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THE HOUTHI MILITIAS RECRUITMENT AND USE OF CHILD SOLDIERS: LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES AND CHALLENGES
Ghulam Mohammad Qanet
Assistant Professor, Public Law Department, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Herat
University.
Navid Nabil
Senior Assistant Professor, Public Law Department, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Herat
University.
Kambiz Rahmani
Teaching Assistant Professor, Private Law Department, Faculty of Law and Political Science,
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15328196
Abstract. The recruitment and use of child soldiers by Houthi militias in armed conflict
present significant legal and humanitarian challenges. This paper examines the legal
implications of these actions, focusing on the applicable international legal framework and the
potential avenues for accountability. International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and International
Human Rights Law (IHRL) unequivocally prohibit the recruitment and use of children under the
age of 18 in armed forces. These prohibitions are enshrined in treaties such as the Geneva
Conventions Additional Protocols; Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC); Optional
Protocol to the CRC on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (2000) (OPAC), and as
well as the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). Moreover, the paper uses a
doctrinal approach
research design to systematically collect and analyze numerical data. The
goal is to measure the extent of the problem, examine the legal consequences, and identify the
challenges related to the recruitment and use of child soldiers by the Houthi militias.
Furthermore, evidence suggests that Houthi forces have recruited children, deployed them in
combat roles, and subjected them to various forms of abuse. These actions constitute war crimes
under ICC, and individuals within the Houthi hierarchy may be held criminally responsible.
However, bringing perpetrators to justice faces significant challenges, including the ongoing
conflict, limited access to evidence, and political obstacles. This study underscores the urgency
of addressing the Houthi's use of child soldiers and the importance of ensuring accountability
for these grave violations of international law.
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Keywords: Armed Conflict, Child Soldiers, Houthi Militias, Humanitarian Challenges,
Recruitment.
ВЕРБОВКА И ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ДЕТЕЙ-СОЛДАТ ОПОЛЧЕНЦАМИ-
ХУСИТАМИ: ПРАВОВЫЕ ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯ И ПРОБЛЕМЫ
Аннотация. Вербовка и использование детей-солдат ополченцами-хуситами в
вооруженном конфликте представляет собой существенные правовые и гуманитарные
проблемы. В данной статье рассматриваются правовые последствия этих действий с
упором на применимую международно-правовую базу и потенциальные пути привлечения
к ответственности. Международное гуманитарное право (МГП) и международное
право прав человека (МППЧ) однозначно запрещают вербовку и использование детей в
возрасте до 18 лет в вооруженных силах. Эти запреты закреплены в таких договорах,
как Дополнительные протоколы к Женевским конвенциям; Конвенция о правах ребенка
(КПР); Факультативный протокол к КПР, касающийся участия детей в вооруженных
конфликтах (2000 г.) (OPAC), а также Римский статут Международного уголовного
суда (МУС). Кроме того, в статье используется доктринальный подход к
исследовательскому дизайну для систематического сбора и анализа числовых данных.
Цель состоит в том, чтобы измерить масштаб проблемы, изучить правовые
последствия и выявить проблемы, связанные с вербовкой и использованием детей-солдат
ополченцами-хуситами. Кроме того, доказательства свидетельствуют о том, что силы
хуситов вербовали детей, использовали их в боевых действиях и подвергали их различным
формам жестокого обращения. Эти действия являются военными преступлениями в
соответствии с Международным уголовным судом, и лица в иерархии хуситов могут
быть привлечены к уголовной ответственности. Однако привлечение виновных к
ответственности
сталкивается
со
значительными
проблемами,
включая
продолжающийся конфликт, ограниченный доступ к доказательствам и политические
препятствия. В этом исследовании подчеркивается неотложность решения проблемы
использования хуситов детей-солдат и важность обеспечения ответственности за эти
серьезные нарушения международного права.
Ключевые слова: вооруженный конфликт, дети-солдаты, ополчения хуситов,
гуманитарные проблемы, вербовка.
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1-
Introduction
The recruitment and use of child soldiers by armed groups is a grave violation of
international human rights and humanitarian law, with far-reaching consequences for the
affected children and their communities. Among the various groups involved in such activities,
the Houthi militias in Yemen have been particularly notorious. Their systematic recruitment and
utilization of children in armed conflict have not only exacerbated the humanitarian crisis in the
region but also posted significant legal and ethical challenges on the international stage (Sheikh,
2022: 1-11). The practice of recruiting child soldiers is explicitly prohibited under various
international legal instruments such as Geneva Conventions, Additional protocols, The CRC and
its OPAC set clear standards against the recruitment and use of individuals under the age of 18
for military purposes. The ICC further classifies the conscription of child soldiers as a war crime,
underscoring the severity of such actions. Despite these robust legal frameworks, enforcement
remains a critical issue, particularly in conflict zones where governance and judicial systems are
weakened or non-existent (Rasakandan, 2022: 230-235).
Yemen's protracted conflict, involving multiple factions and external actors, has created
an environment where children are exceptionally vulnerable to recruitment by armed groups like
the Houthi militias. These children, often coerced or manipulated, are subjected to harsh
conditions, including combat roles, logistical support, and even human shields. The exploitation
of children in such a manner strips them of their innocence and subjects them to severe physical
and psychological trauma. The legal consequences of the Houthi militias' recruitment and use of
child soldiers are manifold. International law not only seeks to prevent such practices but also
aims to hold perpetrators accountable through various mechanisms (Dönmez, 2023: 85-97). The
ICC, for instance, plays a crucial role in prosecuting individuals responsible for war crimes,
including the conscription of child soldiers. However, bringing those accountable to justice poses
significant challenges, especially in regions where conflict and instability prevail (Graf, 2012:
945-959).
One of the key obstacles in addressing the issue of child soldiers is the lack of effective
enforcement mechanisms. While international treaties and conventions provide a legal basis for
action, the reality on the ground often hampers their implementation. Weak governance, lack of
judicial infrastructure, and ongoing violence make it difficult to investigate, prosecute, and
punish those responsible for recruiting and using child soldiers. Moreover, the political dynamics
within Yemen and the involvement of external actors further complicate efforts to address this
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issue (Okereke, 2024: 1961-1972). In addition to legal challenges, there are significant
humanitarian concerns associated with the use of child soldiers. These children suffer from
severe psychological and social impacts that persist long after the conflict has ended. The trauma
of being involved in combat, the loss of family and community, and the stigmatization they face
upon returning home are profound and enduring. Addressing these issues requires
comprehensive rehabilitation and reintegration programs that provide psychological support,
education, and vocational training to help former child soldiers rebuild their lives (Abdalatif,
2021: 12-22).
