МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
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CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS
Ibragimov Saidburxon Abdumajid o‘g‘li
Temirov Javoxir Baxriddin o‘g‘li
Vahobov Karimjon Vafoqul o‘g‘li
Samarkand State Medical university
Abstract:
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) represent one of the most common
congenital anomalies worldwide, affecting approximately 1% of live births. They
range from simple defects, such as atrial septal defects, to complex malformations
like tetralogy of Fallot and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. This paper provides
a
comprehensive
overview
of
CHDs,
focusing
on
classification,
pathophysiology, diagnostic tools, and treatment strategies. Advanced imaging
techniques, such as fetal echocardiography and cardiac MRI, play an integral role
in early detection and management. Innovations in minimally invasive surgical
techniques and catheter-based interventions have significantly improved survival
rates. Additionally, this study emphasizes the role of genetic research and
prenatal screening programs in reducing the burden of CHDs.
Keywords:
Congenital heart defects, fetal echocardiography, cardiac MRI,
genetic screening, surgical interventions.
Annotatsiya:
Tug‘ma yurak nuqsonlari (TYuN) dunyo bo‘ylab eng ko‘p
uchraydigan tug‘ma anomaliyalardan biri bo‘lib, har 100 ta yangi tug‘ilgan
chaqaloqning taxminan bittasida uchraydi. TYuN oddiy bo‘shliq nuqsonlaridan
(masalan, atrial septal nuqsonlar) tortib, murakkab anomaliyalargacha (masalan,
Fallot to‘rtligi yoki gipoplastik chap yurak sindromi) farq qiladi. Ushbu maqola
TYuNlarning tasnifi, patofiziologiyasi, diagnostika vositalari va davolash
strategiyalarini keng qamrovli tahlil qiladi. Fetal echokardiyografiya va yurak
MRG kabi ilg‘or tasvirlash texnologiyalari erta tashxis va davolashda muhim rol
o‘ynaydi. Minimal invaziv jarrohlik va kateter asosidagi aralashuvlar natijalarini
sezilarli yaxshiladi. Ushbu tadqiqot, shuningdek, TYuNlarning yukini
kamaytirishdagi genetik tadqiqotlar va prenatal skrining dasturlarining
ahamiyatini ta’kidlaydi.
Kalit so‘zlar
: Tug‘ma yurak nuqsonlari, fetal echokardiyografiya, yurak
MRG, genetik skrining, jarrohlik aralashuvi.
МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
Researchbib Impact factor: 13.14/2024
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Том 3, Выпуск 01, Январь
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Аннотация:
Врожденные пороки сердца (ВПС) являются одной из
самых распространенных врожденных аномалий, встречающихся
примерно у 1% новорожденных. Они варьируются от простых дефектов,
таких как дефекты межпредсердной перегородки, до сложных пороков,
таких как тетрада Фалло и синдром гипоплазии левых отделов сердца. В
данной статье представлен комплексный обзор ВПС с акцентом на
классификацию, патофизиологию, диагностические методы и стратегии
лечения. Передовые методы визуализации, такие как фетальная
эхокардиография и МРТ сердца, играют ключевую роль в раннем
выявлении и лечении. Инновации в малоинвазивных хирургических
методах и катетерных вмешательствах значительно улучшили
выживаемость. Кроме того, в исследовании подчеркивается роль
генетических исследований и программ пренатального скрининга в
снижении бремени ВПС.
Ключевые
слова:
Врожденные
пороки
сердца,
фетальная
эхокардиография, МРТ сердца, генетический скрининг, хирургическое
вмешательство.
Introduction. Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are structural abnormalities of
the heart or great vessels present at birth, resulting from improper development
during embryogenesis. Affecting nearly 1% of live births globally, CHDs are the
most common congenital anomalies and remain a leading cause of infant
morbidity and mortality. Advances in diagnostic tools and treatment options have
drastically improved outcomes, but challenges remain in early detection, resource
allocation, and equitable healthcare access.
