies indicate that criteria for determining death and decisions regarding life prolongation require not only medical, but also ethical and social analysis. The modern limits of intensive care are defined by the patient’s clinical condition, the potential to maintain quality of life, and ethical decisions involving the patient and their family. Additionally, decisions made during intensive care include the efficient use of economic resources, patient rights, and adherence to social norms. This abstract addresses the intersection of medicine and philosophy, the complexities associated with death and life support, and the clinical and ethical limitations of modern intensive care. Emphasis is placed on the importance of a multidimensional approach to decision-making in patient resuscitation.

KAMBAG‘ALLIKNI QISQARTIRISH VA IJTIMOIY HIMOYANI KUCHAYTIRISH — BARQAROR JAMIYAT POYDEVORI

Abdusalim Kenjaboyev — 2025-11-28

This article discusses the role of social protection in improving the standard of living of the population.

DIABETES AS A METAPHOR FOR THE MODERN HUMAN: EXCESSIVE SUGAR CONSUMPTION AND SPIRITUAL THIRST

B.X. Shakarov — 2025-11-28

В данной статье анализируется жизнь современного человека и его социальный, экономический и духовный контекст через метафору диабета. Диабет характеризуется повышением уровня глюкозы в организме, что приводит к метаболическому дисбалансу. С помощью этой метафоры исследуются особенности современного человека, такие как чрезмерное потребление, подчинение материальным требованиям и недостаток духовного удовлетворения. В статье рассматриваются социальные и культурные аспекты жизни современного человека, влияние цифровых платформ и глобального капитализма на потребление «сахара». Здесь термин «сахар» обозначает не только чрезмерное материальное потребление, но и неудовлетворённость духовных и психологических потребностей. В исследовании применялись методы метафорического анализа, сравнительного анализа и системного подхода на основе психологических, социологических и философских источников. Результаты показывают, что чрезмерное материальное и культурное «потребление сахара» приводит к метаболическому и духовному дисбалансу, что создаёт риски не только для психического здоровья, но и для социальной интеграции и личной свободы. Для обеспечения здоровой и устойчивой жизни человека важны духовная дисциплина, личные ценности и сбалансированное потребление.

РАЗВИТИЕ ТВОРЧЕСКОГО МЫШЛЕНИЯ У ДЕТЕЙ ЧЕРЕЗ МЕТОДИКУ ВЫРАЗИТЕЛЬНОГО ЧТЕНИЯ: ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ STEAM И НЕЙРОПЕДАГОГИКИ

Arafat Salimova — 2025-11-28

В данной статье рассматривается интегративная модель развития творческого мышления детей младшего школьного возраста, основанная на объединении методики выразительного чтения, STEAM-подхода и нейропедагогических принципов. Цель исследования заключалась в теоретическом обосновании и экспериментальной проверке эффективности модели «Expressive Reading + STEAM + Neuro-Based Learning». В рамках квазиэкспериментального дизайна проведена диагностика уровня креативности, исполнительных функций и навыков выразительного чтения у 120 учащихся. Использовались тесты Торранса, нейропсихологические шкалы исполнительных функций и психолингвистические показатели интонационной выразительности. Результаты исследования показали статистически значимое улучшение показателей оригинальности, гибкости, беглости и разработанности идей в экспериментальной группе по сравнению с контрольной. Установлено, что интеграция эмоциональной интерпретации текста, междисциплинарных STEAM-заданий и нейропедагогических упражнений оказывает синергетическое воздействие на когнитивное, эмоциональное и межполушарное развитие ребенка. Полученные данные подтверждают высокую эффективность предложенной модели и её потенциал для использования в современной образовательной практике как инновационной технологии развития творческого мышления.

YAKKAKURASHCHI QIZLARNING MUSOBAQA OLDI TAYYORGARLIGIDA BERILADIGAN YUKLAMALARNI REJALASHTIRISH

Qaxxorjon Umarov — 2025-11-28

Ушбу мақолада яккакураш спорт турлари (Кикбокс, қўл-жанги, ММА ва бошқалар) билан шуғулланувчи спортчи қизларнинг мусобақа олди тайёргарлигида бериладиган турли хил юкламаларни илмий асосда режалаштириш масалалари ёритилган. Яккакурашчи қизлар физиологияси, гормонал ҳолати, психо-эмоционал тайёргарлиги, тикланиш хусусиятлари ва юкламаларни тақсимлашда қўлланиладиган замонавий методик ёндашувлар таҳлил қилинган. Мусобақага тайёргарликнинг 4 ҳафталик цикли бўйича амалий тавсиялар тақдим этилган.

IN VITRO URUGʻLANTIRISH: ZAMONAVIY REPRODUKTIV TEXNOLOGIYALARNING IMKONIYATLARI

Lobar Abduraximova — 2025-11-28

This article examines the scientific foundations, stages, benefits, and clinical significance of in vitro fertilization (IVF). The study highlights the technological advancements that enhance the efficiency and safety of infertility treatment. Modern approaches to embryo assessment, hormonal stimulation, and genetic diagnostics are analyzed from a scientific perspective.

GOVERNING LAW IN TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATE CONTRACTS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY (UZBEKISTAN & GERMANY)

Sarvarjon Erkinjonov — 2025-11-28

This article examines the role, selection, and implications of governing law in transnational corporate contracts, focusing on the comparative legal frameworks of Uzbekistan and Germany. The study explores how contractual parties determine applicable law, the interaction between domestic legislation and international instruments, and the practical considerations influencing parties’ choices in international commerce. Special emphasis is placed on predictability, party autonomy, enforceability, and the impact of public policy constraints. The research also analyzes how globalization has transformed private international law and the governance of cross border business relationships. The paper concludes that while both Uzbekistan and Germany emphasize party autonomy, they differ in legal traditions, interpretive methods, and regulatory constraints, which shape the practical outcomes of governing-law clauses in corporate practice. The study contributes to understanding how multinational firms can optimize contract drafting, dispute resolution, and commercial strategy through informed choices of applicable law.

75 YILLIK ISROIL–FALASTIN MOJAROSI: XALQARO HUQUQ, FUQAROLIK AHOLISINING HIMOYASI VA BMT ROLI

Doniyor Xolmirzayev — 2025-11-28

Isroil–Falastin mojarosi tarixiy rivojlanishi va xalqaro gumanitar huquq normalarining buzilishi huquqiy nuqtai nazardan tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda 1949-yil Jeneva Konvensiyalari, BMT Xavfsizlik Kengashi va Bosh Assambleya rezolyutsiyalari, Xalqaro Jinoyat Sudi qarorlari hamda zamonaviy ilmiy manbalar asos sifatida qo‘llanilgan. Mazkur ish BMTning vakolatlari, siyosiy cheklovlari va nizo jarayonidagi amaliyotini, shuningdek fuqarolik aholisini himoya qilish va urush jinoyatlarini oldini olishdagi xalqaro huquqiy mexanizmlarni batafsil o‘rganadi. Natijalar xalqaro institutlarning samaradorligi, mavjud bo‘shliqlar va kelajakdagi huquqiy mexanizmlarning rivojlanish istiqbollarini ko‘rsatadi.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS OF ABU NASR AL-FARABI AND AL-GHAZALI (BASED ON AL-FARABI’S “PHILOSOPHY OF POLITICS” AND AL-GHAZALI’S “THE ALCHEMY OF HAPPINESS”)

B.X. Shakarov — 2025-11-28

This scholarly article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the philosophical heritage of two prominent Eastern thinkers — Abu Nasr al-Farabi and Abu Hamid al-Ghazali. The main sources of the study are al-Farabi’s “Philosophy of Politics” and al-Ghazali’s “The Alchemy of Happiness”, through which their philosophical, ethical, and social ideas are analyzed from a theoretical and methodological perspective.

TYPES OF SHOCK AND GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF DIC SYNDROME

Ruxshona Choriyeva — 2025-11-28

This review article analyzes the pathophysiological mechanisms of shock and its severe complication, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) syndrome, including its etiological factors, clinical manifestations, and outcomes. The etiological forms of shock, endothelial dysfunction, microthrombogenesis, and development of coagulopathy as the main pathogenic factors of DIC syndrome are described. The article also discusses clinical signs of DIC, laboratory findings, organ dysfunctions such as kidney and liver failure, RDS, and decreased tissue perfusion. Additionally, principles of pathogenetically based treatment, the necessity of anticoagulant therapy, and replacement of blood components are reviewed. It is emphasized that early diagnosis of DIC in the background of shock and intensive therapy plays a critical role in reducing mortality.

ЁШ БОЛАЛАР КИТОБХОНЛИК КОМПЕТЕНЦИЯСИНИ РИВОЖЛАНТИРИШДА БОЛАЛАР ШЕЪРИЯТИНИНГ ЎЗИГА ХОСЛИГИНИНГ АҲАМИЯТИ

Kavsar Turdiyeva — 2025-11-28

The article is devoted to the topic of the role of the specifics of children's poetry in the development of children's poetry in the development of children's reading competence. The article also confirms the idea that the "role" of a children's poet is a kind of talent that has all the possibilities of the specificity of this poetry.

ZAMONAVIY JAMIYATDA AYOLNING O‘RNI

Farangiz Mamadiyeva — 2025-11-28

Tabiat ayolga shunday deydi: “Uddasidan chiqsang, go‘zal bo‘l, istasang, oqila bo‘l, ammo idrokli bo‘lishing shart”. Nima uchun shunday? Ayol kim o‘zi? Ayol - hayotning boshlanishi, oila atalmish muqaddas qo‘rg‘onda yo‘qdan bor qiladigan ijodkor va bunyodkor shaxs. Jamiyatda esa ayol ma’naviyat va tarbiyaning ustunidir.