2-
Legal Frameworks Governing Child Soldiers
The issue of child soldiers—children under the age of 18 who are recruited or used in
armed conflict represents a severe violation of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). IHL seeks
to protect those who are not directly participating in hostilities, especially vulnerable groups like
children (Bosch, 2012: 344-364). The legal framework surrounding child soldiers is founded on
multiple treaties and conventions that establish protections for minors in times of war, aiming to
prevent their recruitment, use, and exploitation in combat (Groome, 2016: 13-33). Moreover,
The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols are central to the protection of
civilians, including children, during armed conflict. While the original Geneva Conventions did
not specifically address child soldiers, Protocol I (1977) and Protocol II (1977) introduced
significant provisions to protect children in international and non-international armed conflicts.
Protocol I prohibits the direct participation of children under the age of 15 in hostilities,
while Protocol II similarly forbids their use in non-international armed conflicts. These
provisions are critical because they lay the foundation for prohibiting the recruitment and use of
children in military actions (Williams, 2011: 1072-1080).
The CRC (1989), a cornerstone of international child protection, prohibits the recruitment
and use of children in armed conflict. The OPAC raises the minimum age for recruitment and
direct participation in hostilities to 18 years. This protocol explicitly aims to prevent the
recruitment of children into armed forces and non-state armed groups and urges states to take
measures to prevent such recruitment. It also holds parties accountable for violations, including
the recruitment of children under the age of 18 (Gasparic, A. (2024:119-127; Gašparić, 2024:
119-125; Dönmez, 2023: 85-97). The Rome Statute of the ICC further strengthens the legal
framework by classifying the recruitment or use of children under the age of 15 as a war crime.
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According to Article 8(2)(b)(xxvi) of the Rome Statute, the conscription or enlistment of
children under 15 into armed forces or groups and their use in hostilities is a war crime. This
statute provides a mechanism for prosecuting individuals responsible for the recruitment of child
soldiers, offering a form of accountability through international justice (Mohammed Alashqar,
2023: 61-73; Alamuddin, 2010: 1219-1233; Knoops, 2018: 178-186).
Despite these robust legal frameworks, enforcing the prohibition of child soldiers remains
a significant challenge. Non-state armed groups and militias, which are often involved in internal
conflicts, may ignore international prohibitions and continue to recruit children. States facing
internal armed conflicts may also fail to adhere to these protections or lack the capacity to
prevent child soldier recruitment (Yurdakul, 2024: 85-101; Littman, 2017: 3-15). Moreover, the
enforcement of these laws requires strong international cooperation, effective legal frameworks
for prosecution, and comprehensive measures for child rehabilitation and reintegration into
society post-conflict. IHL provides a comprehensive legal structure aimed at protecting children
from the horrors of armed conflict by prohibiting their recruitment and use as soldiers (Faulkner,
2021: 647-659). The Geneva Conventions, CRC, Rome Statute, and other international treaties
play a critical role in safeguarding children’s rights during conflict, setting legal standards for the
protection of minors and establishing mechanisms for accountability. However, persistent
challenges, such as the involvement of non-state actors and weak enforcement in conflict zones,
mean that global efforts to combat the use of child soldiers must continue to evolve and adapt to
changing realities of modern warfare (Gašparić, 2024: 119-135; Gasparic, 2024:119-135;
Rasakandan, 2022: 230-237).
Article 77 of Protocol I specifically addresses the protection of children in armed conflict.
It includes two main provisions related to child soldiers: Article 77(1): This article
outlines that children are entitled to special protection due to their vulnerability. It mandates that
parties to the conflict must take all feasible measures to avoid the recruitment and use of children
under the age of 15 in hostilities. This means that any individual under the age of 15 must not
directly participate in military operations, and measures should be taken to protect them from
being recruited or conscripted into the armed forces (Crock, 2016: 383-405). Furthermore,
Article 77(2): This provision explicitly prohibits children under 15 from taking a direct part in
hostilities. It also emphasizes that the parties to the conflict must take all feasible measures to
prevent their participation in the conflict.
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The goal is to protect children from the inherent dangers and trauma of war, including
combat, physical injury, and psychological harm (Happold, 2022: 54-70; Yuvaraj, 2016: 69-77).
The inclusion of children in armed conflicts, particularly in combat roles, is considered
one of the most egregious violations of international law, given that children are particularly
vulnerable to exploitation, trauma, and long-term psychological and physical damage. Additional
Protocol I underscores the importance of preventing the involvement of children in hostilities
and setting a minimum age of 15 for direct participation in combat, although it leaves room for
further protection, as it can be argued that no child should ever be exposed to war (Happold,
2022: 54-70). The legal provisions under Protocol I are not just about restricting the involvement
of children in combat but also serve to raise awareness about the need to protect the rights of
children during wartime and ensure that their well-being is prioritized. These articles are part of
the broader legal framework that has evolved globally to address the issue of child soldiers,
contributing to the CRC and its OPAC, which raises the minimum age for recruitment and
participation to 18 (Steinl, 2017: 33-49; Gasparic, 2024: 119-126).
Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (1977) focuses on the protection of
victims in non-international armed conflicts, where the dynamics of the conflict often involve
non-state armed groups and internal strife within a country. Article 4(3)(c) of Protocol II
explicitly prohibits the recruitment and use of children under the age of 15 in hostilities, similar
to the protections established in Additional Protocol I for international conflicts (Creegan, 2010:
345-356). This provision underscores the international community's commitment to protecting
children in all forms of armed conflict, not just those between states, but also in internal conflicts
where non-state actors often play a significant role. The aim of Protocol II is to ensure that
children, who are particularly vulnerable in times of war, are not forced into combat or armed
groups. It places a responsibility on parties involved in non-international armed conflicts to
refrain from using children as soldiers, emphasizing the need to uphold their rights and safeguard
their futures (Bakherad, 2017: 1013-1029). Although Protocol II is less comprehensive than
Protocol I (as it applies only to non-international conflicts), it still contributes significantly to
international legal standards for the protection of children during armed conflict. While Protocol
II is a vital instrument for the protection of children, the challenge lies in its enforcement,
particularly in situations involving non-state armed groups that may not be bound by the same
international legal standards or who may deliberately disregard these protections.
