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PERSONALITY RESEARCH METHODS
Tursunboyeva Guljahon Qurolboy qizi
Student at Karakalpak State University
Mangliyeva Nozima Olloyor qizi
Student at Karakalpak State University
Kamalova Sevara Yuldashevna
Student at Karakalpak State University
Tuvaqov Asadbek Jumaboy o'g'li
Student at Karakalpak State University
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15513263
Abstract.
This study examines the concepts of projection and self-projection, the
characteristics and classification of projective techniques. It provides a description of the goals
and stages of the "Associative Drawing Test" technique, aimed at identifying and actively using
the potential of the individual.
Keywords:
personality psychology, character, psychological processes, philosophical
and literary period, clinical period, purely experimental period, projective method, test,
intelligence, hypothesis, associative method, experiment, interpretation.
SHAXSNI TADQIQ ETISH METODLARI
Annotatsiya.
Ushbu tadqiqot loyihalar va avtoloyihalar tushunchalarini, proektiv
usullarni tan olish va tasniflashni o'rganadi. Xususiyatlari berilgan, "Shaxsning potentsialini
aniqlash va faol foydalanishga qaratilgan assotsiativ chizma testi" usulining maqsadlari va
bosqichlari tavsiflangan.
Kalit so'zlar:
shaxs psixologiyasi, xarakter, psixologik jarayonlar, falsafiy va adabiy
davr, klinik davr, sof eksperimental davr, proyektiv usul, test, intellekt, gipoteza, assotsiativ
metod, eksperiment, talqin.
МЕТОДЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЛИЧНОСТИ
Аннотация.
В данном исследовании рассматриваются понятия проекции и
самопроекции, признаки и классификация проективных методик. Дается
характеристика, описываются цели и этапы методики «Тест ассоциативного
рисования, ориентированной на выявление и активное использование потенциала
личности.
Ключевые слова:
психология личности, характер, психологические процессы,
философско-литературный период, клинический период, чисто экспериментальный
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период, проективный метод, тест, интеллект, гипотеза, ассоциативный метод,
эксперимент, интерпретация.
Introduction
The category of "personality" is the most important, basic concept of general
psychology, while the section "personality psychology" forms its basis. Knowledge of this area
of psychology allows any specialist to work effectively.
To characterize a person as a subject of activity, it is necessary and sufficient to
characterize his attitude to the activity. Since human consciousness is generally active,
relationships are not only the mental properties of the individual, but also the qualitative
features of mental processes: observation, sensitivity, attentiveness. Motives of activity can also
be characterized as relationships: needs and interests. Therefore, the general principles of
psychological research of personality are determined by how the relationships of the individual
are understood. Personality psychology became an experimental science in the first decade of
the 20th century. However, theoretical research began much earlier. In the history of personality
studies, three main periods can be distinguished:
• Philosophical-literary period;
• Clinical period;
• Purely experimental period.
Philosophical-literary period. This period began in antiquity and lasted until the
beginning of the 19th century. During this period, information related to personality psychology
was mainly reflected in the works of philosophers and writers, in which the moral and social
nature of the individual was discussed. The definition of the individual in the philosophical-
literary period was very comprehensive, covering the biology, psychology, behavior, culture,
and even property of the individual. Methodology of psychological research is a set of methods
used in a specific study and determined by the corresponding methodology. Methods of
personality research include testing and projective techniques Projective method is a method of
personality research based on identifying projections of the personality traits of the subject in
the experimental data with subsequent interpretation.
Test (from the English test - sample, trial) is a standardized task, the result of which
allows measuring the psychological characteristics of the subject. Thus, the purpose of a test
study is to test, diagnose certain psychological characteristics of a person, and its result is a
quantitative indicator that is correlated with previously established relevant norms and
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standards. The use of certain and specific tests in psychology most clearly demonstrates the
general theoretical principles of the researcher and the entire study. Thus, in foreign
psychology, test studies are usually understood as a means of identifying and measuring the
innate intellectual and characterological characteristics of subjects.
Tests are distinguished: ability and achievement tests, as well as personality tests
(questionnaires, projective). Ability tests are designed to measure the level of development of
certain abilities (mental processes, intelligence, professional abilities) in an individual.
Achievement tests are used to determine achievements in various types of activities
(study, work). Personality tests are designed to determine various psychological qualities of an
individual (motives, relationships, values), individual characteristics (temperament, character,
emotional state). Questionnaires or projective tests are used for this. Validity is the
correspondence of test results to the characteristic it is intended to measure. Reliability is the
property of a test to give similar results upon repeated measurement. Reliability as internal
consistency is the focus of all elements of a test scale on measuring one quality.