DETERMINATION OF EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION IN UZBEK ORGANIZATIONS

Mokhidil Mukhammadjonova — 2025-11-28

Employee satisfaction is a critical factor influencing productivity, retention, and organizational success. This study investigates the key determinants of employee satisfaction in various Uzbek organizations, including work environment, leadership, teamwork, career development, and compensation. A quantitative research approach was employed, collecting data from 120 employees across public and private organizations using structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analyses were applied to identify patterns and relationships between satisfaction factors. The results reveal that work environment, teamwork, and leadership are the strongest contributors to employee satisfaction, whereas salary and career development opportunities remain areas of concern. The findings emphasize that non-financial motivators, such as recognition and supportive leadership, significantly influence satisfaction and retention in the Uzbek context. Based on these insights, the study recommends enhancing leadership practices, establishing transparent career paths, improving compensation policies, and fostering a positive organizational culture to retain talented employees and enhance organizational performance. These findings provide practical guidance for managers and policymakers seeking to improve talent management strategies in Uzbekistan.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE TRANSFORMATION PROCESS OF SOCIAL CHANGES IN SOCIETY

Manzura Abdurakhmonova — 2025-11-28

This article provides a theoretical analysis of social changes in society and their transformation processes. Based on sociological and philosophical approaches, the content, factors, and stages of development of social change are examined. The significance of the transformation process in the social system, as well as the directions of renewal and modernization of society through this process, is explained.

BASIS OF PREPARING FUTURE MEDICAL EDUCATORS FOR PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY

Nodirbek Nosirov — 2025-11-28

This article examines the pedagogical foundations necessary for the orientation of future medical educators to their professional activities. It emphasizes the importance of practical experience, theoretical knowledge and reflective practice in the formation of professional skills of future medical educators. It examines the foundations of developing effective strategies for improving the orientation and professional training of future medical educators.

HIP JOINT (PELVIS–FEMORAL JOINT): STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Dinara Kattaxodjayeva — 2025-11-28

This article provides a scientific analysis of the anatomical structure, function, biomechanical properties, and clinical significance of the hip joint. The joint plays a central role in the human locomotor system, ensuring leg movements, body stability, and performance of daily as well as sports activities. The article discusses pathological conditions of the joint, including osteoarthritis, avascular necrosis of the femoral head, traumatic dislocation, and congenital dysplasia. In addition, approaches to joint diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation are analyzed. The results of the study demonstrate the importance of preserving joint function, early detection of pathologies, and developing effective treatment strategies.

THE ROLE OF BOOK GRAPHICS IN CONTEMPORARY VISUAL ARTS OF UZBEKISTAN: ITS INTEGRATION WITH GENERAL GRAPHICS AND ARTISTIC-AESTHETIC TRENDS

Anvar Mamadjanov — 2025-11-28

This article analyzes the role of book graphics in the visual arts of Uzbekistan during the independence period, its interaction with general graphics, the expansion of techniques and genres, and the processes of artistic and aesthetic development. It highlights the increasing functional and artistic significance of book graphics in the digital age, as well as the research of graphic artists based on the synthesis of national traditions and contemporary styles.

QON OQIMINING GIDRODINAMIK XUSUSIYATLARI. GEMODINAMIKA.

Diyora Nasulloyeva — 2025-11-28

Ushbu maqolada biofizika fanini mohiyatini, fizikaviy g’oyalar va nazariyalar, biofizika fanining yo’nalishlari, vazifalari ya’ni yoshlarni zamonaviy fan yutuqlariga asoslangan biofizikaviy bilimlar bilan qurollantirish hamda ularda o’z o’zini anglash, biofizikaviy mushohada qilish va to’g’ri fikrlash mahorati, ko’nikma va malakalarini shakllantirishdan iborat.

SHARQ VA G‘ARB MUTAFAKKIRLARINING MAKTABGACHA PEDAGOGIKAGA QO‘SHGAN HISSALARI

Dilbar Axrorova — 2025-11-28

Ushbu maqolada Sharq va G‘arb mutafakkirlarining maktabgacha pedagogika rivojiga qo‘shgan hissasi ilmiy-nazariy jihatdan tahlil qilingan. Abu Nasr Forobiy, Ibn Sino, Alisher Navoiy, Kaykovus kabi Sharq mutafakkirlarining tarbiya haqidagi g‘oyalari hamda Komenskiy, Russo, Frebel, Montessori, Piaje kabi G‘arb pedagoglarining nazariyalari qiyosiy o‘rganilgan. Maqolada ikki yo‘nalishning umumiy va farqli jihatlari, ularning zamonaviy maktabgacha ta’lim tizimidagi ahamiyati, integratsion yondashuvning samaradorligi yoritilgan. Natijada maktabgacha ta’lim konsepsiyasini takomillashtirishda Sharqning ma’naviy merosi va G‘arbning ilmiy-metodik yondashuvlari uyg‘unligining dolzarbligi asoslab berilgan.

ILK YOSH BOLALARINING MATEMATIK TASAVVURLARINI SHAKLLANTIRISH: SENSOR TARBIYA ASOSLARI. MARIYA MONTESSORI METODI HAQIDA TUSHUNCHA

Shaxinabonu Sayfullayeva — 2025-11-28

Ushbu maqolada ilk yosh bolalarining matematik tasavvurlarini shakllantirishda sensor tarbiyaning o‘rni va ahamiyati ilmiy-nazariy jihatdan yoritilgan. Sensor rivojlanishning asosiy komponentlari, Montessori metodining sensor materiallarga asoslangan pedagogik yondashuvi hamda matematik tushunchalarning tabiiy shakllanish jarayoni batafsil tahlil qilingan. Maqola sensor tajriba orqali shakllanadigan rang, shakl, kattalik, miqdor va fazoviy tasavvurlarni rivojlantirish bo‘yicha ilmiy manbalarga tayanadi. Mariya Montessorining yondashuvi matematik fikrlashni erta yoshdan boshlab rivojlantirishning eng samarali metodlaridan biri sifatida asoslab berilgan.

MAKTABGACHA TAʼLIM YOSHIDAGI BOLALARNI HAR TOMONLAMA TARBIYALASHDA ONA TILINING AHAMIYATI

Muhabbat Sayidova — 2025-11-28

Ushbu maqolada maktabgacha ta’lim yoshidagi bolalarni har tomonlama tarbiyalashda ona tilining ahamiyati ilmiy-nazariy jihatdan yoritilgan. Ona tilining bolalar tafakkuri, nutqi, ijtimoiylashuvi, ma’naviy-axloqiy shakllanishi va ijodiy rivojiga ta’siri tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, Sharq va G‘arb mutafakkirlarining til va tarbiya haqidagi qarashlari, zamonaviy psixolingvistika va maktabgacha ta’lim metodikalariga doir ilmiy manbalar asosida ona tilini rivojlantiruvchi omillar izohlangan. Tadqiqot natijalari ona tilining bolaning intellektual va ijtimoiy rivojlanishidagi markaziy o‘rni mavjudligini tasdiqlaydi.

BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF DEATH AND ITS PHILOSOPHICAL MEANING

B.X. Shakarov — 2025-11-28

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of death from both biological and philosophical perspectives. The biological section presents an in-depth examination of the cellular and systemic mechanisms leading to death, including apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammatory mediator activation, and disruption of intracellular signaling pathways. Additionally, systemic processes such as loss of homeostasis, metabolic failure, cardiovascular collapse, and neurodegenerative changes are discussed as integrative factors contributing to the irreversible cessation of vital functions. The philosophical part explores the ontological and epistemological significance of death, addressing its relationship to personal identity, subjectivity, and the value of human life. The evolution of medical criteria for determining death — including brain death and cardiopulmonary arrest — along with the ethical implications of resuscitation technologies and life-prolonging interventions, is critically analyzed. The article demonstrates that death is a multilayered phenomenon that intertwines biological realities with philosophical interpretations. Methodologically, the study relies on critical analysis of contemporary scientific literature, synthesis of biological research findings, and conceptual examination of philosophical sources. The conclusions emphasize the importance of integrating biological evidence with philosophical reflection to form a deeper, ethically informed understanding of death, relevant to both theoretical research and clinical decision-making.

STUDY OF HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS THROUGH THE INTEGRATION OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND PHILOSOPHY

B.X. Shakarov — 2025-11-28

This article provides an in-depth exploration of human consciousness through the integrated perspective of three major disciplines: neurology, psychology, and philosophy. It examines the multidimensional nature of consciousness, including its biological foundations (neuronal networks, cortical structures, information-processing mechanisms), psychological processes (perception, attention, memory, emotions, cognitive control), and philosophical issues (subjectivity, qualia, the “hard problem” of consciousness, free will). The purpose of the study is to present consciousness as a multilayered phenomenon and to reveal how neurophysiological mechanisms interact with psychological functions and philosophical interpretations. The article reviews and critically evaluates contemporary theories such as the Global Workspace Theory and the Integrated Information Theory. The methodology includes theoretical analysis, comparative review of scientific literature, and conceptual integration of data from neuroscience and the humanities. Key conclusions highlight that (1) consciousness cannot be fully explained within a single scientific framework and therefore requires a multidisciplinary approach; (2) modern neurocognitive models effectively describe the objective mechanisms of consciousness but remain unable to fully address subjective experience; (3) consciousness is a dynamic system shaped by the interaction of neural activity, psychological processes, and personal experience; (4) philosophy provides a necessary conceptual foundation for evaluating scientific hypotheses and understanding their epistemological implications. This article may be useful for researchers in cognitive science, neurology, psychology, and philosophy, as well as readers interested in modern approaches to the study of human consciousness.