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Nonetheless, Additional Protocol II plays a crucial role in expanding the protections for
children in internal conflicts, offering a foundation for further international efforts to combat the
use of child soldiers in all types of armed conflicts (Fabijanić Gagro, 2020: 31-47; Clough, 2014:
698-736).
The CRC, adopted by the UN in 1989, is a landmark international treaty that enshrines
the rights of children worldwide. It is the most widely ratified human rights treaty and provides
comprehensive protection for children, particularly in situations of conflict. Among the most
important provisions in the CRC concerning child soldiers are those related to protection from
recruitment into armed forces or armed groups and their participation in hostilities (Dudenhoefer,
2016: 45-53). Protection from Armed Conflict Article 38 of the CRC focuses specifically on the
protection of children in situations of armed conflict. It emphasizes that children under 15 years
of age must not be recruited into armed forces or groups, and they should not directly participate
in hostilities. This article outlines the following key principles: Prohibition of Recruitment: It is a
violation of international law for parties to an armed conflict to recruit children under the age of
15 into military forces or armed groups. Direct Participation in Hostilities: Children under 15
must not take part in the fighting or combat. This provision seeks to protect children from the
physical and psychological trauma of war and ensure that they are not exploited for their
vulnerability (Rasakandan, 2022: 230-245; Sandberg, 2018: 15-38). State Obligations: States are
required to take all feasible measures to prevent the recruitment of children and to ensure their
protection during armed conflict. Moreover, article 39 of the CRC emphasizes the importance of
rehabilitation and reintegration for children who have been involved in armed conflict, including
those who have been recruited as soldiers. It mandates that children who are victims of war
should be provided with appropriate physical and psychological care, education, and
reintegration into society. This provision highlights the long-term effects that the use of child
soldiers can have on their well-being and underscores the responsibility of governments to
support the recovery and healing of these children (Guercio, 2024: 61-76; Van Niekerk, 2020:
23-27).
The others ways, OPAC The OPAC specifically addresses the issue of children in armed
conflict and strengthens the protections provided under the CRC. It raises the minimum age for
voluntary recruitment into the national armed forces to 16 and bans the recruitment of children
under the age of 18 by non-state armed groups.
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The OPAC also calls for effective measures to prevent the involvement of children in
armed conflict and for accountability mechanisms for violations of these protections. It also
reinforces the principle that no child should be involved in hostilities before the age of 18.
Article 1 of the OPAC raises the minimum age for compulsory military service to 18
years (Rasakandan, 2022: 230- 244; Assembly, 2016; Upeniece, 2022: 33-42). Article 2
prohibits the recruitment of children under the age of 18 into armed forces, including non-state
armed groups, and emphasizes that governments and non-state actors must ensure that children
are not involved in hostilities (Hadja, 2024: 123-129).
Challenges in Implementing CRC Protections Against Child Soldiers. Despite the clear
provisions under the CRC and its OPAC, the recruitment and use of child soldiers remain
significant challenges worldwide. Various armed groups, particularly non-state actors, continue
to recruit children for combat. In some cases, governments also fail to fully adhere to these
protections, either through state-sponsored recruitment of children or through insufficient
enforcement of laws prohibiting child soldier recruitment (Liles, 2015: 1-16; Tobin, 2020: 3-13).
The main challenges include: Enforcement Issues, While the CRC and OPAC set clear
legal standards, enforcing these standards can be difficult, particularly in conflict zones where
state control is weak or non-existent. Non-State Armed Groups: Many non-state actors, such as
insurgent groups, militias, and terrorist organizations, are not bound by international treaties like
the CRC or its OPAC. This lack of adherence often results in the continued recruitment of
children in conflict (Heymann, 2014: 435-445). Post-Conflict Reintegration: One of the most
significant challenges following conflicts involving child soldiers is reintegration and
rehabilitation. These children often face severe psychological trauma, physical injuries, and
social stigmatization, making their reintegration into society a complex and long-term process.
International Accountability for Violations, the CRC and its OPAC provide mechanisms for
holding violators accountable, although challenges remain. International criminal law plays a
significant role in addressing the recruitment of child soldiers, particularly through the ICC,
which can prosecute individuals responsible for war crimes, including the conscription and use
of child soldiers under the age of 15 (Moses, 2018: 560-570; Vandenhole, 2015: 27-42). Under
the ICC, the recruitment and use of children in conflict are considered serious violations of
international law and can lead to criminal prosecution. Additionally, international bodies such as
the UN and UNICEF play a critical role in monitoring violations and providing assistance to
countries and communities affected by child soldier recruitment.
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These organizations often work on the ground to help reintegrate former child soldiers
and advocate for stronger legal frameworks to prevent future violations. Thus, the CRC provides
crucial protections against the recruitment and use of child soldiers, recognizing that children, by
virtue of their age and vulnerability, should not be exposed to the horrors of armed conflict
(Bakker, 2010; Hadja, 2024: 123-130). Article 38 of the CRC, along with the OPAC, establishes
clear legal standards and obligations for states to prevent child soldier recruitment and ensure
that children are not involved in hostilities. However, challenges in enforcement, particularly in
conflict zones involving non-state actors, persist. International human rights law continues to
evolve to address the issue of child soldiers, and global efforts must focus not only on prevention
but also on rehabilitation and reintegration for those affected by armed conflict (Doek, 2009:
771-782; Feria-Tinta, 2014: 231-248).
The OPAC is a crucial addition to the CRC, aimed at strengthening the legal framework
to protect children from being recruited or used in armed conflicts. Adopted by the UN General
Assembly in 2000, this Protocol specifically focuses on the prohibition of the recruitment of
children under the age of 18 into national armed forces and non-state armed groups, and it sets
out the measures that states must take to prevent and respond to the use of child soldiers
(Karásková, 2019; van de Haar, 2019; Diaz, 2019: 263-270). Key Provisions of the OPAC,
Minimum Age for Recruitment Article 1 the OPAC raises the minimum age for voluntary
recruitment into national armed forces to 16 years old but requires that all recruitment of
individuals under the age of 18 must be done with the consent of the child and their parents or
guardians. Additionally, the Protocol prohibits the recruitment of children under 18 into non-
state armed groups, regardless of whether their participation is voluntary. The recruitment and
use of children under the age of 18 in armed conflicts is seen as a violation of the child’s rights
and a grave international crime (Bulayenko, 2016: 51-59; Torquati, 2021: 21-33).
