Oriental studies

Structural analysis of the circumstances of the course of action

2023-01-31T14:51:54+08:00

The article is devoted to the study of the types of circumstances of the course of action, expressed by adverbs such as: simple, complex, suffixal and prefix in the last previous types, it is noted in what way these circumstances of the course of action are formed. As for the functional features of adverbs, it should be noted that an adverb always performs the function of a circumstance in a sentence. For example, the circumstances of time, place, degree, or mode of action. In the adverbialization characteristic of the Pashto language adverbs, it can be noted that this paragraph deals with the process of the transition of adverbs to other parts of speech. In the Pashto language, a circumstance is divided into simple, complex, suffixal and prefixal groups.

Specific aspects of multilateral cultural-humanitarian diplomacy within the SCO

2023-02-01T01:05:45+08:00

Today, Uzbekistan is opening up to the whole world. One of the factors in the development of any state is that it has its place in the world community within the framework of important organizations. Uzbekistan has introduced various diplomatic mechanisms to accelerate the process of active interaction and mutually beneficial cooperation with the region and the world. One of the most important organizations in our country is the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The rich history and close cultural ties between the SCO member states predetermine wide cultural and humanitarian cooperation within the organization. In this sense, it is worth noting that a hundred years ago the space of the SCO countries was connected by the ancient routes of the Silk Road. It is also deeply symbolic that by the 21st century, the countries of Eurasia are ready to develop new economic, cultural and humanitarian ties, reviving ancient traditions in the context of globalization. Some political and economic changes in the world require that only interstate cooperation be adapted to the principles of public diplomacy. Cultural and humanitarian cooperation has a growing tendency to develop mutual understanding, mutual enrichment and integration of cultures, creating a solid social basis for disseminating information and knowledge about the traditions and customs of peoples in the SCO space. Uzbekistan has long been associated with the peoples of the SCO space through ethnic, linguistic, religious and other ties. It was the Uzbek land that served as a bridge connecting these links. Therefore, the most important direction of Uzbekistan’s foreign policy is cooperation with the SCO member countries. Therefore, the possibility of further strengthening the role of Uzbekistan in all areas is an urgent problem. This article describes the cultural and humanitarian cooperation between Uzbekistan and the SCO, multilateral diplomacy in this area and the contribution of Uzbekistan to the development of this sector within the organization.

Economic aspects of interaction between Russia and the countries of Central Asia

2023-02-01T01:05:39+08:00

The article discusses interdisciplinary Russian-Central Asian relations with a focus on its economic component. The specifics of the ongoing research, which is the basis for the article, is an attempt to systematically evaluate the key elements of interaction between Russia and Central Asian countries in the areas of politics, security, the economy (including in the energy sector), as well as in the social sphere. Through this lens, the most important factors and stages of relations in the period of 1991-2018 are also identified, and statistics not previously combined in one material are provided. Over the past years, since the declaration of independence of the Central Asian countries, economic relations between the Russian Federation and the regional countries have been characterized by a series of "ups" and "downs". A noticeable activation of Russian business and the overall economic policy of the Russian Federation in Central Asia began to be observed from the beginning of the 2000s. Russia's strategic interests have touched the oil and gas sector, where the vast majority of Russian investments have been represented. In recent years, in the face of continuing Western sanctions, the Central Asian region has become one of the most important, and non-alternative, economic regions for Russia. At present, new trends are beginning to intensify and deepen economic cooperation, including diversification of ties across sectors of the economy, expanding geography and improving the quality of cooperation. Investments from the Central Asian countries themselves in the Russian Federation have played and continue to play an important role in the development of economic relations. Moreover, relations between Russia and Central Asian countries in the labor migration segment have been developing dynamically and on a large scale for many years. In general, the importance of labor migration is high not only for the Russian Federation, but also for the Central Asian countries themselves. It is concluded that in recent years, Russian-Central Asian relations have been characterized by rather high dynamics. There is no doubt that the development of interaction is largely favored by traditionally close bilateral and multilateral ties: due to historical commonality, geographical proximity, socio-cultural and other proximity, the presence of institutional formats, and mutual desire for cooperation.