O’ZBEKISTONDA KORRUPSIYAGA QARSHI KURASH MEXANIZMLARI

Nozima Komiljonova — 2025-11-28

This scientific article provides a comprehensive analysis of anti-corruption reforms in Uzbekistan, focusing on the legal, institutional, economic, and social mechanisms implemented between 2017 and 2025. The study examines the establishment and activities of the Anti-Corruption Agency, the introduction of mandatory asset declaration for civil servants, conflict-of-interest prevention policies, and the expansion of digital governance systems. Particular attention is given to the development of e-government, transparency in public procurement, and the reduction of direct human involvement through digitalization. The article also highlights the role of education in building a culture of integrity, the growing influence of civil society and media, and the impact of economic reforms on reducing corruption risks. Furthermore, Uzbekistan’s cooperation with international organizations—such as the UN, OECD, and the European Union—is assessed as an important factor in strengthening national anti-corruption strategies. The findings demonstrate that the anti-corruption policy of Uzbekistan is systemic, multi-dimensional, and strategically aligned with the country’s long-term socio-economic development goals.

THE ROLE OF THE STATE AND SOCIETY IN SUPPORTING PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES

Gulshexra Erjanova — 2025-11-28

This article discusses the issue of supporting and empowering people with disabilities, and talks about the role of society and the state in this area. It is said that people with disabilities have a special place in society, they have the right to protection of their rights and freedoms, education, health care, education and other aspects.

RENEWABLE ENERGY: INNOVATIONS, PROSPECTS AND SOCIAL IMPACT IN BUKHARA REGION

Rustam Axtamov — 2025-11-28

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the innovative developments in the use of renewable energy sources, especially solar and wind energy, large-scale projects implemented in international cooperation, the process of introducing digital technologies, and their socio-economic and environmental impact in the Bukhara region. The region's natural and climatic potential, foreign investments, energy storage technologies, real results in the creation of new jobs and the transition to a green economy are analyzed. The contribution of renewable energy to the economic stability and well-being of the Bukhara region is also analyzed in depth, and conclusions are drawn about the future prospects of this sector.

DALILLAR VA ISBOT QILINISHI LOZIM BO‘LGAN HOLATLAR

Raxim Nazarov — 2025-11-28

This article analyzes the concept of evidence in criminal proceedings, its legal sources and the content of the proof process based on the norms of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan. In particular, the procedure for collecting and evaluating evidence, the burden of proof, as well as the essence of the circumstances that must be established in a criminal case are highlighted.

ELEKTR VA MAGNITIZM BO‘LIMINI O‘QITISHDA EKSPERIMENTAL YONDASHUVNING O‘QUVCHI KOMPETENSIYASIGA TA’SIRI

Gulchehra Xakimova — 2025-11-28

Mazkur maqolada akademik litseyda fizikaning murakkab bo‘limlaridan biri bo‘lgan elektr va magnitizmni o‘qitishda eksperimental yondashuvdan foydalanishning didaktik, metodik va amaliy afzalliklari ilmiy nuqtayi nazardan tahlil qilinadi hamda o‘quvchilar kompetensiyalarini shakllantirishda tajriba asosidagi ta’limning ustuvor jihatlari chuqur yoritiladi. Elektr maydoni kuchlanganligi, magnit induksiya chiziqlari, elektromagnit induksiya, tok kuchining magnit ta’siri, zaryadlarning o‘zaro ta’siri kabi mavzularni laboratoriya tajribalari orqali o‘rgatish natijasida o‘quvchilarda kuzatish, tahlil qilish, xulosa chiqarish, modellashtirish va ilmiy fikrlash kabi ko‘nikmalar shakllanishi, ularda nazariy bilimlarning amaliy mazmun bilan uyg‘unlashuvi hamda fizik jarayonlarga chuqurroq kirib borish imkoniyatlarining kengayishi ko‘rsatib beriladi.

“YANGI O’ZBEKISTON-2030” STRATEGIYASIDA DINIY-HUQUQIY MASALALAR TALQINI VA ULARNING IJTIMOIY AHAMIYATI

Eldor Mamatkulov — 2025-11-28

“Yangi O’zbekiston-2030” strategiyasa diniy-huquqiy masalalarning talqini, ularning tarixiy ildizi, amaldagi qonunchigilikdagi o’zgarishlar va xalqaro standartlar bilan uyg’unligi tahlil etildi.

DESIGN OF HANDMADE SOLAR BOILER AND EFFECT OF THERMAL INSULATIONS IN HEAT CONSERVATION

Abdul Karim Pouya — 2025-11-28

This paper report the results of an experiment on a handmade solar boiler focusing on the effect of thermal insulations for better heat conservation and better efficiency of the device by using a concave downward dish covered by aluminum sheets, the dish used to reflect the solar radiation to the water tank. The boiler body is a box mad of polystyrene foam boards with length, width and height of 45cm, 43cm and 28.5cm respectively. The purpose of this research was to reach the 60⁰C water temperature, but handmade boiler reached a temperature about 10⁰c more than the target.

PEACE IN RETRIBUTION AND ITS RULINGS IN HANAFI JURISPRUDENCE

Abdul Zahir Ershad — 2025-11-28

Retribution (Qiṣāṣ) constitutes one of the most significant enforcement guarantees within Islamic criminal law, playing a fundamental role in ensuring justice and deterring crimes against the bodily integrity of individuals. Nevertheless, in order to safeguard social interests and to promote the spirit of forgiveness and reconciliation, Islam has introduced the institution of Sulh (amicable settlement) alongside Qiṣāṣ. Within Hanafi jurisprudence, Sulh in the context of Qiṣāṣ Is recognized as a legitimate mechanism for ending disputes and preventing the continuation of hostility, with specific legal provisions governing its application. Hanafi jurists, relying on Qur’anic verses and Prophetic traditions, consider Sulh in Qiṣāṣ not only permissible but, In certain cases, recommended and commendable; thus, the legal heirs of the victim (wali al-dam) may pardon the offender either In exchange for compensation (diya) or gratuitously. This study examines the concept of Sulh in Qiṣāṣ, analyzing its validity requirements and legal consequences under Hanafi jurisprudence, and demonstrates that this institution can play an effective role in achieving restorative justice and mitigating social harms. Furthermore, a comparative overview of Hanafi perspectives with those of other Islamic schools of law Is presented, thereby highlighting the significance of this subject within the framework of Islamic legal thought.

THE ROLE AND POSITION OF THE PUBLIC PROSECUTOR IN SECURING CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACCORDING TO THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW OF AFGHANISTAN

Abdul Khaliq Haqqani Heravi — 2025-11-28

The Prosecutor (Sarnwal / Public Prosecutor) as one of the most important pillars of the criminal justice system plays a fundamental role in guaranteeing the rights of the parties to a case and ensuring social order and security. The Criminal Procedure Law of Afghanistan has outlined the duties and authorities of the Prosecutor at various stages of litigation, from the discovery of a crime and preliminary investigation to trial and execution of the sentence. The importance of this research lies in the fact that the efficiency and independence of the Prosecutor's Office can directly impact the realization of criminal justice and increase public trust in the judicial system. The main research question is: What is the position of the Prosecutor according to the Criminal Procedure Law of Afghanistan and what is their role in securing criminal justice? The research hypothesis is that the Prosecutor, possessing legal authorities and institutional independence, plays a pivotal role in guaranteeing criminal justice, protecting the victim, and safeguarding public interests. This research has been conducted using library resources and a descriptive-analytical method, examining laws and legal documents. The findings indicate that strengthening the independence and specialized capacities of prosecutors can reduce existing challenges in the criminal litigation process and enhance the position of this institution in realizing criminal justice.

THE C5+1 SUMMIT OF NOVEMBER 2025: ENSURING US-CENTRAL ASIA RELATIONSHIP AND THE NEW STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP OF UZBEKISTAN.

Ne’matillo Xasanov — 2025-11-28

The C5+1 Summit, November 6-7, 2025, Washington, D.C., was an event of previous significance in US-Central Asia affairs. The leaders in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan met with President Donald Trump of the United States of America. It was the tenth time the group convened, and they paid much attention to economic matters, particularly, the critical minerals and the planes purchase as the US, Russia, and China are all maneuvering to gain power. Uzbekistan, under President Shavkat Mirziyoyev had its combined moment; they struck significant trade transactions and demonstrated that they could be a significant intermediary of the region. What transpired at the summit, what did Uzbekistan have to do with it and how it will affect stability in the region and global supply chains are questions of concern here. We depend on recent diplomatic news and academic research to suggest that the summit evidences an effective, deal-centered change, which may be disseminated in terms of connecting the Central Asian economical connections.

ПРОФИЛАКТИКА ИНСПЕКТОРЛАРИ ФАОЛИЯТИДА ИНСОН ҲУҚУҚ ВА ЭРКИНЛИКЛАРИНИ ҲИМОЯ ҚИЛИШНИНГ ЗАМОНАВИЙ ЙЎНАЛИШЛАРИ

M.G'. Muradov — 2025-11-28

Ушбу мақолада Ўзбекистонда профилактика инспекторларининг инсон ҳуқуқ ва эркинликларини ҳимоя қилишдаги замонавий вазифалари ва ҳуқуқий асослари таҳлил қилинади. Маиший зўравонлик, кибержиноятлар ва ижтимоий-психологик муаммолар каби замонавий таҳдидлар шартларида инспекторлар фаолиятида эрта профилактика, медиатсия, рақамли технологиялар ва жамоатчилик билан ҳамкорликнинг аҳамияти ёритилади. Шунингдек, халқаро тажриба – community policing, қурбонларни қўллаб-қувватлаш хизматлари ва хавф баҳолаш воситаларини миллий амалиётга жорий этиш бўйича таклифлар берилган. Мақола профилактика тизимини инсон ҳуқуқларига мос равишда такомиллаштиришнинг долзарб жиҳатларини қамраб олади.