Moreover, State Obligations and Prevention Under Article 4, the OPAC imposes a
positive obligation on states to take all feasible measures to ensure that children are not recruited
into armed conflict, including in non-international armed conflicts. States must ensure that
individuals under 18 are not used as combatants, and they are encouraged to adopt laws, policies,
and educational measures to prevent child soldier recruitment. Furthermore, states are required to
maintain records of the age of individuals being recruited into the armed forces, and they must
ensure that children are not directly involved in hostilities (Jetty, 2011; Eserada, 2019: 1-6).
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Furthermore, article 6 of the OPAC emphasizes the importance of providing
rehabilitation and reintegration programs for children who have been involved in armed conflict.
These children may have been forcibly recruited or may have volunteered for various
reasons, but regardless of their circumstances, they require special care and support to reintegrate
into society. This provision reflects the broader international commitment to protecting
children’s rights after the conflict ends and ensuring their physical, psychological, and social
recovery (Sridhar, 2004: 175-183). Prohibition of Non-State Armed Groups Article 4 One of the
defining features of the OPAC is its extension of protections to children who are recruited by
non-state armed groups, such as militias, rebel groups, and insurgents. Unlike previous
international treaties, the Protocol recognizes the particular vulnerability of children in situations
where non-state actors are involved in conflict. Non-state armed groups are explicitly prohibited
from recruiting children, and efforts must be made to ensure that these groups cease the practice
of using children in combat (Sridhar, 2004: 183-191).
The Rome Statute of the ICC, adopted in 1998, is a pivotal international treaty that
established the ICC, the first permanent international tribunal to prosecute individuals for the
gravest offenses of international concern, including war crimes, crimes against humanity, and
genocide. The Rome Statute provides a significant legal framework for addressing the
recruitment and use of child soldiers in armed conflict, recognizing the recruitment of children as
a serious crime under international law. Specifically, the Rome Statute criminalizes the
recruitment and use of children under the age of 15 in armed conflict, thus reinforcing
international efforts to protect children from the horrors of war (Knoops, 2018: 178-196). Article
8: War Crimes the Rome Statute explicitly addresses the recruitment and use of child soldiers in
Article 8, which defines war crimes under international law. Article 8(2)(b)(xxvi) of the Rome
Statute criminalizes the recruitment of children under the age of 15 into armed forces or groups
and their use in hostilities. This provision is part of the broader framework that establishes
various war crimes, including acts of violence against civilians, torture, and the taking of
hostages. The criminalization of child soldier recruitment represents a commitment by the
international community to hold individuals accountable for exploiting children in armed conflict
(Aysev, 2020: 33-83).
Moreover, Recruitment of Children Under 15: The Rome Statute specifically focuses on
children under the age of 15. Any conscription, enlistment, or use of children younger than this
age in armed conflicts is considered a war crime.
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This provision reflects the international consensus that children, due to their vulnerability
and lack of maturity, must be protected from participating in warfare (McCormack, 2015: 333-
355). Use of Children in Hostilities: The Statute also criminalizes the use of children under the
age of 15 in active combat, including any direct involvement in military operations or violence.
This is in line with broader international human rights and humanitarian laws that
prioritize the protection of children in times of conflict. Individual Criminal Responsibility the
Rome Statute emphasizes individual accountability for crimes such as the recruitment and use of
child soldiers. It holds individuals — whether military commanders, political leaders, or non-
state actors — criminally responsible for their involvement in or command of these practices.
This principle of individual criminal responsibility is central to the operations of the ICC,
as it seeks to ensure that those who recruit and use child soldiers, as well as those who order or
facilitate their involvement, are brought to justice. Command Responsibility: Under the Rome
Statute, military leaders and commanders can be held accountable for the actions of their
subordinates, including the recruitment and use of child soldiers. If a commander is aware that
children under 15 are being used in hostilities and fails to take necessary action to prevent this,
they may be prosecuted for war crimes under the Statute. This extends the responsibility for
child soldier recruitment beyond individual perpetrators to include those in positions of
command and authority (Milanović, 2011: 25-52). Article 25 of the Rome Statute outlines the
principle of individual criminal responsibility and includes the recruitment and use of child
soldiers as a prosecutable offense. This article establishes the core concept that criminal
responsibility is not dependent on the scale of the crime or whether the perpetrator was acting
under orders, but rather on the individual’s direct involvement in or responsibility for the
offense. In cases of child soldiers, individuals can be prosecuted for acts such as: Recruiting
children under 15 years old. Using children in active hostilities or military operations. Failing to
prevent the recruitment of children when in a position of command (Rastan, 2008: 435-446;
Ursini, 2015: 1023-1033; McBride, 2013: 43-82).
3-
Recruitment and Use of Child Soldiers by Houthi Militias
Since the early 2000s, Yemen has been embroiled in political unrest and conflict, creating
fertile ground for the exploitation of children by armed groups. The Houthi movement, officially
known as Ansar Allah, emerged in the early 2000s in northern Yemen’s Sa’dah governorate.
While initially focused on religious and political grievances, the group gradually militarized and
began engaging in hostilities against the Yemeni government.
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During this early phase (2001–2010), there were already emerging reports of children
being used by the Houthis for auxiliary roles, although the scope was limited due to the localized
nature of the conflict (Aboulela, 2018: 24-35). The situation escalated in 2011 amid the Arab
Spring, when Yemen’s long-time president, Ali Abdullah Saleh, was forced to step down. This
political vacuum and the fragmentation of national security institutions created new opportunities
for the Houthis to expand their control. By 2014, they had taken over the capital, Sana’a, and by
2015, a full-scale civil war broke out, drawing in a Saudi-led coalition supporting the
internationally recognized Yemeni government. It was during this period that the recruitment and
use of child soldiers by Houthi militias surged dramatically, transforming from sporadic
instances to systematic practice (Durac, 2012: 161-178).