Public diplomacy in international relations: classification of historical and theoretical aspects

2023-02-01T01:05:32+08:00

The article is devoted to the emergence and evolution of people's diplomacy in international relations. It focuses on the interpretation of international and interethnic friendly relations, the analysis of their stages of development. People's dip-lomacy is one of the important aspects in the development of international relations of each state. The term people's diplomacy has historically been a mechanism for developing friendly relations between nations and states from the time of its formation to the present. The first period of formation of the term people's diplomacy originated in the East, and in the 60s of the ХХth century, the term began to be widely used in international relations in the West. At the same time, the role of people's diplomacy is expanding and playing an important role in the development of international relations. People's diplomacy is an important part of foreign policy, ensuring the improvement of relations between nations, the promotion of the country's interests in the international arena and the creation of its positive image. People's diplomacy is also a way to influence the thoughts and behavior of the population of foreign countries. Today, people's diplomacy is clearly reflected in the lives of all developing countries. However, there are a number of problems related to the extent and purpose of their implementation, the level of ensuring friendly relations between peoples. Therefore, the article also discusses the issue of people's diplomacy in international relations, its formation and stages of development, its role in the international community. The attention paid to the development of people's diplomacy in the international arena in recent years, in particular, and the analysis of the work being done in this direction are also mentioned. The article also reveals the importance of people's diplomacy and its equal development of friendly relations between peoples.

Cultural and public diplomacy in modern times

2023-02-01T01:05:26+08:00

The article describes such concepts as culture in the system of globalization, public and cultural diplomacy, as well as some aspects of their implementation in the digital age, including the impact of cultural diplomacy carried out using digital technologies and being one of the elements of public diplomacy on international relations. The link between the decision of the elites and what measures were taken in the future is mentioned separately. It is also noted about the phenomenon of glocalization, that is, cultural character-istics and national values that are subject to modification in the context of globalization.

South Korea's ‘New Northern Policy’ and 2019 Summit Diplomacy to Central Asia

2023-02-01T01:05:18+08:00

This article is to introduce the ‘New North Policy’ of the Moon Jae-in’s government (since May 2017) of the Republic of Korea, and explain the contents and performance of the 2019 Korea-Central Asian State Summit (Korean President and Prime Minister’s official visit to Central Asia) and cooperation in Central Asia under the ‘New North Policy’. By analyzing the significance of 2019 Summit Diplomacy with the relation of New Northern Policy, the conclusion is to propose a couple of plans for future cooperation of Korea and Central Asian states.

The Jewish Community of Iran: Ambivalence of Existence under the Regime of the Islamic Republic of Iran

2023-02-01T01:05:12+08:00

The Jewish community of Iran is today the largest in the Middle East. Many other Jewish communities in this region finished their life being, for centuries, a symbol of the co-existence between Muslims and Jews. However, the Jewish presence in the Islamic Republic of Iran did not complete and now numbers, according to various estimates, 16-18 thousand persons. Even before the Islamization of the Middle East, Iran became one of the most important centers of Jewish life. During the Islam era, the situation of non-Muslim minorities began to be determined by general Muslim legal norms. A significant aggravation in the situation of Iranian Jews was opened with the declaration of Shiism as the state religion of Iran in the period of the Safavids (1502-1736). In the era of the Kajar rule (1796–1925), religious and social restrictions remained a daily reality. The 20th century turned out to be truly revolutionary for Iranian Jews. Constitutionalist Revolution of 1905-1911 proclaimed the equality of all faiths, including Jews, who received the right to representation in Iranian parliament. The policy of Iranian nationalism in 1930-1970. was welcomed by most of the Jews, who felt themselves as a part of the cultural heritage of the country and its ancient history. But despite the apparent conformity of the bulk of Iranian Jews, it soon became clear that it would be difficult for Iranian Jews to fit into the new conditions that were governed by the country's ongoing policy of total Islamization of Iranian society, and a radical restructuring of all spheres of life. The policy of the Islamic regime in the country towards the Jewish religious minority proceeds from the following postulate: a clear differentiation is made between Jews, on the one hand, and Israel and Zionism, on the other. However, the declarations of the Islamic leaders of IRI show that they identify Iranian Jews with Israel and Zionism, sometimes wrapping it in sophisticated verbal forms from which primitive anti-Semitism is appearing.