TEZKOR QIDIRUV FAOLIYATI TARIXI

Samandar Atanazarov — 2025-11-28

Mazkur maqolada tezkor qidiruv faoliyatining tarixiy shakllanish jarayoni, uning hozirgi kundagi mazmuni va ahamiyati haqida so‘z yuritiladi. Shuningdek, tezkorlik va huquqiylik tamoyillarining uyg‘unlashuvi hamda yosh mutaxassislarning bu sohadagi mas’uliyati yoritilgan.

PREDICTION OF PREECLAMPSIA DEVELOPMENT BASED ON THE ANALYSIS OF FETAL RISK FACTORS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Marjona Nematova — 2025-11-28

The aim of the study is to develop and evaluate a model for predicting the development of preeclampsia based on the analysis of fetal risk factors using artificial intelligence (AI) methods. The application of machine learning technologies makes it possible to identify hidden patterns between fetal condition parameters and the likelihood of pregnancy complications, thereby contributing to early diagnosis and timely prevention.

PREDICTION OF PREECLAMPSIA DEVELOPMENT USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Marjona Nematova — 2025-11-28

Preeclampsia remains one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal mortality worldwide. Timely prediction of this pregnancy complication significantly reduces the risk of severe outcomes for both the mother and the fetus. Traditional diagnostic methods, based on clinical and laboratory indicators, often detect the pathology at later stages. Therefore, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies for early prediction of preeclampsia development, based on big data and multifactorial analysis, has gained particular importance.

YOSH AVLODNI TARBIYALASHDA AXLOQIY QADRIYATLARNING O‘RNI

Fotima Maxmudova — 2025-11-28

This article is closely related to the spiritual stability of society, the culture of human interaction, and the future of the nation, how the younger generation is educated. The role of moral values in the process of upbringing is incomparable. Because morality is the main criterion of a person's inner world, his qualities, faith, conscience, and behavior. Therefore, relying on moral values in raising young people as well-rounded individuals is an important strategic task for any society. It is devoted to studying the importance of cultural values in improving their moral qualities. It analyzes the interdependence of culture, moral values, and youth education. Young people can strengthen their moral qualities by learning about their cultural heritage, customs, and traditions and integrating them with modern life. The article shows the influence of cultural values on the morality of young people, ways to effectively organize the process of moral education based on moral principles that embody national and universal values. It is emphasized that the moral maturity of young people can be achieved by instilling values such as culture, justice, honesty, and love into their minds.

METHODS OF REPRESENTING ALGORITHMS AND THEIR TYPES, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALGORITHMS FOR LINEAR MEDICAL PROCESS PROBLEMS

Ilxom Zuparov — 2025-11-28

This study is dedicated to exploring methods of representing medical processes algorithmically, their types, and the possibilities of systematically solving problems related to linear medical processes using algorithms. During the research, the methods of expressing algorithms through textual (pseudo-code), visual (flowcharts), formal mathematical models, and programming code were analyzed, and their advantages and limitations were identified. Linear algorithms were determined to be the most effective type in medicine, providing high efficiency in standardizing diagnostic protocols, laboratory tests, treatment procedures, and patient monitoring. Furthermore, modeling of linear algorithms enables process control, reduces errors, and ensures efficient use of resources. The research results confirm the practical significance of applying linear algorithms in clinical protocols and assist in optimizing medical decision-making processes.

CARBON ACIDS: STRUCTURE, CLASSIFICATION, AND NOMENCLATURE

Gulchexra Ergasheva — 2025-11-28

This article provides a scientific analysis of the molecular structure, chemical properties, classification, and nomenclature of carbon acids. Carbon acids are divided into organic and inorganic groups and play a crucial role in biological systems by maintaining pH stability, supporting energy metabolism, and ensuring mineral balance. In industrial processes, they are widely used in the production of polymers, pharmaceuticals, cement, and metal extraction technologies. The article discusses the nomenclature and classification of carbon acids, the impact of molecular structure on chemical reactivity, and their applications in laboratory and practical research. The results confirm the scientific and practical significance of carbon acids and highlight their potential for the development of new bioactive and industrial compounds.

DEVELOPING BASIC SPECIAL AND GENERAL PHYSICAL PREPARATION FOR PARA TABLE TENNIS ATHLETES

Sardorbek Mamadaliyev — 2025-11-28

This article explores the development of basic special and general physical preparation for para table tennis players. The scientific approach to training athletes with disabilities is crucial for improving their sports performance and quality of life. The study identifies key physical abilities required in para table tennis, including agility, coordination, speed, and strength, and offers effective methods for their enhancement. The paper emphasizes the importance of training structure, safety protocols, and practical guidance for inclusive and adaptive sports environments. Recommendations are based on current research and aim to support rehabilitation and sporting success among para-athletes.

A MODERN CONCEPT OF A PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM FOR ENHANCING STUDENTS’ INTELLECTUAL POTENTIAL IN HIGHER EDUCATION

Laziz Po‘latov — 2025-11-28

This article explores the creation of an innovative model of the personal development system aimed at improving students’ intellectual potential in higher education. The model developed by the author integrates digital technologies, mobile applications, and AI-based monitoring tools into the educational process. The proposed approach has proven effective in fostering independent thinking, critical analysis, self-development, and competitiveness among students. Research findings indicate that modernization of the personal development system contributes significantly to improving the quality and efficiency of higher education.

PHYSICAL FITNESS OF TABLE TENNIS PLAYERS WITH DISABILITIES

S.A. Mamadaliyev — 2025-11-28

This article investigates the effectiveness of a special exercise program in developing the physical fitness of 11–12-year-old children with disabilities who practice table tennis. The study was conducted using experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed a set of special exercises for 8 weeks, resulting in significant improvements in coordination, balance, speed, and endurance. The results were analyzed using the Student t-test and P-value, confirming the scientific effectiveness of the special exercise program. Additionally, the exercises contributed to improving the children’s psychological state, self-confidence, social adaptation, and overall health. Regular implementation of the exercises enhanced immunity, physical activity, and fatigue resistance. The study provides practical recommendations for physical education specialists and coaches working with children with disabilities and highlights the impact of physical activity on social and psychological development.

ASOSIY ISHLAB CHIQARISH XARAJATLARI AUDITINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH

Ibroxim Chorshanbiyev — 2025-11-28

Ushbu tezisda asosiy ishlab chiqarish xarajatlarini auditorlik tekshiruvi samaradorligini oshirishning nazariy va amaliy yo‘nalishlari yoritilgan. Ishlab chiqarish xarajatlari korxonaning iqtisodiy natijalarini shakllantiruvchi muhim omil sifatida tahlil qilinadi. Audit jarayonida raqamli texnologiyalarni qo‘llash, ichki nazorat tizimini mustahkamlash hamda xalqaro audit standartlarini amaliyotga joriy etish zarurati asoslab beriladi.

HUDUDLARDA IQTISODIY SAVODXONLIKNI OSHIRISHNING MUAMMOLARI VA YECHIMLARI: SURXONDARYO VILOYATI MISOLIDA

L.E. Soatova — 2025-11-28

This thesis analyzes the current problems of increasing economic literacy in the regions and ways to solve them using the example of Surkhandarya region. Economic literacy is an important factor determining the culture of the population in making financial decisions, the ability to participate in market relations, and the level of rational use of resources. In regional conditions, the level of economic knowledge of the population is uneven, which affects economic stability. The thesis, based on the experience of Surkhandarya region, discusses the problems of increasing economic literacy, the possibilities of using education and digital resources, and future development directions on a scientific basis.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COLLECTIVE AGREEMENT IN UZBEKISTAN’S LABOR LEGISLATION AND ITS ROLE IN SOCIAL LIFE

Shohidaxon Jiyanova — 2025-11-28

This article analyzes the importance of the collective agreement in Uzbekistan’s labor legislation and its role in social life. The collective agreement is a key legal instrument that regulates labor relations and serves as an essential means of balancing the interests of employers and employees. The study highlights the role of collective agreements in ensuring social justice, improving working conditions, and increasing production efficiency. In addition, based on the current legislation and international experience, the article proposes ways to further improve the institution of collective agreements in Uzbekistan.

THE ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING IN FORMING COOPERATIVE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN YOUNG MEN AND GIRL

Aziza Turemuratova — 2025-11-28

This study provides information on the main essence of forming collaborative relationships between young people and the importance of psychological training in improving collaborative skills. Based on this information, we have made recommendations on how to shape the worldview of young people, raise their spirituality and improve their level of thinking through organizing psychological training. We also used information on the role of modern psychological training in creating a collaborative environment to date as the main content of our study.

ЛЕЧЕНИЕ АНЕМИИ У НЕДОНОШЕННЫХ ДЕТЕЙ НА АМБУЛАТОРНОМ ЭТАПЕ

Dilobar Mamirova — 2025-11-28

Определить длительность лечения препаратами железа на основании анализа показателей красной крови недоношенных детей в раннем неонатальном периоде с очень низкой массой тела и экстремально низкой массой тела в течении 12 месяцев скорректированного возраста.

TALABALARNING AXBOROT KOMPETENTLILIGINI RIVOJLANTIRISHNING PEDAGOGIK MUAMMOLARI

Baxtiyor Yakubov — 2025-11-28

The article analyzes the current pedagogical issues of developing students’ information competence. It highlights the importance of integrating information and communication technologies into the educational process, improving teachers’ digital literacy, and enhancing students’ practical skills. Creating software based on the integration of professional subjects is presented as an effective way to develop information competence.

THE USE OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE WORK OF A SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST

Aziza Turemuratova — 2025-11-28

The main purpose of this study is to provide theoretical coverage of the role of psychological training technologies in the activities of school psychologists, types of psychological training and mechanisms for their effective application based on psychological analysis. Also, the psychological and methodological foundations of the introduction of psychological methods and trainings into school practice for the development of psychological services in the educational process in schools are systematically discussed in the study. The use of psychological interviewing technologies in the activities of school psychologists in the organization of psychological training is one of the most effective means of developing students' worldview.