From 2015 onward, the UN and various humanitarian organizations documented a sharp
increase in the number of children forcibly recruited or coerced by the Houthis. Boys, and in
some cases girls, were used in active combat, checkpoint duties, surveillance missions, and even
as human shields. The UN Panel of Experts on Yemen reported in 2017 that Houthi forces had
recruited hundreds of children under the age of 15, in clear violation of international
humanitarian law, including the Optional Protocol to the CRC and the Rome Statute of the ICC
(Lackner, 2020: 15-32; Mulford, 2022: 75-104). Houthi child recruitment strategies became
increasingly systematic during this period. Many children were drawn from impoverished or
displaced families, often under the pretense of religious education or community service. In
some instances, families were pressured or threatened to send their sons to join the fighting.
Houthis established indoctrination camps, where children were exposed to sectarian ideology
and militaristic propaganda, aimed at shaping them into loyal fighters. The group also targeted
schools and mosques as key recruitment sites, taking advantage of the collapse of Yemen’s
educational infrastructure (Al-Sallal, 2024: 25-33).
In a lesser-known but alarming case, reports emerged from Amran governorate that girls
were being recruited for non-combat roles such as spying, message delivery, and medical
support. A 14-year-old girl named Samah was recruited under the pretense of working in a
hospital. Instead, she was made to carry messages between militia cells and monitor people’s
movements in her village. Her family only discovered her involvement after she disappeared for
three days and was found by a local aid worker (Musa, 2016: 101-124). More case of child
solider, Mohammed, a 15-year-old boy from a poor family in Hajjah governorate, was recruited
by Houthis after they pressured his father to contribute a "fighter" to the war effort.
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The family was warned that refusal could result in punishment, such as detention or the
revocation of humanitarian aid. Mohammed was taken to a training camp, then deployed to a
front line in Hodeidah. He was wounded in combat and later rescued by a humanitarian
organization, suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and partial hearing loss
(Alharazi, 2022: 233-238).
Children recruited by the Houthis were not only used in support roles; many were sent
directly to the frontlines, often with minimal training and little regard for their survival. Reports
from 2016 onward showed that Houthi commanders used children in dangerous operations such
as mine-laying, operating checkpoints in high-conflict zones, or engaging in direct combat
against coalition forces. These children were at constant risk of injury, death, and psychological
trauma. Many of them witnessed atrocities or were forced to commit acts of violence themselves
(Jansen, 2022; 1-15). Furthermore, from 2017 to 2020, international agencies and local NGOs
intensified efforts to monitor and report on child recruitment in Yemen. UNICEF, Save the
Children, and Human Rights Watch issued detailed reports highlighting the extent of the crisis.
The UN Secretary-General’s annual report on Children and Armed Conflict consistently
listed the Houthis as violators, noting that they were responsible for the majority of verified
cases of child recruitment in Yemen. However, the international community's response remained
largely limited to condemnation, with few tangible consequences for perpetrators (Arafat, 2024:
239-268).
Despite these reports, accountability for the recruitment of child soldiers remained
elusive. Yemen's fractured judicial system, the lack of state authority in Houthi-controlled areas,
and the broader geopolitical tensions between Iran (which supports the Houthis) and the Saudi-
led coalition created significant barriers to legal action. Although the UN has imposed sanctions
on some individuals and called for investigations, enforcement mechanisms have proven weak.
The absence of political will, combined with the chaos of war, has allowed the cycle of
abuse to continue largely unchecked (Al-Sallal, 2024: 25-33; Arafat, 2024: 259-268). The
humanitarian consequences of the child soldier crisis intersected with Yemen’s broader collapse.
The war decimated healthcare systems, education, and economic stability. Families, especially in
rural or frontline areas, had few alternatives for survival. Some sent their children to fight in
exchange for promises of food, small salaries, or protection. Others simply lost control as
children were abducted or deceived.
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The ongoing economic blockade, inflation, and famine-like conditions exacerbated these
vulnerabilities, making children even more susceptible to exploitation by armed groups
(Lackner, 2020: 15-32; Mulford, 2022: 95-104).
Between 2020 and 2023, as the war dragged on, the Houthis expanded their recruitment
networks into newly occupied territories. In areas like Al-Jawf, Hajjah, and Al-Hudaydah,
reports emerged of mobile recruitment caravans targeting children through lectures, religious
ceremonies, and public events. Schools in Houthi-controlled areas were often forced to promote
militarized curricula that glorified martyrdom and jihad, and children were encouraged to see
participation in war as a moral and religious duty. This cultural normalization of militarized
childhood became a deeply disturbing trend (Knights, 2024: 1-20). Ahmad, a 16-year-old former
child soldier from Taiz, shared his story with a rehabilitation center supported by UNICEF. He
had been recruited at age 12 after his school was shut down and food aid was cut off. Trained for
four weeks and deployed as a guard, he witnessed torture and killings. After escaping, Ahmad
struggled with reintegration, faced stigma from his community, and experienced night terrors
and depression. His case highlights the long-term psychological toll on children involved in
conflict (Colburn, 2021; 1023-1045). By 2024, the estimated number of children recruited by the
Houthis since the start of the war had reached several thousand. According to field reports and
interviews with former child soldiers, many of these children had spent years cycling in and out
of armed service, with little hope of returning to a normal life. Rehabilitation centers operated by
NGOs and UN agencies were grossly underfunded and limited in capacity. In some cases,
children were stigmatized by their communities upon return, particularly if they had committed
violence under duress (Arafat, 2024: 249-268).
In camps for internally displaced people in Al-Jawf, humanitarian agencies reported
targeted recruitment by Houthi operatives. Children were offered small sums of money, food, or
new clothes in exchange for attending “training programs.” A 12-year-old boy named Saleh was
taken to a remote area for weapons handling training. His mother later stated in a UN interview
that he was misled and feared punishment if he refused. He returned home after being injured,
traumatized, and severely malnourished (Refaat, 2021: 44-69). In Dhamar, a village elder who
spoke out against Houthi child recruitment faced retaliation. When he tried to prevent local boys
from being taken, the militia arrested his son and threatened to withhold aid to the entire
community.
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After international outcry, he was released, but recruitment resumed under greater
secrecy. This incident reflects how community resistance is often silenced through coercion and
collective punishment (Mugahed, R. (2022: 1033-1037).
The year 2025 has seen a renewed push by international human rights bodies to hold the
Houthis accountable for their use of child soldiers. The ICC has expressed interest in opening
preliminary investigations, although challenges persist regarding jurisdiction and evidence
collection in a conflict zone. Some countries and advocacy groups are calling for the
establishment of a special tribunal or an UN-mandated inquiry commission focused specifically
on crimes against children in Yemen. However, progress remains slow due to geopolitical
complications and the limited enforcement power of international institutions (Hilaire, 2025).