Prospects and opportunities for cooperation of the Republic of Uzbekistan within the framework of the One Belt, One Road (OBOR) project

2023-02-01T01:05:05+08:00

The authors reveal the prospects of participation of Uzbekistan in Chinese projects the "One Belt One Road" - Chinese initiative to create a global transport and infrastructure investment, which unites two projects - the “Silk Road Economic Belt” and “21st Century Maritime Silk Road. The subject of the study is the balanced position of the Republic of Uzbekistan regarding the implementation of the “Belt and Road” initiative. The great importance of the “Belt and Road” initiative for the development of the transport infrastructure of Uzbekistan is revealed, which meets the objectives of Uzbekistan’s Development Strategy for 2017-2021. The analysis shows that the "One Belt One Road" Initiative, despite various estimates, has firmly entered into the everyday life of politicians, diplomats and experts in the field of international economic relations. Attractive and strong point of this giant scale initiative is China's willingness to bear the burden of financing the multibillion-dollar projects in the Eurasian space. The analysis showed Uzbekistan’s interest in participation and implementation of the OBOR project, provided the initiative is filled with specific projects, which will meet the interests of both sides and contribute to the deepening of economic integration, liberalization of international economic relations, more full use of factors of globalization and openness of the world economy. Such cooperation will promote the formation of a qualitatively new model of international economic relations.

Turkey's interests in the Syrian Arab Republic

2023-02-01T01:04:57+08:00

Today, the attention of all countries of the world and international organizations is directed to the Middle East region. The Middle East is a strategically important region and has enormous energy potential, including a large amount of hydrocarbons. In this regard, we can say that the stability of this region directly affects the stability of the world as a whole. Historically, the Middle East has been a very attractive territory for various reasons. The one who controlled this strategically important zone possessed tremendous power and wealth. Despite the declining role of the region as a crossroads between different continents in connection with the development of the global system of transport communications, the strategic importance of the Middle East in recent decades has not only not decreased, but, on the contrary, has grown significantly. Also, the energy factor remains the main reason for the increased attention to the region. As you know, the technologies of modern civilization are almost completely dependent on the extraction of organic energy. Therefore, the distribution of resources has gradually turned into one of the most important elements in building the current system of international relations. The desire to establish control over them is the cause of numerous conflicts in the region.

A study of Xuan Zang's Da Tan si yu tzi by Russian historians

2023-01-31T14:52:31+08:00

In this article, the author analyzes the work of the Buddhist monk Xuanzang, who visited the Central Asian region in the early Middle Ages, "Da Tan siyuy tzu" and other sources on the history of Central Asia, which are not equivalent with this source. This article addresses one of the most serious issues in early medieval Central Asian history. It is known that the travellers of Buddhist monks who visited the Central Asian region in the early Middle Ages, the information contained in them, are not yet available in Arabic-Persian sources and cover a relatively dark period, and the article fills this gap. Among them, Xuanzang's "Da Tan siyu tzu" stands out. Therefore, this article serves as additional material to the work published so far.

"Sahayif ul-akhbar": an important source of medieval history

2023-01-31T14:52:24+08:00

This article is devoted to the scientific analysis of the work of Munajimbashi Darwish Ahmad "Sahaif ul-Akhbar", which tells a short history from the origin of mankind to the Middle Ages of Muslim and Turkic dynasties. The main goal of the study is to analyze the literature and sources of creativity of that time and today, as well as to show the scientific and practical significance of scientific work. Also, the main task was to assess the role of the source in illuminating medieval history, to assess the detail and sequence of events in this historical work. In the study of the study, historical-comparative analysis, research methods from a historical-chronological point of view were used. Covering the history of the early period of mankind and up to the Middle Ages, the work covers the history of the statehood of the Arab and Turkic dynasties that ruled the Middle East and Central Asia, which increases the value and value of the work. Judging by the value of the work, the part associated with the history of the statehood of the dynasties that ruled in the territories of our country has not been studied. Only parts of the history of Khorezm, translated by Muhammad Yusuf Bayani, have been studied, and it can be seen that no research has been carried out to summarize other opinions on this issue. The study of the work shows that most of the analytical work on this topic was done only in Turkey. Taking into account such factors, we believe that research on this work should be encouraged in our country. In a word, this scientific work can not only describe events from Adam to the reign of Mahmud IV, a representative of the Ottoman Turkic dynasty, but also serve as a historical source on the history of our country.