INFLUENCE OF PSYCHOEMOTIONAL FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THEIR REDUCTION

Musomiddin Haydarov — 2025-11-28

This article explores the role of psychoemotional factors in the pathogenesis and progression of ischemic heart disease (IHD). Psychological stress, anxiety, depression, and chronic emotional tension significantly influence coronary circulation, autonomic imbalance, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammatory activation. The article evaluates key mechanisms linking psychoemotional states with myocardial ischemia, presents research-based findings, and offers practical recommendations aimed at reducing psychoemotional burden to prevent IHD progression. This work examines how psychoemotional disturbances influence the progression of ischemic heart disease by altering neurohumoral balance, autonomic activity, and vascular stability. The evaluation is based on evidence linking emotional tension, mental overload, and maladaptive behavioral responses to coronary dysfunction and instability of myocardial oxygen supply. Emphasis is placed on identifying critical mechanisms through which emotional imbalance triggers harmful cardiovascular shifts and on highlighting outcome-based insights derived from current scientific observations.

THE ROLE OF A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE IN CONTROLLING HYPERTENSION

Musomiddin Haydarov — 2025-11-28

Hypertension remains one of the most prevalent chronic cardiovascular disorders worldwide, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. Lifestyle factors play a decisive role in both the development and clinical course of high blood pressure. This article examines the influence of key behavioral and lifestyle modifications on controlling hypertension, summarizes current scientific evidence, and highlights the most effective strategies for non-pharmacological management. This research explores how structured lifestyle optimization contributes to improved regulation of arterial pressure in individuals susceptible to hypertensive disorders. Particular attention is given to behavioral determinants that influence vascular tone, metabolic balance, and autonomic activity. The analysis synthesizes international evidence showing that targeted non-pharmacological measures not only support hemodynamic stability but also reduce long-term cardiovascular vulnerability. Emphasis is placed on demonstrating how dietary structure, routine movement, emotional balance, and harmful-habit restriction collectively strengthen overall circulatory resilience.

SCIENTIFIC AND THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BEHAVIOR DISORDER CORRECTION IN EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

Manzura Qalbaeva — 2025-11-29

This scientific article explores the origins of behavioral disorders, their psychological mechanisms, and pedagogical approaches to correction within educational psychology. It analyzes typical behavioral issues observed in school settings, psychodiagnostic methods, and effective correctional technologies. Based on the scientific perspectives of Uzbek scholars, the article substantiates the possibilities of comprehensive correction of behavioral disorders

THE EDUCATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF FAMILY AND SCHOOL COLLABORATION

Manzura Qalbaeva — 2025-11-29

This article explores the educational significance of effective collaboration between family and school, its impact on the pedagogical process, and its role in students’ personal development. The study analyzes family educational factors, school pedagogical approaches, and their interaction in shaping positive behavior, emotional stability, and social adaptation. Practical recommendations for strengthening family-school collaboration in educational institutions of Uzbekistan are also provided.

ERONDA SIYOSIY PARTIYALAR FAOLIYATI (1925–1979)

Murodjon Qoraboyev — 2025-11-29

This article analyzes the processes of formation and development of political parties in Iran during the reign of the Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979), as well as their relationship with the state system. The study examines political freedoms, the role of opposition and governmental parties during the eras of Reza Shah and Mohammad Reza Shah, and the socio-political preconditions that led to the Islamic Revolution of 1979.

C++ DA OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP) TAMOYILLARINING AMALIY QO‘LLANILISHI

O’g’ilshod Ramazonova — 2025-11-29

This article discusses the principles of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in the C++ programming language and their practical application. OOP is one of the important areas of programming technologies, which allows organizing the program structure in a modular form, reusing code, and simplifying complex software systems. The article discusses the four main principles of OOP - encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction - with theoretical and practical examples. It also discusses methods for modeling real-life processes using classes and objects in the C++ language.

CHIROQCHI DOSTONCHILIK MAKTABINING REPERTUARI VA IJODIY AN’ANALARI (Shomurod baxshi ijodi )

Kamoliddin Egamqulov — 2025-11-29

The epic schools of Southern Uzbekistan have a special place in the art of Bakhshchilik, and they have remarkable features such as their eloquence, the fun way of telling, and the epics in their repertoire that are not found in other epic schools. This article talks about the artistic skills of Shamurod Bakhshi, a representative of the Chirakchi epic school.

CONSTITUTION — THE GUARANTEE OF A FREE AND PROSPEROUS LIFE

Lоlа Hаkimоvа — 2025-11-29

This article analyzes the role of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the life of society and the state, its role in ensuring human rights and freedoms, its importance in building a prosperous society, and its tasks in legally strengthening reforms. Also, the contribution of the new edition of the Constitution to strengthening democratic principles, forming a strong civil society, and establishing a system that honors human dignity is commented on a scientific and theoretical basis.

HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY AND MEMORY: NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE FOUNDATIONS

Umida Manasova — 2025-11-29

Higher nervous activity (HNA) and memory are central components of human cognitive functioning, forming the foundation for perception, learning, problem-solving, and behavior regulation. This article explores the physiological and psychological mechanisms of HNA, including cortical-subcortical interactions, synaptic plasticity, conditioned reflexes, and types of inhibitory control. Memory is examined in relation to neural processing, consolidation, storage, and retrieval, emphasizing the role of the hippocampus, amygdala, limbic system, and cerebral cortex. Special attention is given to classical and operant conditioning, associative learning, and long-term potentiation (LTP) as biological mechanisms of memory formation. The article summarizes recent findings in neurobiology, cognitive science, and psychophysiology, highlighting their role in education, mental health, and behavioral training.

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF INDIVIDUAL ORAL CAVITY HYGIENE STRATEGIES FOR PATIENTS UNDERGOING ORTHODONTIC TREATMEN

Yoqutkhon Khabibjonova — 2025-11-29

Orthodontic treatment fundamentally alters the ecological balance of the oral cavity, creating conditions that facilitate microbial accumulation and soft-tissue inflammation. As fixed appliances interfere with natural self-cleansing mechanisms, the need for personalized hygiene strategies becomes imperative. This theoretical review explores the development and effectiveness of individualized oral hygiene measures grounded in academic literature, clinical guidelines, and preventive dentistry concepts. Unlike standard instructions, individualized programs incorporate detailed assessments of patients’ behavioral characteristics, oral microbiome profiles, appliance types, and anatomical constraints. The article highlights emerging perspectives, including biofilm-targeted hygiene, risk-stratified preventive planning, and the integration of digital monitoring systems. It also examines how psychological, educational, and ergonomic factors influence hygiene performance during orthodontic treatment. The review emphasizes that individualized approaches not only improve plaque control but also reduce therapy interruptions, enhance patient autonomy, and support long-term oral health stability. The findings underscore the importance of adopting a multidimensional strategy that considers biological, behavioral, and technological determinants of hygiene efficacy in orthodontic patients.

SUN’IY INTELLEKT ASOSIDA FISHING VA ZARARLI DASTURLARNI ERTA ANIQLASH UCHUN NEYRON TARMOQLARNI QO‘LLASH

Muzaffar Qirg‘izaliyev — 2025-11-29

The growing challenge of phishing and malware attacks highlights the urgent need for intelligent early detection mechanisms. This article explores the application of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly neural networks, for identifying phishing messages, malicious files, and suspicious network traffic. The study focuses on the effectiveness of Convolutional (CNN) and Recurrent (RNN, LSTM) neural networks. The results show that AI-based systems can achieve over 95% accuracy in early threat detection.

GLOBALLASHUV DAVRIDA RAQAMLI KOMMUNIKATSIYA VOSITALARINING AXLOQIY QADRIYATLARGA TA'SIRI

Munavvarabonu Karimova — 2025-11-29

This article provides a scholarly analysis of the role of social networks in modern society, their impact on individuals’ moral values, the transformation of traditional norms, and the socio-psychological changes occurring in the consciousness of young people. The author evaluates social networks as one of the key factors influencing the formation of moral values.

PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UN CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES: THE EXPERIENCE OF UZBEKISTAN

Bibihayot Boboqulova — 2025-11-29

This article examines the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in the context of Uzbekistan. It analyzes national legislation adopted on the basis of the Convention, as well as reforms in the fields of inclusive education and social protection. The article also highlights existing challenges in the implementation of the Convention and provides recommendations for addressing them. The results of the study reveal the effectiveness of state policies aimed at ensuring the rights of persons with disabilities in Uzbekistan.

METHODS FOR ENRICHING THE VOCABULARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE OF SCHOOLCHILDREN THROUGH ONLINE GAMES

Afruza Abdurahmonova — 2025-11-29

This study provides a comprehensive examination of innovative, technology-mediated approaches to enhancing schoolchildren’s English vocabulary development through the integration of online games into the learning process. In recent years, the rapid advancement of digital technologies has significantly reshaped pedagogical practices, giving rise to interactive learning environments that complement traditional instruction and respond to diverse learner needs. Within this context, game-based digital platforms have gained increasing attention for their capacity to facilitate incremental vocabulary acquisition, strengthen semantic networks, and sustain learner engagement through immersive and motivational elements. The paper offers a systematic overview of the principal types of online games employed in vocabulary instruction—including gamified applications, multiplayer platforms, adaptive learning tools, and scenario-based simulations—and evaluates their pedagogical value from cognitive, socio-constructivist, and communicative perspectives. Particular emphasis is placed on the mechanisms through which these games support retention, such as spaced repetition, contextualized exposure, multimodal input, and immediate feedback.