Despite this bleak picture, there have been some efforts at reform and advocacy within Yemen.
Civil society organizations, religious leaders, and educators in non-Houthi areas have launched
community awareness campaigns against the militarization of children. They promote education,
peacebuilding, and psychological healing for children affected by the war. These initiatives,
though small in scale, represent a glimmer of hope in an otherwise devastated landscape. They
underscore the resilience of Yemenis determined to protect future generations (Şen, 2024: 21-
56).
Regional and international actors must intensify their support for demobilization and
reintegration programs. This includes funding child-friendly spaces, providing psychosocial
support, offering vocational training, and restoring education infrastructure. Preventing re-
recruitment is just as crucial as rescuing children from active combat. Policies must address the
root causes of vulnerability, such as poverty, displacement, and loss of guardianship. Effective
protection requires a long-term, multi-sectoral approach (Bisht, 2024:13-19). Thus, the
recruitment and use of child soldiers by Houthi militias from 2001 to 2024 reflect a tragic
convergence of armed conflict, ideological indoctrination, and systemic impunity. Thousands of
Yemeni children have paid the price for a war not of their making, stripped of their innocence
and future. While international law clearly prohibits such practices, enforcement remains weak.
A decisive, collective global effort is urgently needed to bring justice to victims, hold
perpetrators accountable, and rebuild a society where children are nurtured, not exploited.
Without meaningful action, this crisis will continue to shape a generation marked by war and
trauma (Schulz, 2024: 34-52). These cases not only illustrate the widespread and systematic
nature of Houthi child recruitment but also point to urgent humanitarian, legal, and protection
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needs for affected children. Would you like these cases formatted for inclusion in a research
paper, report, or presentation? I can also help turn them into a case study section or infographic.
4-
Challenges in Addressing the Issue
Addressing the issue of child soldier recruitment by the Houthi militias in Yemen
presents a series of profound and intertwined challenges, particularly given the ongoing conflict's
complexity. One of the most significant challenges is the weak enforcement of international laws
(Sheikh, 2022: 3-15). While international treaties such as the Geneva Conventions, Rome
Statute, and the CRC explicitly prohibit the recruitment and use of children in armed conflict,
enforcement remains a serious obstacle. The Houthis and other non-state armed groups involved
in the Yemeni conflict operate with minimal accountability, and international mechanisms to
hold them responsible for violating international law are often ineffective (Dönmez, 2023: 85-97;
Al Tolkani, 2025: 1-22). Although the ICC and other international bodies exist to prosecute war
crimes, the absence of effective political and military pressure, combined with a lack of
cooperation from Yemen’s government and Houthi authorities, often results in the continuation
of such practices with little deterrence. This creates a situation where, despite legal frameworks
designed to protect children, the failure to prosecute and enforce accountability means that child
soldiers continue to be recruited and exploited in conflict zones (Fazio, 2020: 25-39).
A second major challenge arises from the political instability and fragmentation of the
Yemeni conflict, which complicates efforts to protect children from recruitment. Yemen's
ongoing civil war has seen numerous factions fighting for control, with the Houthi militias
occupying a significant portion of northern Yemen (Lewis, 2012: 156-177). This fragmented
situation, coupled with the involvement of various external factors such as Saudi Arabia and
Iran, means that international efforts to curtail child soldier recruitment are often thwarted by
competing political agendas. The absence of a centralized authority in areas controlled by the
Houthis makes it incredibly difficult for humanitarian organizations and governments to
intervene effectively. Local militias and armed groups can act with impunity, and the Houthis
continue to prioritize military gains over international legal obligations. Furthermore, the conflict
has exacerbated Yemen’s political and economic fragmentation, making it even more difficult to
coordinate any kind of unified response to child soldier recruitment (Lewis, 2013: 45-56;
Hamood Al Qaoud, 2024: 155-169; Tsalikis, 2024: 451-475.).
Socio-economic vulnerability is another significant factor driving the recruitment of child
soldiers in Yemen.
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The war has left millions of Yemenis in extreme poverty, with many families living in
desperate conditions. As a result, children, especially in rural and conflict-affected areas, often
become targets for recruitment by armed groups offering them food, money, or a sense of
belonging. With the collapse of education systems, limited access to healthcare, and a lack of
livelihood opportunities, children and their families may see joining armed groups like the
Houthis as the only viable option for survival (Yang, 2022: 1023-1035; Lewis, 2012: 192-205).
This economic vulnerability is compounded by the lack of safe and alternative paths for
young people in Yemen, particularly in areas were armed groups control resources and
infrastructure. Children who are recruited into militias are often told they will receive a steady
income, an offer that is particularly tempting to families who cannot afford basic necessities. As
a result, many children are exploited as both combatants and laborers, with their future prospects
severely diminished by their involvement in armed conflict (Kandeh, 2015: 1923-1935.).
A further challenge to addressing the issue of child soldier recruitment is the
psychological and emotional toll that war exerts on the children involved. Many children
recruited by the Houthis are subjected to brutal training, forced to participate in violent combat,
and are exposed to horrific atrocities that leave lasting psychological scars. These children often
suffer from PTSD, depression, anxiety, and other mental health disorders, which can persist long
after their involvement in combat ends (D’Alessandra, 2014: 1-22; Ahmed, 2024: 1-10). The
trauma of warfare can prevent children from returning to normal civilian life, making
reintegration efforts even more challenging. Moreover, communities where these children return
may be hesitant to accept them, out of fear of retaliation or retribution. Stigmatization of former
child soldiers often exacerbates their isolation, leaving them vulnerable to being drawn back into
armed groups or perpetuating cycles of violence. As such, mental health support and
psychosocial care are critical but often underfunded or overlooked in conflict zones. Without
these services, efforts to demobilize and reintegrate child soldiers into civilian society are
unlikely to succeed (Molla, 2018: 1-30).
In addition to the immediate challenges of enforcement, political instability, and socio-
economic factors, the lack of comprehensive rehabilitation and reintegration programs for child
soldiers significantly hampers efforts to address this issue. Child soldiers who manage to escape
or are rescued from armed groups like the Houthis often face an uphill battle when it comes to
reintegration into society. In a country like Yemen, which has been devastated by years of
conflict, there are limited resources and infrastructure to support their rehabilitation (Yang, 2022:
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1023-1035; Lewis, 2012: 192-205). The absence of schools, vocational training centers, and job
opportunities exacerbates the challenges that former child soldiers face in rebuilding their lives.
