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THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOSES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND THEIR
CLINICAL FEATURES
1
Sadullayeva Ruxshona Rustamovna
2
Sharafova Muxlisa Nurbek qizi
3
Turayev Bobir Temirpulotovich
1-2
Student of group 532 of the medical faculty of Samarkand State Medical University,
Samarkand, Republic of Uzbekistan.
3
Assistant of the department of psychiatry, medical psychology and narcology, Samarkand State
Medical University, Samarkand, Republic of Uzbekistan.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14634291
Abstract. Translated from ancient Greek, the word “psychosis” means “disturbed cause”,
“mental disorder”. The term combines a group of mental disorders in which the perception of the
surrounding world is distorted and behavior is disordered. Infectious psychoses were actively
studied from the beginning of the 20th century, etiopathogenetic mechanisms were illuminated,
clinical manifestations were systematized, treatment standards were developed. Statistics on
psychosis in infectious diseases are not enough, it depends on the seasonality of epidemics, the
availability of preventive medical care, compliance with sanitary and hygienic rules; in abdominal
typhoid, this figure is 1.5-38%, for pneumonia-up to 20%, for rubella - 7-9%.
Key words: Infectious disease, psychosis, prophylaxis, influenza, encephalitis, Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome.
РАЗВИТИЕ ПСИХОЗОВ ПРИ ИНФЕКЦИОННЫХ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯХ И ИХ
КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА
Аннотация. Слово “психоз” в переводе с древнегреческого означает “тревожная
причина”, “психическое расстройство”. Термин объединяет группу психических
расстройств, при которых нарушается восприятие окружающего мира и нарушается
поведение. Инфекционные психозы активно изучались с начала 20 века, освещались
этиопатогенетические механизмы, систематизировались клинические проявления,
разрабатывались стандарты лечения. Статистических данных о заболеваемости
психозами при инфекционных заболеваниях недостаточно, это зависит от сезонности
эпидемий, наличия профилактической медицинской помощи, соблюдения санитарно-
гигиенических правил; при брюшном тифе этот показатель составляет 1,5-38%, при
пневмонии - до 20%, при краснухе-7-9%.
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Ключевые слова: Инфекционное заболевание, психоз, профилактика, грипп,
энцефалит, синдром приобретенного иммунодефицита.
Introduction.
Despite the neuropathy of the influenza virus and the epidemic spread of the disease,
obvious mental disorders are not felt. Asthenic symptoms are characteristic of influenza:
madorlessness, adinamia, headache, excitability. Sometimes sleepiness and refreshment
(sometimes daytime drowsiness) or drowsiness at all times of the day are added to these signs [1].
These signs (symptoms) become infected within a week or two. In rare cases, mental
disorders are especially pronounced and colorful during the post-infectious period. Sensory
disturbances are added to asthenic manifestations. The general background of mood goes to a
depressive state, in which sadness, fear, vohima, suicidal thoughts appear. In other cases, the
general background of mood is close to the manic state. Near-amnetive conditions are
accompanied by sudden excitation of movement, with non-permanent auditory and visual
hallucinations, with pronounced depersonalization and derealization syndromes. These acute
episodes last 2-3 days. There may be long-lasting (up to several months) psychoses. They are
characterized by elongated amentivous States or manifestations of teardrop depression that
originate against the background of asthenia. A picture typical of schizophrenia can be observed
in patients with influenza. If there is a hemorrhagic encephalitis with influenza in mental disorders,
the dullness of consciousness is accompanied by unproductive symptomatology or by
hallucinations of fear, vision and hearing. In recent years, various forms of diencephalic syndrome
can be attributed to toxic form complications of influenza. an increase in the permeability of
mining vessels in the diencephalic area creates good conditions for toxins and viruses. Most often,
a vegetative — vascular form of this syndrome arises [2-6].
Treatment: in infectious psychoses, the first place should be the treatment of the underlying
disease. Then disintoxication (detoxification) sedative therapy, neuroleptics (aminosine, nozipam,
galloperidol) nootropes (nootropil, aminalon, piracetam).