TIBBIYOT YO‘NALISHI TALABALARI UCHUN LOTIN TILINI SAMARALI O‘RGANISH VOSITALARI VA USULLARI

Aktam Muratzayev — 2025-11-29

This article analyzes effective tools and methods for learning Latin among medical students. It highlights the benefits of digital dictionaries, mobile applications, audio-visual resources, online learning platforms, and traditional grammatical approaches. The article also examines how combining interactive learning methods with classical instruction can enhance the mastery of medical terminology and improve students’ overall academic performance.

О ПОЭМЕ “XAФТ ПАЙКАР” НИЗАМИ ГАНДЖАВИ

Dilbar Babayeva — 2025-11-29

Nizami Ganjavi’s “Haft Paykar” constitutes a highly sophisticated literary-philosophical construct in which cosmological paradigms, ethical doctrines, and a multilayered symbolic architecture converge. Through the progressive characterization of Bahram Gur, Nizami articulates a paradigm of ideal kingship grounded in the harmonization of political authority with metaphysical order and moral self-cultivation. The seven narratives delivered by the seven princesses operate as a semiotic matrix encoding archetypal patterns of human spiritual evolution, including existential trial, epistemic awakening, and ethical refinement. The poem’s elaborate system of chromatic, planetary, and mythopoetic symbolism establishes its metaphysical framework and functions as a vehicle for conveying Nizami’s didactic and philosophical intentions. As a canonical text within the Persian literary tradition, Haft Paykar serves as a pivotal source for examining the development of medieval Eastern ethical thought and symbolic poetics.

THE ROLE OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE AS THE LANGUAGE OF SCIENCE IN EUROPE

Farxod Fayzullayev — 2025-11-29

This article examines the role of the Latin language in the development of European science. It focuses on its influence on scientific terminology, university traditions, and the transmission of knowledge. For centuries, Latin has served as the universal language of European academia and scientific thought.

APHORISMS OF ANTIQUITY AND MODERNITY: LINGUISTIC, CULTURAL, AND PHILOSOPHICAL DIMENSIONS

Maide Fomina — 2025-11-29

Ushbu tadqiqot qadimgi intellektual an’analardan kelib chiqqan, biroq zamonaviy lingvistik va madaniy ongda mustahkam o‘rnashib qolgan aforizmlar korpusini tanqidiy tahlil qiladi. Tadqiqotning asosiy e’tibori ingliz, rus va lotin tillaridagi ularning namoyon bo‘lish shakllariga qaratilib, ushbu birliklarning kontseptual, axloqiy va falsafiy merosni tillararo uzatish vositasi sifatidagi funksiyasini yoritishga xizmat qiladi. Aforizmlar — mazmuni ixcham, biroq ma’no doirasi keng bo‘lgan, ritorik jihatdan sayqal berilgan nutq konstruktsiyalari — lingvistik kompetensiyani boyitish va madaniyatlararo savodxonlikni rivojlantirishning samarali mexanizmidir. Tadqiqot uchta kanonik iboraga — “Knowledge is power” (“Bilim — kuchdir”), “Know thyself” (“O‘zingni bil”) va “The die is cast” (“Qaror qat’iy qabul qilindi”) — qaratilib, ularning tarixiy kelib chiqishi, semantik evolyutsiyasi va kengroq ijtimoiy-madaniy hamda intellektual kontekstlardagi epistemologik ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi. Tahlil shuni ko‘rsatadiki, ushbu iboralar oddiy lingvistik birliklar emas, balki sivilizatsion donishmandlikning barqaror tashuvchilari bo‘lib, inson tafakkuri va tajribasining universal namunalari aks etgan. Tadqiqot natijalari aforizmlarning konseptualizatsiya, axloqiy yo‘naltirish va madaniyatlararo kommunikatsiya vositasi sifatida zamonlararo va tillararo ahamiyatini tasdiqlaydi.

THE ROLE OF PEER ASSESSMENT IN DEVELOPING SPEAKING COMMUNICATION SKILLS

Shahnoza Gaziyeva — 2025-11-29

This study offers a comprehensive investigation into the extent to which peer assessment contributes to the development of speaking communication skills among English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. Employing a quasi-experimental design, the research involved 60 university-level EFL students who were systematically assigned to either an experimental group or a control group. Over an eight-week intervention period, the experimental group participated in a series of structured peer-assessment cycles in which learners evaluated one another’s speaking performances using criterion-referenced rubrics and guided feedback protocols. In contrast, the control group engaged in the same speaking tasks but received only traditional instructor-provided feedback. Multiple data sources—including pre- and post-instruction speaking tests, learner-perception questionnaires, and weekly reflective journals—were triangulated to gather both quantitative and qualitative evidence. The findings revealed a marked and statistically significant improvement among the experimental group across key dimensions of oral competence, specifically fluency, coherence of ideas, communicative confidence, and strategic use of language. Learners who engaged in peer assessment not only demonstrated stronger post-test performance compared to their control-group counterparts but also displayed heightened metacognitive awareness, greater self-regulation, and increased motivation to improve their speaking proficiency. Qualitative analyses further indicated that the peer-assessment process fostered deeper engagement with speaking tasks, encouraged critical listening, and cultivated a more collaborative learning environment. Taken together, these results suggest that peer assessment functions as a powerful pedagogical mechanism for enhancing speaking communication skills in EFL contexts. Beyond serving as an alternative assessment strategy, it operates as a formative learning tool that empowers students to internalize performance criteria, refine communicative strategies, and take greater ownership of their oral language development. The study underscores the pedagogical value of incorporating structured peer-feedback practices into language curricula and offers implications for designing more interactive, learner-centered approaches to speaking instruction.

ЧЕТ ТИЛИНИ ЎКИТИШ ЖАРАЁНИДА ТАЛАБАЛАРНИННГ МУЛОҚОТ МАДАНИЯТИНИ РИВОЖЛАНТИРИШ МЕТОДИКАСИНИ ТАКОМИЛЛАШТИРИШ

G'ofur Nizamov — 2025-11-29

This research article provides an in-depth analysis of the development of intercultural communication competence among prospective English language teachers. It explores the theoretical foundations of intercultural interaction, the interrelationship between language and culture, and the relevance of internationally recognized scholarly models within the pedagogical context. The article also examines comparative aspects of international practices and national educational approaches, identifying effective methodological strategies and innovative technologies aimed at enhancing intercultural competence in teacher education. The study emphasizes the importance of fostering global awareness, communicative adaptability, tolerance, empathy, and intercultural understanding among future teachers. The findings and recommendations presented in the article contribute to improving the training process of English language teachers in accordance with current global educational standards and demands.

IMPROVING THE METHODOLOGY OF DEVELOPING INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION AMONG PROSPECTIVE ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHERS

Gulnoza Nizamova — 2025-11-29

VETERINARIYA VA TIBBIYOT SOHASIDAGI INGLIZ-O‘ZBEK TERMINLARNING MORFOLOGIK VA SEMANTIK XUSUSIYATLARI: QIYOSIY TAHLILI

Otabek Isakov — 2025-11-29

This article provides a comparative analysis of the process of transferring English veterinary and medical terms into the Uzbek language, focusing on their semantic, morphological, and structural features. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that veterinary and medical terminology serves as a key communicative tool in global scientific information exchange. The assimilation of English terms into Uzbek has accelerated significantly in recent years. The article aims to identify the ways these terms adapt to the national language, the translation strategies applied, and the similarities and differences between the terminologies of the two fields.

“INGLIZ TILIDA PAST PERFEKTDA QO‘LLANGAN FE’LLARNING ASPEKTUAL XUSUSIYATLARINI O‘RGANISH VA ULARNI O‘ZBEK TILIDA BERISH USULLARI”

Nilufar Kayumova — 2025-11-29

In human speech activity, the grammatical meanings of verbs play an important role in expressing actions. In the field of aspectology — one of the main branches of linguistics — the “aspect of the verb,” i.e., the verbal category of vid (view), provides information about how an action is carried out and distinguishes between telic (completed) and atelic (uncompleted) types. This article analyzes sentences in the English Past Perfect tense, focusing on their telic or atelic properties. Moreover, comparative analysis is conducted with their Uzbek translations. The research material is taken from J.K. Rowling’s novel Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, where sentences in the Past Perfect tense are identified, classified into telic and atelic aspects, and the mechanisms of their expression in English and Uzbek are explored. The findings show that sentences in the English Past Perfect Simple are almost always telic in aspect, while the occurrence of atelic past perfect constructions is very rare. These issues are explained through examples from both languages.

THE ROLE OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN GLOBALIZED WORLD: THEORITICAL AND PRACTICAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Mokhiniso Kosimova — 2025-11-29

This article explores the role of intercultural communication in a globalized world where interactions among nations and cultures are rapidly expanding. The study analyzes theoretical and practical contributions of the English language as a primary medium of international communication in education, diplomacy, business, and digital environments. It examines the relationship between language and culture, the development of intercultural competence, and strategies for reducing communication barriers. The findings demonstrate that strengthening intercultural competence is essential for promoting mutual understanding, peace, and cooperation in an increasingly interconnected world.

CОNCЕPT ОF WОRD FОRMАTIОN IN ЕNGLISH LАNGUАGЕ

Munira Mirzayeva — 2025-11-29

This article offers an in-depth examination of the theoretical underpinnings of word formation in the English language and elucidates its significance within contemporary linguistic inquiry. Word formation represents a fundamental component of the linguistic system, facilitating the generation of new lexical units, the continual enrichment of the vocabulary, and the emergence of nuanced semantic developments. The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the principal mechanisms of word formation—including affixation, compounding, conversion, abbreviation, and blending—highlighting their functional properties, their distribution across diverse communicative registers, and the evolutionary tendencies shaped by shifting communicative demands. Furthermore, the article investigates the dynamic restructuring of English word-formation processes under the influence of globalization, digital interaction, and technological advancement, as well as the proliferation of neologisms and their growing relevance within international discourse. The findings substantiate that the morphological system of English is undergoing persistent transformation and that the mechanisms of word formation are intricately intertwined with social, cultural, and technological determinants.