Iranian education system: history, stages of development and characteristics

2023-01-31T14:52:17+08:00

In this article, the author, based on an analysis of a number of sources, tried to reveal the features of the education system of the Iranian state, which has its own history of development in the region, its historical stages and features. The author tried to objectively analyze the reforms and modernization work carried out at different periods in the education system of Iran, mainly using foreign sources. The 1979 revolution plays a very important role in the life of the Iranian state. Therefore, the article compares the education system for two periods: pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary periods. An attempt was made to identify and show the results obtained using various tables. The education system was divided into preschool, secondary, vocational and postgraduate degrees. The reforms carried out at each stage were briefly, but substantively covered. Conclusions were made by analyzing the results of the reforms. The features of the education system in Iran were identified and the prospects for their use in the context of Uzbekistan were examined. With an emphasis on gender processes in the education system, the strengths and weaknesses of the two-tier school system were identified. Efforts were made to explain the post-revolutionary changes in the country, the Islamization of the education system and its impact on the quality of education. In conclusion, the results obtained as a result of the analysis were systematized and sorted. Suggestions were made about what aspects of the Iranian education system can be implemented in practice and in the education system of Uzbekistan. When writing an article, the author sought to develop and substantiate his conclusions using methods such as comparative analysis and the use of statistical data.

British spies in Central Asia in the first half of the 19th century

2023-01-31T14:52:10+08:00

This article describes the activities of special services were sent by Great Britain to Central Asia until the first half of the 19 th century. Also the British-colonial East-India company and its staff, who visited Central Asia under the guise of British ambassadors, traders, and tourists. The state structure, form of government, relations with neighboring countries of the countries located in the region, types of armies, military fortification, topography of the region, economic, political and social situation of the peoples, their customs, traditions, way of life, diversity of nations, peculiarities of this period are described. It also covers the military-political and diplomatic preparations of the British Empire for the invasion of Afghanistan, Khiva, Bukhara and Kokand khanates in the late thirsty 19 th century. They carefully studied the detailed drawings of every road in the country, the waterways, the government officials, the various sources, the political and economic conditions of the regions. The essence of this article is to cover the UK’s secret services, their systematic and uninterrupted operation, and the use of any means at their disposal. The article concludes by saying that the British Empire had been carefully preparing for this process for many years before invading any territory.

The image of fairies (Pairika) as one of the manifestations of Ahriman

2023-01-31T14:52:01+08:00

The innovative component of the article lies in an in-depth study of the classification, description and functional analysis of the image of “Peri” in the Avesta. Peri qualifies in the Avesta a deceptive image that distracts a person from his true faith. Interestingly, the article substantiates the character of the peri, with its simultaneous ability to appear in front of a person in bodily, often in the guise of a beautiful girl. Details of cases of marriage of peri with the heroes of stories are given. All this is given in the article as “positive” image properties. However, the essence of the negative properties of peri is convincingly revealed. It is argued that the image of the Peri is one of the forms of manifestation of the source of all the evils of Ahriman. On specific examples, the facts of the use of images of evil peri in magic acts, forms and fortune telling with the aim of influencing the psyche of people are revealed.

Development of Oriental Studies in Uzbekistan: Korean Studies and Indology (dedicated to the memory of Professor A.N. Shamatov)

2023-01-31T02:41:59+08:00

This article is devoted to the development of Korean studies as an important area of oriental studies. In the research work of syntaxists - representatives of various directions there is still no common system of terms. The same term denotes different concepts or vice versa, the same concept is often denoted by different terms. This is due to different approaches and aspects. Moreover, the aspects highlighted by us above do not exhaust the entire variety of existing approaches to the study of syntactic units. This gives us reason to identify new approaches to the study of the syntax of the Korean language. The article also presents the unique memoirs of рrofessor A.N. Shamatov. Professor A.N. Shamatov is a brilliant Indologist, who has always helped young scientists. Professor A.N.Shamatov was known and respected throughout the republic and abroad. These memoirs of рrofessor A.N. Shamatov are little known and have not been published before. An important characteristic of the preparation process is active research activities related to the development of certain scientific problems. In this direction, a deep knowledge of the history of the study of the scientific problem of scientists has become a condition for successful research. Since the essence of any scientific problem is the unity of two elements: knowledge of the unknown and assumptions of a new discovery. The effective development of scientific heritage by young scientists is an integral part of the development of Russian oriental studies. Oriental studies have come a long and diverse path of development. The uniqueness, specificity, and scientific significance of this heritage made it imperative to comprehensively study the history of the emergence, formation, and development of East science. Oriental studies have now become an important science with its new directions and research methods.

