МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
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ENGLISH COMPOUND SENTENCES
Ibrahimov Muhammadjan Saidullajon ugli
Andijan State Institute of Foreign Languages, 3rd year student of the Faculty of
English Philology, Teaching Methodology and Translation, Department of Foreign
Language and Literature (English) E-mail:
Phone number: +998944360122
Research advisor:
Ataboyev Ahadjon Djumakuziyevich
Annotation:
A compound sentence contains two or more independent
clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so),
semicolons, or conjunctive adverbs (however, therefore, moreover). Each clause can
stand alone as a sentence. Key points include using a comma before coordinating
conjunctions, semicolons for closely related clauses, and proper punctuation to avoid
comma splices and run-on sentences. Varying sentence structures, maintaining
clarity, and practicing correct punctuation are essential for mastering compound
sentences, enhancing writing clarity and complexity in various contexts.
Key words:
compound,
sentences, effective writing, independent clause,
coordinating conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs.
АНГЛИЙСКИЕ СЛОЖНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
Аннотация
: Сложное предложение содержит два или более
независимых предложения, соединенных союзами (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so),
точками с запятой или союзными наречиями (however, Therefore, moreover).
Каждое предложение может стоять отдельно как предложение. Ключевые
моменты включают использование запятой перед союзами, точками с запятой
для тесно связанных предложений и правильной пунктуации, чтобы избежать
сращивания запятых и предложений-слитков. Различные структуры
предложений, поддержание ясности и практика правильной пунктуации
имеют важное значение для освоения сложных предложений, повышения
ясности и сложности письма в различных контекстах.
Ключевые слова:
соединение, предложения, эффективное письмо,
независимое предложение, союзы, союзные наречия.
МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
Researchbib Impact factor: 13.14/2024
SJIF 2024 = 5.444
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21
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Introduction to Compound Sentences.
A compound sentence is a type of
sentence that consists of two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating
conjunction, a semicolon, or occasionally a colon or dash. Understanding how to
properly construct and use compound sentences is essential for effective writing, as
it allows for more complex and nuanced expression.
What is an Independent Clause?
An independent clause is a group of words
that contains a subject and a predicate and expresses a complete thought. It can stand
alone as a sentence. For example: "She loves to read."
Basic Structure of Compound Sentences
The basic structure of a compound
sentence involves two or more independent clauses connected in a way that makes
the relationship between the ideas clear. Here are the primary methods of
connection:
1.
Coordinating Conjunctions
: The most common way to join independent
clauses in a compound sentence is by using a coordinating conjunction. The seven
coordinating conjunctions in English are:
o
For
o
And
o
Nor
o
But
o
Or
o
Yet
o
So
These can be remembered using the acronym FANBOYS. Example:
o
"I wanted to go for a walk, but it started to rain."
o
"She loves ice cream, and he prefers cake."
2.
Semicolons
: A semicolon can be used to link closely related independent
clauses that are not joined by a coordinating conjunction. Example:
o
"I wanted to go for a walk; it started to rain."
o
"She loves ice cream; he prefers cake."
3.
Conjunctive Adverbs
: When using a semicolon, a conjunctive adverb can
also be used to show the relationship between the clauses. Common conjunctive
adverbs include however, therefore, moreover, consequently, and meanwhile.
Example:
o
"I wanted to go for a walk; however, it started to rain."
o
"She loves ice cream; meanwhile, he prefers cake."
МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
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4.
Colons and Dashes
: Occasionally, colons or dashes are used to join
independent clauses, especially when the second clause explains or elaborates on the
first. Example:
o
"I wanted to go for a walk: the weather was perfect."
o
"She loves ice cream—he prefers cake."
Rules and Guidelines.
When constructing compound sentences, there are
several important rules and guidelines to keep in mind to ensure clarity and
correctness.
1.
Comma Placement
: When joining two independent clauses with a
coordinating conjunction, a comma should precede the conjunction.
Correct
: "I wanted to go for a walk, but it started to rain."
Incorrect
: "I
wanted to go for a walk but it started to rain."
2.
Semicolon Use
: A semicolon can replace the comma and conjunction if the
two clauses are closely related.
Example
: "She loves ice cream; he prefers cake."
3.
Avoiding Run-On Sentences
: Ensure that independent clauses are
properly connected. Without proper punctuation or conjunctions, the sentence
becomes a run-on.
Incorrect
: "I wanted to go for a walk it started to rain."
Correct
: "I wanted to
go for a walk, but it started to rain."
4.
Balance and Parallelism
: Maintain balance and parallel structure in
compound sentences to ensure clarity and readability.
Example
: "She enjoys reading novels, and he likes watching movies."
Examples of Compound Sentences.
Here are some more examples of
compound sentences, demonstrating various ways to join independent clauses:
1.
With Coordinating Conjunctions
:
o
"I wanted to stay home, but my friends convinced me to go out."
o
"She can sing very well, and she also plays the guitar."
2.
With Semicolons
:
o
"He didn't see the sign; he drove right past it."
o
"The team played hard; they still lost the game."
3.
With Conjunctive Adverbs
:
o
"It was a sunny day; however, we stayed inside."
o
"The project is due tomorrow; therefore, we need to work fast."
4.
With Colons and Dashes
:
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ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
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o
"She had only one hobby: collecting stamps."
o
"I was excited for the trip—it was my first time abroad."
Compound Sentences in Literature.
Compound sentences are frequently
used in literature to convey complex ideas and to add rhythm to prose. Here are a
few examples from famous works:
1.
Charles Dickens in "A Tale of Two Cities"
:
o
"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom,
it was the age of foolishness..."
2.
Jane Austen in "Pride and Prejudice"
:
o
"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of
a good fortune, must be in want of a wife."