DABDABASIZ TO‘Y: IQTISODIY VA MA’NAVIY BARQARORLIK GAROVI!

M.D. Sharopova — 2025-11-29

Bugungi kunda to‘y va boshqa oilaviy marosimlarni ixcham, ortiqcha hashamlarsiz o‘tkazish masalasi jamiyatda dolzarb mavzulardan biriga aylangan. Chunki dabdabali marosimlar ko‘plab oilalar uchun katta moddiy yuk bo‘lishi, yoshlarning mustaqil hayotga qadam qo‘yishida iqtisodiy qiyinchiliklarga sabab bo‘lishi mumkin. Shu bois, soddalikka intilish, sarfni me’yorda qilish va isrofgarchilikning oldini olish umumiy maqsadga aylanishi lozim.

YANGI OʻZBEKISTONDA DINIY-HUQUQIY ISLOHOTLAR: VIJDON ERKINLIGI VA HUQUQIY TRANSFORMATSIYA

Eldor Mamatkulov — 2025-12-02

This article analyzes the ongoing religious and legal reforms in New Uzbekistan, focusing on the legal foundations of freedom of conscience and the processes of religious transformation in society. The results indicate that Uzbekistan has entered a new stage in forming a human rights–based model of religious policy, fostering tolerance, social harmony, and spiritual renewal.

CONCEPTUAL RESEARCH OF THE TERM “INFORMATIONAL-ANALYTICAL COMPETENCE” IN THE CONTEXT OF PEDAGOGY AND PHILOSOPHY

Gulhayo Abdumalikova — 2025-12-02

Informational-analytical competence is increasingly recognized as a critical skill in modern education, encompassing the ability to search, evaluate, interpret, and apply information effectively. This article examines its theoretical foundations and practical implications in pedagogy and philosophy, emphasizing the integration of analytical thinking, reflection, and ethical responsibility. The research highlights how such competence not only facilitates academic and professional success but also promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. By exploring diverse perspectives and interdisciplinary approaches, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of the concept and suggests strategies for its development in educational contexts.

THE THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CLASSIFYING CORRUPTION-RELATED CRIMES

Гўзалхон Нурмуҳаммедова — 2025-12-02

This article examines the theoretical and legal foundations for classifying corruption-related crimes, emphasizing the role of accurately defining the object of the offense in ensuring correct legal qualification and consistent application of criminal law. International standards — particularly the UN Convention against Corruption and the Council of Europe instruments — are analyzed to show how the protected object is linked to public service integrity and societal trust. The study compares national and international approaches, distinguishes corruption, quasi-corruption, and disciplinary violations, and highlights how misidentifying the object may lead to errors in prosecution, sanctions, and legal certainty.

HARBIY HARAKATLARNI BOSHQARISHDA UCHUVCHISIZ UCHISH APPARATLARINING O’RNI VA RO’LI

Bexzod Ziyayev — 2025-12-02

Ushbu maqolada harbiy harakatlarni boshqarishda uchuvchisiz uchish apparatlarining o'rni va ro'li muhokama qilinadi. Uchuvchisiz uchish apparatlari zamonaviy harbiy texnologiyalarni rivojlantirishda muhim ahamiyatga ega bo'lib, ular razvedka, kuzatuv, va harbiy operatsiyalarni amalga oshirishda samaradorlikni oshiradi. Maqolada ushbu apparatlarning afzalliklari, qo'llanilish sohalari va harbiy strategiyalarni shakllantirishdagi ta'siri tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, uchuvchisiz uchish apparatlarining kelajakdagi rivojlanish istiqbollari va ularning harbiy sohadagi o'rni ham ko'rib chiqiladi.

THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE INFORMATION LIBRARY

Yusup Mannonov — 2025-12-02

The article provides information about the importance of innovative technologies in information libraries, electronic databases, electronic catalogs, virtual services, electronic library systems, the role of artificial intelligence in library activities. It also presents the current importance of artificial intelligence, and various methods based on artificial intelligence.

CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION CHALLENGES IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING

Farangis Davrozova — 2025-12-02

This article, discusses the issues of intercultural communication in teaching English. In the era of globalization, English language proficiency is becoming not just a tool for linguistic communication, but also a bridge for intercultural interaction. However, when teaching English, serious problems often arise specifically related to intercultural communication. These barriers can hinder not only language progress, but also the formation of full-fledged intercultural competence among students.

O‘ZBEKISTONDA URAN.GEOLOGIK ZAXIRALAR, QAZIB OLISH JARAYONI VA ISTIQBOLI

Mexriddin Abduravukov — 2025-12-02

Ushbu maqolada O‘zbekiston hududidagi uran zaxiralari, ularning geologik tuzilishi, qazib olish texnologiyalari va iqtisodiy ahamiyati ilmiy asosda yoritilgan. Maqolada shuningdek uran sanoatining O‘zbekiston iqtisodiyotidagi o‘rni, eksport salohiyati va kelajakda rivojlanish istiqbollari ham yoritilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari uran sanoatini barqaror rivojlantirishda geologik izlanishlarning ahamiyatini tasdiqlaydi.

BOYITUVCHI MODDALARNING OZIQ-OVQAT MAHSULOTLARIDA KAMAYISHI VA KÓPAYISHI

Mexriban Muratbaeva — 2025-12-02

Ushbu ishda oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini boyituvchi elementlar bilan boyitish jarayoni, ularning miqdorining kamayishi va kópayichiga ta’sir etuvchi omillar hamda samaradorlikni oshirish yo‘llari yoritilgan. Bayitishning asosiy maqsadi — aholi orasida uchraydigan mikronutrient yetishmovchiligini kamaytirish va sog‘lom ovqatlanishni ta’minlashdir. Ishda texnologik jarayonlar, saqlash sharoitlari, mahsulot tarkibi va nazorat tizimining boyitish darajasiga ta’siri tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, tabiiy boyitish, mikroenkapsulyatsiya va xalqaro tashkilotlar dasturlari orqali bayitish samaradorligini oshirish imkoniyatlari ko‘rsatib o‘tilgan. Natijada, oziq-ovqatlarni boyitish jarayonini takomillashtirish uchun texnik, siyosiy va ilmiy yondashuvlarning uyg‘unligi muhimligi asoslab berilgan.

JINOIY JAVOBGARLIKNI BELGILASHDA SHAXSNING YOSHI, RUHIY HOLATI VA IJTIMOIY MAQOMINI HISOBGA OLISH MASALASI

Muqutoy Raxmatova — 2025-12-02

Ushbu ilmiy ishda jinoiy javobgarlikni belgilash jarayonida shaxsning yoshi, ruhiy holati va ijtimoiy maqomini hisobga olishning huquqiy asoslari hamda ularning amaliy ahamiyati chuqur tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda voyaga yetmagan shaxslarning psixologik rivojlanish darajasi, ularning ijtimoiy tajribasining cheklanganligi va tarbiyaviy omillar tufayli jinoyat sodir etishdagi mas’uliyatini baholashning o‘ziga xos jihatlari yoritiladi. Shaxsning ruhiy holati nuqtai nazaridan aqli noraso yoki vaqtincha ruhiy buzilish holatlarida sodir etilgan xatti-harakatlarning jinoiy oqibatlari, sud-psixiatriya ekspertizasining o‘rni va jinoiy javobgarlikdan ozod etish mezonlari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Ijtimoiy maqom masalasida esa shaxsning oilaviy ahvoli, kasbiy faoliyati, jamiyatdagi nufuzi, jinoyat sodir etilishiga ta’sir qilishi mumkin bo‘lgan ijtimoiy muhit va ijtimoiy rolning ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi. Ishda O‘zbekiston Respublikasining amaldagi jinoyat kodeksi normalari, sud amaliyoti, xalqaro huquqiy standartlar hamda ilg‘or xorijiy tajribalar o‘zaro taqqoslanadi. Tadqiqot natijalari jinoiy javobgarlikni individuallashtirish, jazoni adolatli belgilash va insonparvarlik tamoyillarini kuchaytirishda muhim nazariy-amaliy asos bo‘lib xizmat qiladi.

THE ROLE OF THE STATE AND SOCIETY IN PROTECTING CHILDREN'S RIGHTS

Nordona Norqulova — 2025-12-02

This article analyzes the role of parents in the protection of children's rights, their responsibility, the state and society's mutual relations in the protection of children's rights. The role of the state and society, as well as parents, is important in protecting children's rights. Therefore, modern approaches to the protection of children's rights and their practical problems are studied in the research. Particular attention is paid to international conventions, the role of the state and society, strengthening public control, legality, living, education, choosing a name and other rights in the protection of children's rights.

O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASIDA TA’LIM SOHASIDA AMALGA OSHIRILGAN ISLOHOTLAR

Sitoraxon Orishboyeva — 2025-12-02

Ushbu maqola O'zbekiston Respublikasi ta'lim sohasida amalga oshirilayotgan islohotlar va ularning samarali choralariga bag'ishlangan. Yangilangan strategiyalar, institutsional o'zgarishlar, maktabgacha ta'limdan tortib umumiy va oliy ta'limgacha bo'lgan barcha darajalarda moliyalashtirish va o'qituvchilarni tayyorlashdagi o'zgarishlar chuqur tahlil qilingan. Mualliflar Prezident Shavkat Mirziyoyev boshchiligidagi davlat siyosati, "Strategiya" va 2026-yilgacha rejalashtirilgan maqsadlar, shuningdek, GPE, UNICEF va Islom taraqqiyot banki (ISDB) bilan hamkorlikda amalga oshirilgan loyihalar - maktab infratuzilmasini rivojlantirish, yangi o'quv markazlarini tashkil etish, o'qituvchilarni tayyorlash va raqamli transformatsiyani ko'rib chiqadilar. Maqolada ta'lim sifatini va barqaror rivojlanishni yaxshilashga qaratilgan tashabbuslarning ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy ahamiyati, shuningdek, istiqbolli natijalar va kelajakdagi muammolar ta'kidlangan.