Stylistic devices in “Kutadgu bilig” (in turkish, english and russian translations)

2023-01-31T14:51:46+08:00

During the last century a great deal of work has been done in the study of the poem Yusuf Has Hajib's "Kutadgu Bilig", which was the first Turkic manuscript. In Uzbekistan, Professor Kayum Karimov did some research on translating this work in Uzbek and presented it in a language that is understandable to readers. On the other hand, this poem has been translated into several languages of the world, and much more has been done. However, there are some disadvantages in conveying its essence. These shortcomings can be seen in the fact that translations in different languages are lost in translation, with some artifacts being lost. This article compares the artistic content of the box knowledge with comparative analysis in foreign languages. Working on a scientific article, three versions were analyzed and studied. Their bytes were compared. As a result, every translation has some differences. But we can see the similarity between the translations, especially in translations by May and Ivanov. Because, separately, Walter May has translated this work from a Russian translation by Ivanov. Given that both of the above translations are translated in partnerships, we can see that they have some artwork in place. This is evident in the translation by Robert Denkoff. The main reason was that Denkoff translated this work in prose. Illustrated by specific bytes of the work, it provides a comprehensive comparison of the artistic tools used, including illustrations and epithets, in translations from four books to three different languages. Finally, it became clear that the shortcomings of some translators had a profound effect on the translation of the work without affecting the translation.

Regarding the systematization of lexical units representing kinship in the Japanese and Uzbek languages

2023-01-31T14:51:38+08:00

All Humans were born in their family, they grow as a member of family. Family is considered as a place which has a bond to live together of relationship with man and wife, parents, children as well as siblings. Blood relation and relative by marriage are main part in attitude of society, In addition it can consist of their duties and aims. That kind of attitude among society is said kinship. And the words which are related to this are called kinship terms. These terms possess form of naming and address. This terms posses two types: address and naming which are differentiated in relationship. This article provides comparison between similarities and differences in the terms of kinship in Japanese and Uzbek languages. Direct and соllateral family ties from the ascending line (grandfather) to the descending line (grandson) are analyzed. The objective of this work is to identify answers to questions such as whether the meanings of kinship terms are uniquely suited in Japanese and Uzbek languages and whether relationship structures are similar or different. In this scientific article, the names of kinship relations in Japanese and Uzbek are systematized, their meanings and relations are determined. In Japanese and Uzbek languages, the name blood relationship is consistent but there are differences in relation. From the point of view of соllateral family kinship, it was found that there are differences in the name of the kinship, in both their meaning and attitude.

Newspaper text in the modern communicative situation and distinctive features of Russian and Arabic newspaper text

2023-01-31T14:51:31+08:00

This article is devoted to the newspaper text in communication – a relevant topic of modern times, when the literary Arabic language begins to lose its importance in the texts of the media. This article provides information from the works of many scientists on this theme, which explain the various features of the newspaper text as a whole, as well as compare Russian and Arabic texts, analyze their distinctive features and common similarities.

Euphemisms related to the concept of "woman" in Chinese and Uzbek linguistic culture