Mental disorders in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
(AIDS). AIDS – having a
specific side, it will have to be studied by psychiatrists, as well as specialists in biology and
medicine. Mental disorders observed in AIDS are different fog.The AIDS virus is known to infect
cells of the central nervous system.Therefore, with the appearance of mental disorders, immunity
decreases in a patient who does not eat much.They have elevated AIDS-specific heat, Night
Sweats, diarrhea, and lymphoadinopathy [7-9].
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One of the main reasons for the origin of mental disorders in AIDS is the patient's
compression. In this case, psychoses related to excitability, hypochondric compression,
depression, short-acting reactive psychoses, paranoid schizophrenia are observed.
It should be remembered that often depression can be the first syndrome of AIDS. Goes
with excitability, fear, anorexia and insomnia. Also in the patient, complex psychopathological
signs arise that it will be necessary to make a political diagnosis with acute paranoid and depressive
psychoses similar to schizophrenia, as well as a number of endogenous diseases, such as stagnant
hypomanic and manic conditions. In this, temptation may, hallucination, paranoid, verbigeration
and other symptoms are observed. This same state of mind lasts for months,then injures the brain
as well as dementia.If one of the patient's loved ones died with AIDS, the patient will try to kill
himself [10-16].
Neurotic depression is relatively rare in this disease. As a result of depression, or
independently, obssivcompulsive disorders are characteristic in the patient. These disorders are
said to act in such a way that the patient spends many hours looking for rashes on his div, marries
about death, marries about sex, where the disease can be transmitted. It should also be taken into
account that burn AIDS psychopathological symptoms of very similar to those observed in the
patient in the terminal stage of cancer [17-20].
This reminds the examiner of universality of psychopathological changes in the context of
incurable severe diseases.
Depending on the expansion of the disease, symptoms of organic brain damage are
confirmed in 40% of cases, diffuse encephalopathy by operative route in 80% of cases.
In these cases, patients gradually become less focused and forget about what happened.
Within a few weeks, the patient will experience low intelligence, disorders of consciousness,
mutism, urinary incontinence and coma. CT scans reveal cerebral atrophy every 10-13% of cases.
So AIDS-complex, poorly studied and so far sick without treatment. As a result of this, a
lot of organs and systems burn without performing the activity of the uz. In particular, it leads to
neurological and mental disorders in the central nervous system, which, as a result, lead the patient
to social labor and mental disadaptation.
Mental disorders in primary encephalitis.
Primary encephalitis is accompanied by
gradually developing changes due to trauma to the cranial tissue. This group of diseases considers
epidemic encephalitis and seasonal encephalitis – ductile and mosquito encephalitis.
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Epidemic encephalitis. The whole picture of the disease at the time of the epidemic
encephalitis pandemic, up to some of its hypocrisy, The Austrian scientist Ekonomo and, without
regard to it, Ya in Russia.M. Raymist and A.M. Written by the gaimanovich.
The disease Observer has not yet been identified. Due to the fact that the disease often
begins after the flu, there was an opinion that the influenza virus plays the main role in its origin.
It descends into the div through the airway.
Pathological anatomy. The disease is accompanied by inflammation of the central nervous
system, which is characterized mainly by lymphocytic inflitritis and proliferation of the mesoglia.
These changes are mainly localized at different levels of the extrapyramide system: in the posterior
div, in the black sustenance, in the red nucleus. Dystrophic changes are also detected in the brain
extrapyramide system along with inflammation. In substance cells, the pigment decreases and
these cells die. As a result, the black substance loses its color [21-24].
In the course of the disease, 2 periods are distinguished – acute (initial) and chronic. The
acute-initial period clinic is very diverse. In this case, the disease can begin very quickly, acutely
and strongly.
At the acute onset of the disease, the div temperature can be 37.5 – 37.8 even higher, in
addition, weakness, powerlessness, headaches, drowsiness are also observed.