KREATIV YONDASHUV ASOSIDA OʻQUVCHILARLARDA IXTIROCHILIK QOBILIYATLARINI RIVOJLANTIRISH (TEXNOLOGIYA FANI MISOLIDA)

Qunduzoy Yangiboyeva — 2025-12-02

Mazkur tezisda ta’lim jarayonida kreativ yondashuvning ahamiyati, o‘quvchilarda ixtirochilik qobiliyatlarini shakllantirishda texnologiya fanining o‘rni va imkoniyatlari tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, ijodiy fikrlashni rag‘batlantiruvchi o‘qitish uslublari, loyiha asosida o‘qitish, muammoli vaziyatlar yaratish va texnologik dizayn yondashuvining samaradorligi haqida fikr yuritilgan.

OILA VA MAKTAB HAMKORLIGI IJTIMOIY PEDAGOGIKA NUQTAI NAZARIDA

Dilso'z Ochilova — 2025-12-02

Mazkur maqolada oila va maktab hamkorligi ijtimoiy pedagogika nuqtai nazaridan tahlil qilingan. Unda bolaning shaxs sifatida shakllanishida oila va maktabning o‘zaro aloqasi, ijtimoiy pedagogning bu jarayondagi roli hamda hamkorlikning asosiy shakllari yoritilgan. Shuningdek, hamkorlikning ijtimoiy-pedagogik ahamiyati, uning bola ijtimoiylashuvi va tarbiyasiga ko‘rsatadigan ta’siri haqida fikr yuritilgan.

ETHICAL NORMS AND SPIRITUAL RESPONSIBILITY OF A PSYCHOLOGIST-TRAINER

Aziza Turemuratova — 2025-12-02

This study provides information about the main stages of forming a culture of oratory in the ethical standards of a psychologist-trainer. Also, a psychologist-trainer, taking a responsible approach to organizing training sessions, gives instructions on organizing training sessions based on his pedagogical skills and psychological potential. Using methodological methods in organizing training sessions helps to increase the experience of a psychologist-trainer. The trainer's oratory culture, the use of new programs in organizing training sessions ensure the usefulness of the training sessions. A psychologist-trainer, in turn, has an advantage in organizing psychological training sessions, as he has extensive experience and psychological potential.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF TEACHING METHODS AND FORMS

Aziza Turemuratova — 2025-12-02

This study provides information on the use of innovative teaching methods and the practical application of educational forms. It also discusses the advantages of collaborative learning and interactive learning methods in modern educational methods. The effectiveness of education can be increased by using forms of educational methods based on modern pedagogical research in the formation of teaching techniques.

ADABIY YONDASHUVLAR ASOSIDA YORDAMIDA CHET TILI O‘QITISH STRATEGIYALARI

Q.K. Tagayev — 2025-12-02

This article examines the role of the literary approach in foreign language acquisition and the development of learners’ communicative competence. Literature is regarded as an essential, effective, and motivational tool in foreign language teaching. The study highlights how integrating literary sources into the teaching process enhances learning efficiency, increases learner motivation, and develops language skills. Particular attention is given to the importance of selecting appropriate literary texts according to learners’ proficiency levels in order to ensure meaningful engagement and communicative development.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PRINCIPLE OF LABOR FREEDOM AND THE PROHIBITION OF FORCED LABOR IN THE LABOR LEGISLATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

Shohidaxon Jiyanova — 2025-12-02

This thesis analyzes the legal and social significance of the principles of labor freedom and the prohibition of forced labor in the labor legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Labor freedom is recognized as one of the fundamental constitutional rights, and the mechanisms for its practical implementation, particularly its compliance with the Labor Code and international labor standards, are highlighted. Furthermore, the study examines the state policies aimed at combating forced labor, cooperation with international organizations, as well as the achievements and existing challenges in this area. The research results are of significant theoretical and practical importance for improving labor law, protecting human rights, and promoting fair labor relations.

THE CONSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE RIGHT OF CITIZENS OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN TO FREEDOM OF LABOR

Shohidaxon Jiyanova — 2025-12-02

This thesis analyzes the constitutional foundations of the right of citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan to freedom of labor. Labor freedom is recognized as one of the fundamental constitutional rights of individuals, and the study highlights its legal guarantees, mechanisms for practical implementation, and consistency with the Labor Code and other normative legal acts. In addition, the legal responsibilities and practical roles of state authorities, employers, and citizens in ensuring labor freedom are examined. The research findings have significant theoretical and practical relevance for the development of labor law, protection of human rights, and promotion of social justice.

THE ROLE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISEASES

Akhadulla Akhmedov — 2025-12-02

This article scientifically analyzes the role and importance of the immune system in respiratory diseases. The anatomical structure of the respiratory tract and lung organs, the innate and adaptive response mechanisms of the immune system, as well as its role in inflammatory processes are considered in detail. Also, the dysfunction of the immune system in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, pneumonia and viral infections, its diagnostic and therapeutic potential are analyzed. The study shows the urgent importance of immune system mechanisms in the development of strategies for the prevention, early detection and effective treatment of respiratory diseases.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING TOURISM POTENTIAL IN THE BUKHARA REGION

Niginabegim Nuriddinova — 2025-12-02

This article analyzes the domestic and international tourism potential of the Bukhara region and evaluates it based on comparative indicators with other regions. During the research, aspects such as tourism infrastructure, service quality, transport system, cultural and natural resources, local community participation, and digital marketing opportunities were examined. Furthermore, through comparative analysis, the strengths and weaknesses of Bukhara’s tourism potential were identified, and recommendations for its development were proposed. The results show that despite Bukhara’s rich historical heritage and natural resources, certain areas still face challenges related to infrastructure and service quality.

MODERN CLASSIFICATION AND MODERN VIEWS OF RATIONAL HEMOSTATIC PHARMACOTHERAPY

Hikmatillo Turayev — 2025-12-02

This article presents an extensive overview of current approaches to the classification of hemostatic agents and evaluates modern concepts of rational hemostatic pharmacotherapy. It analyzes the mechanisms of action, clinical benefits, and limitations of various groups of hemostatic drugs, considering recent evidence-based guidelines. Special emphasis is placed on individualized therapy, pharmacodynamic characteristics, and safety issues in different clinical situations where bleeding control is required. This study provides an in-depth scientific evaluation of contemporary principles governing the use of hemostatic pharmacotherapy. It focuses on advanced drug groups, their functional distinctions, and current clinical directions for managing various bleeding states. Special attention is given to mechanistic diversity, therapeutic precision, and safety-centered decision-making. Modern diagnostic technologies and personalized strategies are also assessed for their contribution to optimizing treatment effects, reducing adverse complications, and improving outcomes.

OPTIMIZATION OF DIAGNOSTICS, TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF CONCOMITANT DIVERGENT STRABISMUS WITH A VERTICAL COMPONENT

Dilfuza Jalalova — 2025-12-03

Strabismus is a permanent or periodic deviation of the visual axis of the eye from the fixation point, which leads to impaired binocular vision. Strabismus is manifested by an external defect - deviation of the eye / eyes towards the nose or temple, up or down. In addition, a patient with strabismus may experience double vision, dizziness and headaches, decreased vision and amblyopia. Diagnosis of strabismus includes an ophthalmological examination (visual acuity test, biomicroscopy, perimetry, ophthalmoscopy, skiascopy, refractometry, biometric examination of the eye, etc.), neurological examination. Treatment of strabismus is carried out using glasses or contact correction, hardware procedures, pleoptic, orthoptic and diploptic methods, and surgical correction.

ОЦЕНКА ФУНКЦИИ ПОЧЕК НА ФОНЕ ИНСУЛИНОРЕЗИСТЕНТНОСТИ

Машхура Мамадиярова — 2025-12-03

Инсулинорезистентность снижает чувствительность клеток к инсулину и негативно влияет на функцию почек, повышая риск хронической болезни почек. Раннее выявление нарушений с помощью лабораторных показателей и биомаркеров (креатинин, eGFR, альбуминурия, цистатин C, NGAL) позволяет своевременно проводить профилактику и коррекцию терапии. Комплексный подход, включая коррекцию образа жизни, физическую активность и фармакотерапию, способствует замедлению прогрессирования почечной патологии.

O‘QUVCHILARDA MUSTAQIL FIKRLASH KO‘NIKMALARINI SHAKLLANTIRISH USULLARI

X. Orziqulov — 2025-12-03

This study addresses the urgent issues of developing independent thinking skills in students. Independent thinking is a crucial component of modern education, enhancing students' personal development, their ability to creatively approach problematic situations, and make decisions. The research analyzes advanced pedagogical technologies, interactive methods, critical thinking exercises, debates, and project-based activities that contribute to the development of independent thinking. Additionally, the openness of the learning environment and the free interaction between teachers and students in this process are given special attention. The findings of this study contribute to shaping students' culture of thinking and fostering them as free, independent, and responsible individuals.

SHAXSGA YO`NALTIRILGAN TA’LIM TEXNOLOGIYASINING TARBIYA JARAYONIDAGI AHAMIYATI

Gulnora Yusufaliyeva — 2025-12-03

In this article, the theoretical foundations, essence, advantages, and effectiveness of learner-centered educational technology in the process of upbringing are discussed. In addition, the pedagogical and psychological significance of the learner-centered approach, its role in the development of the learner’s personality, and its impact on the effectiveness of upbringing are scientifically analyzed.