Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
42
9
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TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
42-47
DOI
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
13 March 2025
ACCEPTED
09 April 2025
PUBLISHED
11 May 2025
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue05 2025
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Improving the Efficiency of
Pre-Competition
Preparation of Deaf and
Hearing-Impaired Athletes
Who Run Mid-Distance
Javlonbek Asomov
Senior lecturer, Department of "Theory and Methodology of Paralympic
Sports", Institute of Adaptive Physical Education and Sports Specialists
Retraining and Advanced Training, Uzbekistan
Abstract:
Physical education and sports play a great role
in the development of the younger generation as
physically healthy and mentally mature. In our republic,
attention to the development of adaptive physical
education and sports has risen to the level of state
policy. The laws adopted in this regard open up a wide
path for the development of adaptive physical
education and sports. Our athletes are raising the flag of
our country in Asian and world arenas. From year to
year, a lot of scientific research is being conducted in the
field of adaptive physical education and sports, training
sessions and techniques and teaching methods in
adaptive sports are being improved. Among other
adaptive sports, the middle-distance running type of
sign language athletics (athletics for the deaf and hard
of hearing) has also developed significantly.
Movement should be viewed as certain methods of
human activity. For example, the training activity of the
middle-distance running group consists of mastering the
system of movements provided for in the program of
educational institutions.
Keywords:
Surdo track and field, adaptive physical
education, physical qualities, running technique,
running speed.
Introduction:
In connection with the current surge in
self-awareness of the Uzbek people, the restoration of
national and cultural values, the implementation of
traditions and rituals by many segments of the
population, it is necessary to approach adaptive physical
education, in particular, deaf athletics, based on the
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Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
needs of the time and the spirit of national traditions,
based on the provision of knowledge and education.
Purpose of the work
: To achieve high sports results by
effectively planning pre-competition training for deaf
and hard of hearing middle-distance runners.
To compare the physical fitness of the control and
experimental group participants before and after the
study.
Tests
Control group
Experiment group
Before the
study
After the
study
The
differ
ence
%
Before the
study
After the
study
The
differ
ence
%
100
18,6
16,2
2,4
12,9
18,5
15,6
2,9
15,7
200
37,1
32,3
4,8
12,9
37,1
30,95
6,1
16,5
600
1,04
95,1
8,9
8,6
103,8
93,4
10,4
10
2000
5.64,3
5.49,0
15,3
2,7
5.64,2
5.34,7
29,5
5,2
j/t/u/s
169
189
20
11,8
168
195
27
16,1
Nowadays, the daily growth of sports results in the
world arenas shows the need to pay attention to the
methodology of further improving the annual training
cycles. The sports results of athletes are directly
related to the level of their physical fitness. Because it
is difficult for an athlete to achieve high results in
sports without developing the qualities of speed,
strength, endurance, flexibility, agility. It is also
necessary to take into account that each type of sports
training depends on other types, is required by them
and, in turn, affects them. For example, the athlete's
technique is directly related to the level of
development of physical qualities, namely strength,
speed, flexibility, etc.
The level of technical training of deaf and hard of
hearing runners is determined by the efficiency and
economy of their movements. Based on the analysis of
running technique, two steps or strides are taken as a
unit of movement. Each stride consists of two support
periods (using the left and right legs) and two take-off
phases.
During running, as a result of the interaction of internal
and external forces (the external forces include the
resistance of the environment, the force of gravity and
the reaction of the support), the runner's div
constantly experiences vibrations in the vertical and
horizontal directions. In addition, one of the tasks of a
deaf and hard-of-hearing runner is to ensure the
straightness of movements, while avoiding excessive
div vibrations in the lateral and horizontal directions.
A good running technique can be characterized as
running in which all movements look efficient, are
smooth and calm, and the forward thrust is carried out
in a straight line, without any sharp, intense tension.
This is achieved by sitting on a leg that is significantly
bent at the knee. In this case, the sole of the foot is
pressed against the front of the base of the toes, and in
the next position, the entire sole of the foot and toes are
lowered together. The feet are placed as straight as
possible, without turning outwards, which can
significantly reduce lateral vibrations. For effective
forward movement, it is important to fully straighten
the leg in all joints during the push, which is achieved by
swinging the leg forward and up in a free position. In this
case, the thigh is raised to the maximum height for this
type of running. The longer the running distance, the
lower the value of the thigh lift should be. It is ensured
that the calf area is in a relaxed state.
METHODOLOGY
During running, the arms are bent at approximately a
right angle at the elbow joint, and this position can be
changed during the run. The main task of the arms
during medium and long-distance running for deaf and
hard of hearing people is to maintain a stable div
position.
The length and frequency of the steps are noted as
important components of the running technique. The
ratio between them is required to be optimal, that is, to
ensure a natural and rhythmic running. The results of
the experiment show that the average length of the
steps during the 800-meter run in the leading deaf and
hard of hearing athletes is 2.00
–
2.10 cm, and in the
1500-meter run it is 1.90
–
2.00 cm.