2023-01-31T14:51:23+08:00

This article is devoted to the study of euphemisms related to the concept of "woman" in Chinese and Uzbek linguoculture. Sometimes people encounter situations when communicating with others where they cannot say what they want directly or use phrases in their own sense, putting their interlocutors at a disadvantage. Euphemisms applied to find out solution of such complicated situations. Euphemisms are words and expressions, which are replaces forbidden, improper to say, rude lexicon that contradict moral norms in its own polite way. Euphemisms reflects the psychology, worldview, customs, traditions, myths and beliefs of a people. The article examines the euphemisms associated with the concept of "woman" in Chinese and Uzbek linguoculture in such thematic groups as "woman's age", "pregnancy", "morals" and "appearance". The general and specific aspects of euphemisms expressing the concept of "woman" in Chinese and Uzbek linguoculture are compared and their place in language and culture is shown. Changes of way of thinking and worldview of Chinese and Uzbek peoples at certain times, growth of the role of women in the socio-political life, role as mother, housewife moreover as a active member of society with equal rights with men explained through euphemisms. In both nationalities have been found cognitive traits of women such as oriental abashment, pudency, humbleness and chastity, which is reflected in euphemisms. The study of euphemisms associated with the concept of “woman” in Chinese and Uzbek linguoculture is important in solving the current issue of gender equality. The examine of euphemisms makes it possible to deeply study and understand the mentality of a people, to form a complete picture of its national culture, values, customs, traditions, moral criteria, the national character of a native speaker and the relationship between the language and culture. Along with this, knowledge of euphemisms avoids misunderstandings and difficulties arising in the process of intercultural communication, eliminates pragmatic obstacles, and ensures successful and effective communication.

Problems of learning Russian as a foreign language and ways to solve them

2023-01-31T02:42:55+08:00

The entry of the Republic of Uzbekistan into the world market, the expansion of international relations necessitate the formation of a language culture of students in foreign languages, especially world ones, which include the Russian language. This article reveals the issues of teaching Russian as a foreign language. Factors affecting the effectiveness of training are considered, among which are: a concrete definition of the goals and objectives of training; taking into account the native language, the level of basic knowledge, the stages of education; selection and presentation of lexical and grammatical material; visibility; selection of textbooks and teaching aids, etc. The author highlights the difficulties encountered in learning a foreign language, due to several factors. Among them, differences in the systems of the native and Russian languages are indicated: the absence of certain grammatical categories, the mismatch of their functions, various ways of expressing certain grammatical meanings, as well as the irregularity of a number of linguistic phenomena in the Russian language itself. The author separately dwells on the categories of gender, case, time and species. Particular attention is paid to innovative teaching methods and technologies. Based on examples, the possibilities of their use in the teaching process are revealed.

The origin and use of numbers in Chinese culture

2023-01-31T02:42:49+08:00

This article provides information on the concept of numbers in Chinese. The fact that the number is known to be used in various tasks both in science and in everyday life, and the variety of mathematical quantities is also directly related to numbers is reflected in the article from the ancient Chinese example. At the same time, the ancient Chinese prophetic notes were also written about the "writing of the nest". In the article, the scientific research of many Russian and World Scientists on the number has been studied and examples of their views are given.

Analysis of words formed in the "Arabic root + - زاس - sāz affix" model in "Hayrat ul-Abror"

2023-01-31T02:42:44+08:00

Everyone knows that each language has its own characteristics, attractiveness and endearing qualities. And also, some of them side by side with others developed and achieved perfection. The same can be said about the Persian and Turkic languages. Over many centuries, nationalities speaking on these languages have suffered many different events, including the literary and linguistic positions. Words in these languages have passed from one to another and vice versa, some have acquired new meanings. Some types and methods of word formation were borrowed, and with this they enriched their languages. This process is often observed in the works of poets and writers who lived and wrote their works in the Middle Ages. As Alisher Navoi, who wrote works with high skill in the Turkic language, knew the Persian and Arabic languages perfectly, he wisely uses words in his works. And also, if a word denoting a concept does not exist in the Turkic language, he uses the Persian or Arabic language to use these words or based on own observations, forms himself the words according to models. One of such models is the “arabic stem + semi-affix زاس- -sāz” model, according to which, words were formed and many of them are found in the poem “Khayrat al-abror”. Their determination and study is the purpose of this research. In the result of the research, we observed words such as ’ayšsāz, bаẕlsāz, ġāliyаsāz, jilvаsāz, nаġmаsāz, nаqšsāz, sаjdаsāz, vāsiṭаsāz, which were formed based on the aforesaid model, that is with adding Persian semi-affix زاس- -sāz exactly to the Arabic stem. In this article, the above words were analyzed structurally and semantically based on the model, and their meanings were revealed in context. From the considered words bаẕlsāz “giving a gift”, jilvāsāz “shining,” “spreading the light” sājdasāz “performing worship,” vāsiṭāsāz “making smth. as tool” were not found in dictionaries. We can conclude that the poet formed them on the basis of the “Arabic stem + affixoid - زاس -sāz” model to use in his works