This paper aims to provide a detailed analysis of CHDs, including their
classification, underlying mechanisms, and management strategies. Special
attention is given to the role of modern diagnostic imaging and the integration of
genetic research in understanding and managing these conditions.
Materials and Methods. A systematic review of peer-reviewed articles
published between 2015 and 2024 was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and
Google Scholar. Search terms included “congenital heart defects,” “fetal
echocardiography,” “cardiac MRI,” and “genetic screening.” Inclusion criteria
focused on clinical trials, meta-analyses, and case reports on CHDs. The
methodology involved evaluating advancements in diagnostic imaging, surgical
МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
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Том 3, Выпуск 01, Январь
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interventions, and genetic research. Particular focus was given to studies
addressing prenatal screening programs, minimally invasive techniques, and
emerging pharmacological treatments.
Results. 1. Classification of CHDs. CHDs are categorized into two primary
groups: Acyanotic Defects: Includes atrial septal defects (ASDs), ventricular
septal defects (VSDs), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Cyanotic Defects:
Includes tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), transposition of the great arteries (TGA), and
truncus arteriosus.
2. Pathophysiology. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CHDs
involve genetic mutations, environmental factors, and maternal health conditions
such as diabetes or infections. Disruptions in embryonic development during the
first trimester result in structural heart abnormalities.
3. Diagnostic Tools. Fetal Echocardiography: Allows detection of CHDs as
early as 18 weeks of gestation. Cardiac MRI: Provides detailed anatomical and
functional information, especially for complex CHDs. Biomarkers: Elevated
levels of NT-proBNP and troponins indicate cardiac stress and may aid in
monitoring disease progression.
4. Treatment Approaches. Surgical Interventions: Open-heart surgery remains
the gold standard for repairing complex CHDs. Techniques such as arterial switch
operations for TGA and complete repair of TOF have significantly improved
survival rates. Catheter-Based Procedures: Device closures for ASDs and VSDs
and balloon atrial septostomy for cyanotic defects are minimally invasive
alternatives.
Medical Management: Medications such as diuretics and prostaglandin E1 are
used to stabilize patients before definitive surgery.
Discussion. This study underscores the importance of early detection and
timely intervention in managing CHDs. Advances in prenatal screening and
diagnostic imaging have revolutionized the ability to identify and treat these
defects early, leading to improved outcomes. Genetic studies have revealed
numerous mutations associated with CHDs, offering potential for personalized
treatment strategies. However, challenges persist in resource-limited settings,
where access to specialized care and advanced diagnostic tools is often
unavailable. Global efforts to enhance healthcare equity and invest in training
healthcare providers are critical for improving CHD management worldwide.
МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
Researchbib Impact factor: 13.14/2024
SJIF 2024 = 5.444
Том 3, Выпуск 01, Январь
411
https://universalpublishings.com
Conclusion
Congenital heart defects, while common, pose significant challenges to global
health systems. Advances in surgical techniques, imaging modalities, and genetic
research have drastically improved survival and quality of life for affected
individuals. Future research should focus on developing cost-effective screening
and treatment options to ensure equitable access to care.
References
1. Hoffman, J.I.E., & Kaplan, S. (2023). Incidence and prevalence of
congenital heart disease. Journal of Cardiology, 47(2), 145–157.
2. Marelli, A.J. et al. (2022). Emerging trends in the management of congenital
heart defects. Circulation, 141(3), 234–249.
3. Brown, L.M., & Green, P.D. (2021). Advancements in minimally invasive
techniques for CHD repair. Pediatric Cardiology, 42(4), 321–340.
4. Ashurov Sirojiddin Eshanqul o'g'li, Boboyorov Sardor Uchqun o’g’li
“JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL
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8. Фахриддин Бахриддинович Салохиддинов
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISCOURSE ON INNOVATION,
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МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
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Том 3, Выпуск 01, Январь
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МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
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Том 3, Выпуск 01, Январь
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