During the run, some deaf and hard of hearing runners
have a low start when the start is made along separate
running tracks, while in all other cases, high starts are
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recorded in middle-distance running. After the start,
speed is usually gained in the first 30-40 meters, and
the movements of deaf and hard of hearing runners
resemble those of sprinters. During the run in the
turning areas, the div of deaf and hard of hearing
athletes is slightly tilted forward, the front part of the
right foot is directed more inward, and the elbow of
the right hand is moved away from the div.
During middle- and long-distance running, breathing is
carried out through the nose and mouth. The breathing
rhythm is coordinated with the running rhythm. In
conditions of increased oxygen demand of the div, it
is necessary to accelerate the breathing rhythm.
(Features, tactical options used by them) are important
to consider. During the run, it is necessary to take into
account various external factors (weather conditions,
the condition of the running track, the relief of the
cross-country track, the indicative reaction of the
spectators, etc.).
In order to master this knowledge and use it in the
process of training and competitions, a deaf and hard
of hearing runner is required to draw up the most
correct tactical action plan for certain distances, draw
up a running schedule and determine a number of
basic tactical options for use during the run. During the
competition, the athlete is required to monitor the
movements of his main rivals along the distance, be
able to accurately target their movements in a timely
and correct manner, correctly determine the time to
increase speed when approaching the finish line, and
be able to strive to cross the finish line earlier by using
any tactical options. This requires deaf and hard of
hearing runners to be able to adapt to any changes in
the weather, adapt to the condition of the running
tracks, and so on.
Tactical knowledge and skills of deaf and hard of
hearing athletes are acquired from various sources,
but the most important are special training,
assessments and controls, as well as calendar
competitions.
The tactical tasks that a deaf and hard of hearing
runner sets for himself during training and
competitions can be very diverse. For example,
running several laps or sections of a certain distance at
a predetermined speed; starting the run quickly and
taking the desired place in the group of opponents;
overtaking opponents in various situations, changing
the rhythm of the run; running the second 400 meters
faster and first, and so on.
How the time distribution is carried out for the deaf
and hard of hearing in the 800-meter race is, of course,
relatively simple. In turn, in this case, runners run the
second 400 meters 3-4 seconds worse than the first.
Currently, it is noted that in competitions of any scale,
many deaf and hard of hearing runners participate,
approximately equal in strength, and in this case, only
the athlete who has relatively better tactical
preparation and can take aim in a thoughtful position
during the distance race wins.
It is noted that many deaf and hard of hearing runners,
even famous runners, have come a long way in
mastering tactical skills through trial and error. Among
deaf and hard of hearing runners, there are
representatives who can serve as role models in each
era. Among them, one can include Hall Andrew,
Christensen Tage, Ridinger Maurice, Pedersen Willy,
Bond Lev and others.
Unfortunately, in many cases, their accumulated tactical
experience has not been sufficiently analyzed and
summarized, and in turn, effective application of these
experiences to a wide range of athletes is not possible.
What is tactical training? It is the process of mastering
special knowledge, acquiring skills and abilities, and
applying them in a purposeful manner in solving set
goals - achieving the expected results or taking certain
places.
What is a deaf and hard of hearing runner required to
do when preparing for competitions? First, in the
preparation process, it is necessary to take into account
the main features and laws of running at the selected
distance. Second, it is necessary to take into account
one's own strength and capabilities, level of training,
special running qualities, and psychological readiness.
Third, it is necessary to take into account the specific
characteristics and practical capabilities of one's
opponents, their level of preparation, and psychological
state. In individual cases, that is, depending on the
complicating situation and the runner's level of
preparation, other running options can be used. Thus, in
setting the world record for the deaf and hard of hearing
800-meter race (1:49.7), Bond Lev covered the first 400
meters in 55.1 seconds and the second 400 meters in
54.6 seconds.
Deaf and hard of hearing athletes include 800 m and
1500 m in middle-distance running, and 3000 m to
10000 m in long-distance running. They are held in the
stadium or at cross-country distances. The running
process can be conditionally divided into: start and
acceleration from the start, running along the distance
and reaching the finish line. The basics of running
technique are the most conservative, they have not
changed significantly for many centuries. Studies
conducted to study the individual technique of leading
athletes have provided the basis for only minor changes.
The main factors that influence the running technique,
the work of certain muscles in creating running speed,
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and the biomechanical parameters of the main
characteristics of running technique have been
identified.
The basis of modern running technique is: a) high
speed of movement; b) maintaining this speed
throughout the entire running distance with minimal
energy expenditure; c) striving to achieve freedom and
naturalness in each movement. It is necessary to talk
about the optimal step length for each type of running;
in medium-distance running it is less than in short-
distance running and more than in long and ultra-long-
distance running.