One of the main and persistent symptoms of the acute period of epidemic encephalitis is
sleep disorders. It is otherwise known as” lethargic encephalitis". Patients sleep during the day and
do not sleep at night. Patients lie on the floor with a large opening of their autumn for hours without
getting tired, without the need for sleep [25-29].
Mental changes in the acute period of the disease are reminiscent of symptomatic
psychoses in other acute infections. In this, a state of delirium is most often observed.
In this case, there is a dullness of consciousness, a misperception of the surrounding
objects, an increase in hyperkinesis, visual hallucinations are characteristic (whispering delirium).
In deeper disorders of consciousness, there is a drying effect, an attempt to walk (or escape), an
exacerbation of hallucinations.
Another mental change in the acute period of the disease is mood disorders. Mood swings
are accompanied by a depressive type, and the patient experiences fantasies of not being interested
in anything, acting little, killing himself. In addition, hypomaniacal and non-consequential
excitations may occur [31-36].
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The initial period lasts from 2-3 weeks to 2-3 months. With the cessation of the acute period
in one pursuit, mental disorders become infected. In the acute period, the patient walks as if he had
completely recovered for many years.
Chronic period clinic. The chronic period clinic is characterized by a variety of
neurological and psychopathological symptoms. Neurological disorders are reflected in changes
in muscle movement that drive the fall. Convergence paresis, diplopialarmpaydo. Vegetative
disorders arise precisely on the surface: strong salivary detachment, profuse sweating, oily skin,
vasomotor disorders occur. Metabolism is disrupted: patients can lose weight or become obese
very quickly. In addition, the exchange of water, salt and carbohydrates is disrupted.
For the chronic period of epidemic encephalitis, Parkinsonism syndrome is extremely
descriptive (rigid – akinetic syndrome). The appearance of such patients is unique: the face is
shiny, oily and masked. There is no facial expressions, the patient may be upset or happy about
something, but the facial expressions do not reflect this emotion on the face, the face seems to be
hardened. Movements are slow and uniform, bradykinesia. The patient's gait is overly typical: the
patient walks slowly, with a small step, slightly bending his leg at the knee. In spinal bone, the
amount of sugar, protein, globulin increases imperceptibly, sometimes the number of cell elements
lymphocytes and plasmocytes increases.
Psychopathological disorders of the chronic period are diverse it does not go the same in
adults and children. In the patient, a decrease in mental activity leads to exhaustion, exhaustion,
weakening of mental processes – thinking, attention activity, weakening of the power of
affectivity. Despite the violation of thinking, mental retardation does not develop strongly in
epidemic encephalitis [27-30].
This is a psychopathological manifestation of the era Uzi shiqim, which is considered to
be actions without tuturiq-to laugh, cry and reckon with oneself. These actions can take from
several hours to several days. Our psychiatrists made a significant contribution to the study and
recording of these forms of the disease. For many years, these forms of the disease have been
diagnosed without detection and an abnormal diagnosis. They include:
Disorders of perception through vision in the form of hallucinatory paranoid.
Illusions, hallucinations, and hypnological hallucinations occur.
Unlike schizophrenic patients, such patients talk about their temptations in passive
development: they look at their temptations through the eye of criticism when they are not in
paroxysms.
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In psychosensory form. Initially delusional, false intuition appears, and later signs of
neurological and arkensanism are visible. In this, derealization, depersonalization, auditory
illusions, vestibular changes – dizziness, insecurity in walking appear.
Treatment. Treatment in the acute period of the disease consists mainly in the use of
antibiotics for the purpose of reducing fever, disintoxication therapy and Prevention of secondary
infection. They include arton, deportkin, venodrin, kenadrein, merotran, miltoun, and others,
which can be used for years as they are less toxic. If the medication is not given to the patient, the
symptoms of the disease will continue to surface again. In later years, Parkinsonism was treated
surgically – chemopallidoctomy [31-33].
If psychosensory, vesimbular and vegetative disorders in the psychosensory form of the
disease occur precisely on the surface, the drug mebedra gives a good result. It is taken daily from
150 – 250 mg for 8 to 12 weeks.