Efforts to reintegrate these children must not only address their immediate psychological
needs but also provide them with the tools to rebuild their futures, including education,
employment opportunities, and social reintegration programs. International aid organizations and
local governments must work together to create sustainable reintegration programs that are
tailored to the specific needs of children affected by armed conflict, which should include access
to education, trauma counseling, and community support systems (Knights, 2024: 1-20; Şen,
2024: 21-56).
Furthermore, the involvement of external actors complicates efforts to curb the
recruitment of child soldiers. Iran has provided support to the Houthis, including military aid and
resources, which enables the group to continue its recruitment efforts. Similarly, the Saudi-led
coalition, which opposes the Houthis, has also been accused of human rights violations,
including recruiting children into their own military operations (Johnston, 2020; 1-55). This
involvement of external powers creates a broader geopolitical dimension to the problem, as their
interests in the conflict often overshadow concerns about human rights and the protection of
children. Diplomatic solutions and peace negotiations must take these external influences into
account, working to create a framework where all parties are held accountable for their role in
the recruitment and use of child soldiers. International pressure on both local and foreign actors
to comply with international law is essential for reducing the recruitment of children by all
parties in the conflict (Juneau, 2016: 647-663; Mazzucco, 2024: 25-38).
The issue of child soldiers in Yemen also highlights the long-term impact of war on
future generations. The use of children in combat not only robs them of their childhood but also
destabilizes the social fabric of communities and contributes to a cycle of violence that may
persist for generations. Children who grow up in conflict zones, especially those who have been
involved in violent activities, may come to view violence as an acceptable means of resolving
conflict. As these children mature, they may become more likely to join future armed groups or
perpetuate violent cycles within their communities (Al Tolkani, 2025; 1-18). This further
entrenches the broader humanitarian crisis in Yemen, as it becomes increasingly difficult to
break the patterns of violence and instability that have taken hold.
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The impact of child soldier recruitment is thus not only a humanitarian issue but also a
long-term developmental challenge that requires international support, not just for immediate
relief, but for long-term peacebuilding and stability in the region (Richter, 2022; 7-15).
Finally, the lack of coordination and communication between humanitarian agencies,
governments, and international actors exacerbates these challenges. The fragmented nature of the
Yemeni conflict, coupled with varying interests among external actors, has resulted in a lack of
cohesive action on the ground. Humanitarian agencies face difficulties accessing areas under
Houthi control due to security risks and restrictions imposed by the militia (Ager, 2011: 1045-
1052). Additionally, the limited reach of international law in these areas means that many
children remain vulnerable to exploitation. To effectively address the issue of child soldier
recruitment, a more coordinated and holistic approach is necessary, one that involves all
stakeholders, including local communities, international organizations, and political actors.
Collaboration between these parties is critical to creating sustainable solutions that
address both the immediate needs of child soldiers and the root causes that perpetuate their
recruitment (Elayah, 2024: 3-12).
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Conclusion
The recruitment and use of child soldiers by the Houthi militias in Yemen is a grave
violation of international humanitarian law and a significant humanitarian crisis. This practice
not only contravenes legal norms but also inflicts severe physical and psychological trauma on
the affected children. The Houthi militias' exploitation of socio-economic vulnerabilities to
recruit children highlights the complex interplay of poverty, lack of education, and conflict in
perpetuating this issue. The legal consequences of recruiting and using child soldiers are clear
under international law. Instruments such as the CRC and its OPAC on the Involvement of
Children in Armed Conflict, as well as the Rome Statute of the ICC, explicitly prohibit the
recruitment of children under the age of 18 for military purposes. Despite these legal
frameworks, enforcement remains a significant challenge due to the ongoing conflict and
political instability in Yemen.
One of the primary challenges in addressing the issue of child soldiers is the lack of
effective enforcement mechanisms. The international community must strengthen its efforts to
hold perpetrators accountable and ensure that legal protections for children are upheld. This
requires not only legal action but also political will and cooperation from all parties involved in
the conflict.
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Socio-economic factors play a crucial role in the recruitment of child soldiers. Poverty,
lack of access to education, and limited economic opportunities drive many children to join
armed groups. Addressing these root causes is essential for preventing the recruitment of child
soldiers. This involves providing socio-economic support, improving access to education, and
creating economic opportunities for vulnerable communities. The psychological trauma
experienced by child soldiers is profound and long-lasting. Rehabilitation and reintegration
programs are crucial for helping these children heal and rebuild their lives. These programs
should provide comprehensive psychological support, education, and vocational training to help
former child soldiers reintegrate into society and build a future away from conflict.
The international community must also address the broader humanitarian crisis in
Yemen. This includes ensuring access to humanitarian aid, protecting civilians, and working
towards a peaceful resolution of the conflict. The plight of child soldiers is a symptom of the
larger crisis, and addressing it requires a holistic approach that considers the needs and rights of
all affected populations. In conclusion, the recruitment and use of child soldiers by the Houthi
militias is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted response. Legal action, socio-economic
support, psychological rehabilitation, and efforts to address the broader humanitarian crisis are
all essential components of a comprehensive strategy to protect children and prevent their
exploitation in armed conflicts. The international community must remain committed to these
efforts and work together to ensure that the rights and well-being of children are upheld in
Yemen and beyond.
6-
Suggestions
The issue of child soldier recruitment by the Houthi militias in Yemen is a grave violation
of international law, requiring urgent action on multiple fronts. To address this, it is essential to
strengthen enforcement of existing legal frameworks, such as the Geneva Conventions and Rome
Statute, through international cooperation and accountability measures, including prosecutions
by the ICC. Diplomatic pressure should be applied to the Houthis and other conflict actors,
urging them to end the recruitment of children and engage in peace talks. Additionally,
comprehensive rehabilitation and reintegration programs for former child soldiers, along with
community-based support and educational opportunities, are crucial to break the cycle of
violence. International humanitarian aid must also be increased to address the root causes of
child soldier recruitment, such as poverty and lack of education.
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By focusing on legal accountability, diplomatic engagement, and socio-economic
support, the international community can take meaningful steps to protect Yemen’s children
from further exploitation in armed conflict.
1.