3.
J.K. Rowling in "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone"
:
o
"Harry was very glad school was over, but there was no escaping Dudley's
gang, who visited the house every single day."
Exercises for Practice.
To master the use of compound sentences, practice is
essential. Here are some exercises:
1.
Combine Sentences
: Combine the following pairs of simple sentences into
compound sentences.
o
"The sun was setting. The sky turned orange."
o
"She didn't like the movie. She watched it anyway."
o
"I finished my homework. I went out to play."
2.
Identify Errors
: Identify and correct the errors in the following compound
sentences.
o
"I want to buy a new car, and I don't have enough money."
o
"She was tired but she kept working."
o
"They finished the project; and they presented it to the client."
3.
Write Your Own
: Write five compound sentences using each of the
methods discussed (coordinating conjunctions, semicolons, conjunctive adverbs,
colons, and dashes).
Tips for Writing Compound Sentences. Vary Your Sentence Structure
:
Mix simple, compound, and complex sentences to keep your writing engaging.
1.
Ensure Clarity
: Make sure the relationship between the clauses is clear
and logical.
2.
Use Conjunctions Effectively
: Choose the right conjunction to convey the
correct relationship between ideas.
МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
Researchbib Impact factor: 13.14/2024
SJIF 2024 = 5.444
Том 2, Выпуск 7, 31 Июль
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3.
Practice Punctuation
: Pay attention to comma placement and other
punctuation rules to avoid run-on sentences and fragments.
Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them. Comma Splices
: A comma
splice occurs when two independent clauses are joined by a comma without a
coordinating conjunction.
Incorrect
: "It was raining, I took an umbrella."
Correct
: "It was raining, so I
took an umbrella."
1.
Run-On Sentences
: Failing to use punctuation or conjunctions between
independent clauses creates run-on sentences.
Incorrect
: "I love to write it is very relaxing."
Correct
: "I love to write; it is
very relaxing."
2.
Misusing Conjunctions
: Using the wrong conjunction can confuse the
reader about the relationship between clauses.
Incorrect
: "She is not only intelligent, but she is also kind."
Correct
: "She is
not only intelligent, but also kind."
Advanced Use of Compound Sentences.
For more advanced writers,
compound sentences can be used to create a more sophisticated style. This involves
understanding nuances and the impact of different conjunctions and punctuation.
1.
Nuanced Relationships
: Use different conjunctions to show more nuanced
relationships.
o
"I wanted to go for a walk, for I needed some fresh air." (Cause)
o
"I wanted to go for a walk, yet it started to rain." (Contrast)
2.
Complexity and Rhythm
: Create a rhythm in your writing by varying
sentence lengths and structures.
o
"He ran to the store, but it was closed; nevertheless, he kept running to the
next one."
3.
Emphasis
: Use colons and dashes for emphasis or to introduce an
explanation.
o
"He had only one goal: success."
o
"I tried my best—it was not enough."
Compound Sentences in Different Contexts.
Different contexts call for
different styles of compound sentences. Here are a few examples:
1.
Academic Writing
: Precision and clarity are crucial. Compound sentences
should be used to connect closely related ideas.
МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
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Том 2, Выпуск 7, 31 Июль
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o
"The experiment was successful; however, further research is needed to
confirm the results."
2.
Creative Writing
: Flexibility in structure can enhance the narrative.
o
"The sun set behind the hills, and the sky turned a brilliant shade of red."
3.
Business Writing
: Professionalism and clarity are key. Use compound
sentences to convey complex ideas succinctly.
o
"The meeting was scheduled for 10 AM, but it was postponed due to
unforeseen circumstances."
Historical and Linguistic Perspective.
Understanding the historical
development and linguistic aspects of compound sentences can deepen your
appreciation of their use.
1.
Historical Development
: The use of compound sentences has evolved over
time, influenced by changes in language and writing styles. Early English texts often
used simple sentences, while modern English allows for more complexity and
nuance.
2.
Linguistic Features
: Linguistically, compound sentences are interesting
because they show how ideas can be connected syntactically and semantically. They
reveal the flexibility and richness of the English language.
Conclusion
: Mastering compound sentences is essential for effective writing,
enabling the connection of related ideas to create more complex and nuanced
expressions. By correctly using coordinating conjunctions, semicolons, and
conjunctive adverbs, writers can enhance clarity, avoid common errors like comma
splices and run-on sentences, and vary sentence structures to maintain reader
engagement. This skill is valuable across various writing contexts, from academic
and business to creative writing, contributing to more sophisticated and impactful
communication.
Bibliography
1.
Xolmirzayev Dostonbek Qurbonali o’g’li, Ingliz va Oʻzbek tillarida"Oila"
konseptini lingvo-madaniy jihatdan o'rganish
,
Journal of Universal Science
Research, 2023;
2.
X.D Qurbonali o‘g‘li, Ingliz va O‘zbek tillarida oila konseptining diaxron
va sinxron tahlili, «Modern philological paradigms: interaction of traditions and
innovations», 2024
3.
B.A.Saidov Investigation of the Lexical-Semantic Field of “Joy”/ “Shod-
Xurramlik” in English and Uzbek Languages, 2021
МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
Researchbib Impact factor: 13.14/2024
SJIF 2024 = 5.444
Том 2, Выпуск 7, 31 Июль
26
https://universalpublishings.com
4.
Ataboyev Ahadjon Djumakuziyevich, Representation of English
conjunctions in explanatory dictionaries: a comprehensive analysis, 2024
5.
Ataboyev Ahadjon Djumakuziyevich, A Comparative Research on
Complex Sentences with Subject Clauses in the English And Uzbek Languages and
the Problems of Translation