The structure of Babur's work "Mubayyin" and the semantics of the terms representing Hajj and Umrah

2023-01-31T02:42:38+08:00

The study and research of written sources related to language learning serves as a mainstay for the development of this field. Therefore, the role of the work of Zakhiriddin Muhammad Babur "Mubayin" in the development of our literary language and national literature is invaluable. The aim of the author's work was a poetic and clear explanation of the science of Sharia to his son Humayun. By the 15th - 16th centuries, the lexical layer of the Old Uzbek literary language had become significantly poorer. Purely Turkish words have been replaced by Arabic, Persian and Tajik. This, in turn, alienated the general public from science and education. This led to the crisis of the old Uzbek literary language. Babur, who understood the process correctly, tried to use pure Turkish words in his works. With this work, Zakhiriddin Muhammad Babur contributed to the development of the Uzbek literary language, the history of the Uzbek literary language, terms, words and phrases in the religious and philosophical spirit of the Uzbek literary language, as well as to the science of Sharia. During the writing of the mubayyn, the artist again introduced obsolete Turkic words into the history of the Uzbek literary language. He also strove to write a work that would be convenient, easy and understandable for the reader of that period. As a result, Mubayin became popular among the people of his day.

Interference in teaching Chinese and how to overcome it

2023-01-31T02:42:32+08:00

This article is devoted to the problem of typology of lexical difficulties in teaching Chinese language to students-philologists of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The author covers the views of scientists on the comparative study of the vocabulary of native and foreign languages, considers the views of various researchers on the nature of interference, describes the set of conditions by which its nature is determined. In the comparative analysis of the two languages there are two tasks - linguistic and methodological. The task of linguistic analysis is to identify everything general and distinctive in these languages as fully and in depth as possible. The task of metho-dological analysis is to select from all material identified as a result of linguistic analysis one that can facilitate the consistent introduction of lexical material into the educational process, i.e., that contributes to the intensification of the educational process. The Uzbek and Chinese languages belong to different language families. The Chinese language in terms of morphological classification belongs to the isolating type, and it is generally accepted that the main feature of languages of this type is the immutability of words and the absence of formal, or morphological, elements in a word. It follows that the Chinese language is in a difficult relationship with concepts such as syllable and morpheme. The Uzbek language refers to agglutinative languages, in which the grammatical forms of words (case forms) are formed by affixation, that is, adding standard suffixes (endings) to the word base. The categories of difficulties encountered by philological students of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the lexical layer of the Chinese language - they are associated with the form of the word, meaning and use. The categories of difficulties encountered by in the lexical layer of the Chinese language are highlighted - they are related to the form of the word, meaning and use.

The issue of the Nihon eitaigura collection and Ihara Saikaku's art style

2023-01-31T02:42:26+08:00

The article is dedicated to the literary figure Ihara Saikaku, who was widely recognized as the founder of the “school of modern realistic literature (“ukiyooshi”) in Japanese literature of the 17th century, and to the literary analysis of his collection of short stories “Nihon eitaigura” (“Eternal Storehouse of Japan”). From the point of view of poetics, the collection of short stories"Nihon eitaigura" is considered as one of the best works of the writer in the genre of “choninmono” didactic short stories for townsmen. Exactly, in this collection the peculiar style of Ihara Saikaku clearly reaches its highest zenith as a writer. The analysis of the poetic and literary characteristics of the short stories collection "Nihon eitaigura" and its role in Japanese medieval literature as a literary source is considered to be the aim of the article. Revealing the main theme and the idea put forward by the writer, as well as defining the structure of plot and composition, the system of characters in the “Nihon eitaigura” through the example of the short stories included in it, is the research’s main task. Cultural and historical, comparative historical methods of analysis are used to achieve the goals and accomplish the tasks mentioned above. At the beginning of the article, author gives information about the studies related to the works of a prominent representative of Japanese 17 th century prose, Ihara Saikaku, and about the conditions of creating the collection of short stories “Nihon eitaigura” that belongs to him. The structure and theme of the collection are revealed by examples given from the short stories that included in it. Then, through analysis, a system of characters and its characteristic features existing in the didactic short stories of the writer for the townspeople is characterized. Relying on selected short stories from “Nihon eitaigura, the idea put forward by the writer and the ideals to which he sought, are clarified. Along with, in the article, reflection is given on the style of the writer and the characteristic features existing in it, thanks to which he was able to show the life of the medieval city and customs of his era with amazing skill of the artist, as well as express much about the human dignity of a simple townsmen.