Representativeness is the correspondence between the norms (intervals on a test scale)
obtained on a sample and the norms that can be obtained on a population. Reliability is the
property of a test to counteract falsification - intentional or unconscious distortion of results by
subjects. The main feature of projective techniques can be designated as a relatively
unstructured task, i.e. a task that allows for an almost unlimited variety of possible answers. In
order for the individual's imagination to run wild, only brief, general instructions are given. For
the same reason, test stimuli are usually vague or ambiguous. The hypothesis on which such
tasks are built is that the way an individual perceives and interprets test material or "structures"
of a situation should reflect fundamental aspects of the functioning of his psyche. Usually,
projective techniques are also methods of disguised testing, since the subject rarely suspects the
type of psychological interpretation that will be given to his answers. The projective method is
provided by a set of projective techniques (projective tests), among which are: a) associative
(for example, the Rorschach test, the test of unfinished sentences); b) interpretative (for
example, the thematic apperception test (TAT), which requires interpreting social situations
depicted in pictures); c) expressive (e.g. psychodrama, drawing of a person, non-existent
animal).
Associative experiment is one of the first projective methods. Z. Freud and his followers
assumed that uncontrolled associations are a symbolic or sometimes even direct projection of
the internal, often unconscious content of consciousness.
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This allows using an associative experiment to identify and describe affective
complexes. In the context of such an understanding of associations, all projective techniques
can be classified as a type of associative experiment.
Conversation method - the specific role of conversation as a method of personality
research follows from the fact that in it the subject gives a verbal report on the properties and
manifestations of his personality. Therefore, in a conversation, the subjective side of the
personality is revealed with the greatest completeness - self-awareness and self-assessment of
personality properties, experiences and emotional attitude expressed in them, etc.
The correct formulation of questions is of great importance. A necessary condition for
this method is the presence of a trusting contact between the subject and the experimenter.
The method of characterological conversation is a special form of natural experiment.
A special place in the system of research methods, intermediate between the observation
method and artificial experiment, is occupied by the "natural experiment" of A.F. Lazursky. A
characteristic feature of a natural experiment is that it brings the study closer to natural
conditions; it is carried out in a normal environment for the subject. Using the method of a
natural experiment, it is possible to observe the subject under certain conditions in purposefully
created situations, organizing observation according to a pre-planned plan. Observation of the
behavior and reactions of the subject allows you to get an idea of the characteristics of the
personality as a whole and its individual properties.
Biographical method - allows you to study the stages of the life path, the features of
personality formation, can be a supplement when interpreting data obtained by experimental
methods.Questionnaires as one of the methods for studying personality are used to diagnose the
degree of expression of certain personal characterological or other traits in an individual.
There are 2 types of questionnaires:
•
one-dimensional - one particular characteristic is diagnosed
•
multidimensional - provide information about a whole range of different personality
traits. Only closed questions.
Questionnaires consist of a number of scales or factors. Each scale includes a set of
questions, statements aimed at identifying a particular property. The emergence of a projective
approach to personality diagnostics is an important stage in the development of
psychodiagnostics, as methods appear that are qualitatively different from traditional ones.
Projective methods are widely used in the practice of personality research in all areas of
modern psychology.
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It is known that people's drawings reveal significant features of their personality, their
deepest personal problems. Drawing in psychology is a kind of self-projection of the
personality, a creative process. At the moment of drawing, a person uses the entire system of
his psychological capabilities (conscious, unconscious). Let us consider in more detail the
concept of projection. The psychological concept of projection (from the Latin projectio -
throwing out, throwing forward) first appears in psychoanalysis, belongs to Z. Freud (1894)
and is associated with the defense mechanisms of the "I". Understanding projection as a defense
mechanism was called "classical projection". Subsequently, both within and outside
psychoanalysis, the concept of projection received different interpretations. Projective
techniques were first considered in the studies of F. Galton, who studied the associative process.
Later, K. G. Jung created a test that allowed one to actualize experiences - personality
complexes. In the late 19th - early 20th centuries, F. E. Rybakov actively explored imagination.
At the same time, A. Binet in France experimented with amorphous colored and monochrome
ink spots. All these studies are considered the prehistory of the projective technique.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it can be said that the effective use of a method depends on its validity
and reliability. Reliability and validity are the criteria by which the quality and high efficiency
of psychological diagnosis can be determined.
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