Mental disorders in cerebral venereal and growing paralysis.
2 different diseases can arise due to damage to the venereal area of the brain.
1) brain poison.
2) growing paralysis.
In the clinic of mental disorders of the current period, these diseases are rare, firstly, at the
moment the fight against syphilis is well established. Secondly, as a result of modern methods of
treatment, the damage to the brain from syphilis has decreased. Damage to the brain as a result of
poisoning occurs in people who have not been treated for poisoning and have not been carried out
until the end of treatment. The cranial Venom is the first form of neurosis to surface after 5-7 years
after the leak is damaged by a spirochete [34-37].
In this disease, first of all, the cranial blood vessels, cranial shells are damaged, less often,
gumma is formed in the brain substance. Damage to the cranial shells leads to meningitis as well
as meningoencephalitis.
The pathological process in the blood vessels of the brain leads to the formation of a soft
bladder or rupture of blood vessels leads to a blood clot in the ham.
In addition to mental disorders, neurological and somatic disorders are also observed in
cranial Zahm.
Neurological symptoms are polymorphous and include:
1) general brain symptoms – dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting.
2) acute symptoms – agnosia, apraxia, aphasia, anisocoria, smoothing of the lip folds,
ptosis, hearing impairment, Argyle Robertson syndrome, etc.
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Somatic disorders include lesions of a number of internal organs (heart, aorta, liver,
kidneys, etc.) as a result of syphilis.
Mental disorders are characterized by Neurosis disorders, (rapid fatigue excitability,
decreased attention, etc.), reactive (dystonia, dysphoria, euphoria), emotional emptiness and
contemplative disorders (decreased memory, parsial mental inferiority), in rare cases temptation
and hallucinations are observed.
Meningial type. Pathological type, pathological process can occur in acute, or chronic form
in the form of meningitis or meningoencephalitis. during the acute period, severe headaches are
observed dizziness, nausea, increased level of malaise (up to high levels). in chronic course, the
symptoms are reduced, hide. Patients are disturbed by a slight headache, they are prone to
excitatory, crushed, affective reactions. Mild leukocytosis and increased levels of proteins
(globulins) blurred in brain bone. The Kolge reaction indicates that the mine has a syphilitic scar
[38-41].
A type of apoplexy. The typical conic vein appearance of cranial Zahm is included .It in
turn leads to occlusion (occlusion) of the mining veins or rupture of the wall in the mining vein
and the casting of the mine. In cranial syphilis, strokes occur to people of urticaria age (35 – 45),
are returned several times and appear on the surface during the initial period of the disease.
Strokes are observed in combination with dullness of consciousness, epileptic seizures.
Epileptic type. Characterized by the development of tremors, seizures. This appearance of
syphilis can develop due to meningoencephalitis, gumma, endoarteritis. In combination with
Tremor seizures, it is important that the mood is disturbed in the form of dysphoria, the tension of
the parsial axial low increases.
Neurological symptoms vary depending on the location of the epileptic lung. Type of
gummosis. The clinical type will depend on the size and location of the Gumma. In the formation
bullish of many small gummas, a psychoorganic syndrome develops. Large gummas cause an
increase in cranial pressure and changes in the eyeball [41-45].
Gallusinator is a paranoid species.
In the form of this type of disease, along with
neurological symptoms, there will be temptations and hallucinations. Hallucinations are mainly in
the form of auditory hallucinations blurred (Pleutic hallucinosis), with few cases of visual
hallucinations. It weakens natural and artificial reflexes, leads to the hypnoid phase of braking,
and changes cause the similarity of schizophrenia in syphilis Ham. However, no typical changes
characteristic of schizophrenia are observed in cranial Zahm: autism, negativity, emotional
emptiness. In the case of brain poisoning, there are memory disorders that are not characteristic of
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schizophrenia, counting disorders, excitability, sometimes partial criticism of one's own disease.
On the basis of the schizophrenic type of poisoning lies toxic encephalopathy and endoarteritis of
small blood vessels [46-48].
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