Strengthen International Accountability Mechanisms: The recruitment and use of child
soldiers by the Houthi militias represents a severe violation of international law, including the
Geneva Conventions, Rome Statute, and the CRC. The ICC should continue to pursue
investigations and prosecutions for those responsible within the Houthi leadership for the
recruitment of children under the age of 18. States and international organizations should press
for stronger enforcement of international human rights and humanitarian law, ensuring that those
who orchestrate and facilitate the use of child soldiers face legal consequences. Sanctions should
be considered against both the Houthi leadership and external parties supporting them, including
restrictions on financial support and arms supplies, which often fund and sustain these practices.
2.
Enhance Diplomatic Pressure and Dialogue with Houthi Leadership: Given the
significant role the Houthi militia plays in the ongoing Yemeni conflict; international diplomatic
efforts should focus on pressuring the group to cease child soldier recruitment and use. The UN
and influential countries, such as those in the Saudi-led coalition, should engage in dialogue with
the Houthis, encouraging compliance with international legal standards. Negotiation frameworks
could include clear commitments to end the recruitment of children in exchange for specific
political or humanitarian concessions. Engaging with local leaders within Houthi-controlled
areas, such as tribal figures and community influencers, can also help amplify the message
against the recruitment of children by emphasizing its negative social and long-term impacts on
their community.
3.
Strengthen National and International Monitoring Efforts: There is a need for stronger
monitoring mechanisms to track the use of child soldiers by the Houthi militia. The UN has
already established mechanisms to monitor and report violations in conflict zones, but the
monitoring efforts should be significantly enhanced in Yemen, focusing specifically on
identifying and documenting the use of children by the Houthis. Additionally, humanitarian
organizations and independent local civil society groups should be empowered to collect data on
child soldier recruitment, document cases, and provide this information to international bodies.
Effective monitoring will not only provide evidence for accountability but also raise
international awareness of the scale of the problem, potentially leading to stronger international
interventions.
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4.
Community-Based Interventions and Local Reintegration Programs: One of the key
challenges in addressing the issue of child soldiers is their reintegration into society.
International efforts should prioritize community-based programs that focus on the rehabilitation
and reintegration of child soldiers within Yemen. These programs should involve local
communities, schools, and families to create an environment of trust and support for children
who have been recruited by armed groups. These interventions should include psychological
counseling, educational opportunities, vocational training, and community support mechanisms
to help children transition back into their civilian lives. Since the conflict is deeply entrenched in
local communities, reintegration programs must consider the social stigma that former child
soldiers may face and create environments that facilitate acceptance and understanding.
5.
International Humanitarian Aid and Protection for Affected Children: The humanitarian
crisis in Yemen has significantly exacerbated the vulnerability of children, increasing the risk of
recruitment by armed groups like the Houthis. International organizations, such as the UNICEF,
should continue to provide humanitarian aid to children affected by the conflict, ensuring that
displaced children have access to basic needs like food, shelter, and education. In addition,
protection mechanisms should be reinforced, particularly in areas under Houthi control. This
includes providing safe spaces for children, educational programs, and vocational training that
can offer an alternative to joining armed groups. Humanitarian aid must also focus on the
psychological support of children who have been traumatized by the violence they’ve witnessed
or participated in, in efforts to stop the cycle of recruitment.
6.
Enhance Public Awareness and Advocacy Campaigns: To reduce the use of child
soldiers, global advocacy campaigns must work to raise awareness of the issue, both inside
Yemen and globally. International human rights organizations should collaborate with local
entities to educate the public on the harmful impacts of child soldier recruitment, not only on the
children but also on the broader society. Public campaigns could use both traditional media and
social media platforms to highlight the plight of child soldiers in Yemen, specifically those
recruited by the Houthis. Increased awareness could lead to greater public pressure on the
international community to take decisive action to stop the recruitment of children.
7.
Support for Regional Cooperation and Capacity Building: The issue of child soldiers is
not limited to Yemen; it is a regional problem that requires collaboration among neighboring
states, especially those affected by the conflict such as Saudi Arabia, Oman, and Ethiopia.
Regional cooperation should focus on bolstering the capacity of local governments to protect
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children from recruitment into armed groups, strengthening the rule of law, and creating shared
programs for child protection. International and regional stakeholders can help by providing
training for local authorities on international standards related to child protection and providing
logistical and financial support for law enforcement efforts to prevent child soldier recruitment.
8.
Develop Long-Term Disarmament and Demobilization Programs: Long-term strategies
must be developed to demobilize child soldiers and prevent future recruitment. After the
cessation of hostilities, disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) programs should
be specifically designed for children, recognizing the unique challenges they face. These
programs should include counseling, education, and community support to help children
disengage from armed groups and return to civilian life. It’s crucial that such programs are
integrated into post-conflict reconstruction efforts, ensuring that children who have been
recruited are not left behind in the rebuilding of their country. Given the prolonged nature of the
Yemeni conflict, such programs should be designed to last for many years to ensure the full
recovery of children affected by the conflict.
9.
Address the Role of External Support and Arms Supplies: The recruitment and use of
child soldiers by the Houthis are partly fueled by external support, including arms supplies and
political backing, particularly from Iran. International efforts should focus on curtailing arms
shipments and any forms of support to non-state armed groups involved in recruiting child
soldiers. The arms embargo against parties involved in the conflict, such as the Houthis, should
be strictly enforced, with an emphasis on preventing the flow of weapons and other resources
that sustain their recruitment activities. In addition, diplomatic pressure should be applied to
external actors to cease their involvement in exacerbating the conflict and directly or indirectly
supporting child soldier recruitment.
10.
Legal Advocacy and Support for Child Victims of War: Legal support for victims of
child soldier recruitment should be expanded. International legal frameworks should provide
pathways for accountability and justice for children who have been forcibly recruited or used in
armed conflict. Victim support programs should be established to help child soldiers navigate the
legal processes necessary for securing their rights. Moreover, advocacy for legal recognition of
child soldiers as victims rather than perpetrators is important to ensure that they receive the
necessary protections under both national and international law.
In summary, addressing the recruitment and use of child soldiers by the Houthi militias
requires a multi-pronged approach that includes legal accountability, diplomacy, community-
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based interventions, and long-term rehabilitation programs. By strengthening both legal
frameworks and practical interventions, the international community can contribute to ending the
exploitation of children in Yemen and help break the cycle of violence that perpetuates this
tragic issue.
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