The influence of the political reality during the reign of the Ummawis on literature

2023-01-31T02:42:19+08:00

The article explores the relationship between ancient Arab history, in particular, the political life of the caliphate and the Umayyads with the literature of that century. The author highlights how the political picture of the Umayyad era influenced literary life. It is well known, that the period of ruling of the Umayyad caliphs was full of endless wars, conflicts, instability, and yet, despite this, this is the era of great conquests in the history of the Arabs. At that time, when the unrest in the country was at its peak, as well as when the greatest things in the history of the Arabs took place, the Arab rulers themselves also made various speeches. The author of the article claims, that the appearance of numerous sects, groups, parties and other communities on the map of the political life of the Umayyads, constant wars and differences between them - inevitably led to the need for the art of public speaking. At the end of the article, the author carefully analyzes the speech of one of the governors of the Umayyads Ubaidullah bin Ziyad as an example of public speaking and literary heritage.

The gradual development of Arabic dream science

2023-01-31T02:42:11+08:00

The present article dwells upon the chronological significance of the studies of Arab scholars of the Middle Ages on the science of `arūḍ. Including, there is a description ranging from the system created by the founder of the `Arūḍ science, Khalīl ibn Ahmad, to the principles of formation and development from his followers. The first sources about the `arūḍ theory, created after Khalīl ibn Ahmad, are the works of Abul Hassan al-Ahfash and Abu Ishāq al-Zujāzh. With their deep and complete explanations of the theoretical foundations of `arūḍ, the sections on `arūḍ in encyclopedic works written since the 10th century are written by Ibn Abdu Rabbihī, Abu Abdullаh al-Khwarizmī, Ibn Rashīk al-Kairovanī, Yūsuf al-Sakkākī. Among the authors who have enriched `arūḍ in a certain way with their approach and look, one can list philologists such as Ibn al-Sarrāj, Sāhib ibn ‘Abbād, Ibn Jinnī and Maḥmūd al-Zamakhsharī. A scientist from Mā warā’ al-nahr Abu Nasr ibn Hammād Jawharī, who is separately noted in all studies on `arūḍ as the reformer of `arūḍ science, has a special place in scholarship. Starting from the 13th century, the poetic style of aruda is encountered. In particular, the most famous poems (qasīdah) of the classical period, such as Ar-Risala al-Andalusia, Qasīdah al-Khazrajiya, Qasīdah al-Khusna, briefly and conveniently illuminate the theoretical foundations of science, and are designed to memorize and memorizing `arūḍ. Through sources that fully embrace the theory of Arabic `arūḍ of the Middle Ages, which is included in the analysis in the article, one can get the impression of classical Arabic `arūḍ.

Features of the development of the Saudi realist short story in the second half of the twentieth century

2023-01-31T02:42:05+08:00

This article examines the specific features of the formation of a realistic method of narration, as well as the beginning of the development of a realistic direction in a new type of fiction in Saudi literature. By means of the analysis, the features of the poetics of the Saudi realistic short story in the second half of the twentieth century are considered. The specific features of the formation of the realistic method of narration and the time intervals of its formation depend, in many ways, on the historical conditions in which artistic creativity develops in each society. National-historical circumstances also determine the uneven development of realism in different countries. In Egypt, near the Arabian Peninsula, the realistic method of narration began to take shape at the beginning of the first half of the twentieth century, when most of the Arabian States were not even covered by the educational movement. Already in the first collection of Muhammad Teymur - one of the founders of the short story genre in Egypt "What the eyes see" (1917-1918), the main features of realism are shown, "showing life in its contrasts". The beginning of the development of a realistic direction in the new type of fiction in Saudi literature was laid at the stage of Enlightenment. The struggle with the inherited old norms of life and consciousness for the authors of educational literature resulted in a protest against the forms of new oppression associated with the preservation and maintenance of medieval traditions and ideas in modern society, and, therefore, in many works of Saudi enlighteners, despite their inherent features of sentimentalism and romanticism, the beginnings of realistic trends can be traced.