Discussion and results. The intensity of exertion and
economy of movements are one of the most important
indicators of running technique. They are associated,
on the one hand, with the speed-strength training of
the runner, and, on the other hand, with the economy
of energy reserves. With increasing distance, the factor
of economy of movements prevails over the factor of
work intensity, since the length and pace of steps
decrease. Here, the athlete’s ability to
work for a long
time with optimal intensity comes to the fore. Deaf and
hard of hearing athletes start running for medium and
long distances from the start. According to the
competition rules, in this case, a high start is used,
consisting of two commands. Start and start
acceleration. At the command “Start!”, the runner
takes the initial position near the start line. The kicking
foot stands in front of the line, and the stepping foot is
placed 2-2.5 palms behind. The div is bent forward
by about 40-45°, the legs are bent at the hip and knee
joints, the UOM is located close to the leg in front. The
position of the runner’s div should be comfortable
and stable. The arms are bent at the elbow joints and
take the opposite position relative to the legs. The
ru
nner’s gaze is directed approximately 3
-4 m ahead,
towards the track.
After the starter's signal "March", the athlete begins to
run actively. The athlete starts to run in a bent position
from the start, then gradually straightens his div and
assumes a running position, with a div bend of 5-7°.
The starting acceleration depends on the length of the
distance. In the 800 m race (where deaf and hard of
hearing athletes run the first 100 m along their own
lanes), the runner's task is to quickly run this distance
in order to take the first place from the edge of the
running track. Here we can distinguish: 1) the starting
acceleration itself, which lasts about 15-20 m; 2) active
running, which continues until the deaf and hard of
hearing athlete reaches the general lane, where the
running speed approaches the pace. Typically, the first
100 m of the 800 m race is slightly faster than the
running speed of other distances, even the speed at
the finish line. At other distances, the starting
acceleration is smaller, around 10-15 m, and the main
thing here is to take a place on the edge of the track due
to rapid acceleration, not to run along the second track
without increasing your distance, and then switch to
running at a pace appropriate to the training of the deaf
and hard of hearing athlete.
Running along the distance. The technique of running on
straight sections of the distance is slightly different from
the technique of running on turns. A good running
technique on the distance can be manifested by the
following features:
- a slight forward tilt of the torso (4-5°);
- a relaxed shoulder girdle;
- the shoulder blades are slightly brought together;
- the back is slightly naturally arched;
- the head is held straight, the muscles of the face and
neck are not tense. This position helps to run optimally,
eliminating excessive muscle tension. When running,
the arms are bent at an angle of 90° at the elbow joint,
the palms are slightly clenched. The movements of the
arms resemble a swinging movement, but it is necessary
not to raise the shoulders. Directions of movement of
the arms: 1) forward-inward, the palm of the forward-
moving arm reaches approximately the middle of the
div (to the chest); 2) backward-outward, the arms are
not extended far to the sides. In general, all movements
of the arms should be closer to the direction of running,
since excessive movements of the arms to the sides lead
to the div swaying to the sides, which negatively
affects the running speed and causes excessive energy
consumption. The angle of movement of the shoulder
bone depends on the running speed, that is, the higher
the speed, the more agile and wider the movements. It
should be remembered that it is a mistake to raise the
arms high both in front and behind. The amplitude of
the shoulder oscillations can be determined by the
movement of the elbow joint: as soon as it starts to
move more upward - this is the limit of the amplitude.
The technique of foot movement in running should be
considered from the point of placing the foot on the
support. In medium and long-distance running of deaf
and hard-of-hearing athletes, the foot is placed from the
toe to the outer edge of the palm, and the entire foot is
placed on the palm until the moment of vertical
position. The palms of the feet are placed parallel to
each other, one palm's width apart, the big toe is facing
forward, the palms of the feet cannot be turned
outward. The deaf and hard-of-hearing athlete should
place the foot on the ground softly, not with a blow, but
like a cat. When placing the foot on the ground, the knee
joint is slightly bent. The length of the foot landing
depends on the running speed: the higher the running
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speed, the further the foot is placed from the UOM
projection. Until the moment of vertical, in the
depreciation phase, the leg bends more at the knee
and hip joints. A slight decrease in UOM is observed.
This movement can be compared with a spring, that is,
the spring is slightly compressed, and then the
opposite effect is obtained - the effect of elastic
deformation. The feelings of deaf and hard-of-hearing
athletes - they should imagine themselves as a spring
that resists compression and, resisting, pushes the
div from the support. After the vertical is completed,
active straightening of the leg occurs first at the hip
joints, then at the knee joints, and only then the foot is
bent at the talus joint.
The moment of impact is considered the most
important element in running technique, since the
speed of running depends on the intensity of the forces
and the angle of impact, the sharper the angle of
impact, the closer the impact intensity is to the
direction of movement and the higher the speed. The
impact angle of impact for deaf and hard of hearing
athletes
during
medium-distance
running
is
approximately 50-55°, and at longer distances it
increases slightly. The impact should be directed
forward and correspond to the div tilt. In the running
of deaf and hard of hearing athletes, the div tilt
varies by about 2-3°, increasing at the moment of
impact and decreasing during the take-off phase. The
position of the head also affects the posture of the
div: if the head is tilted too far forward, this leads to
excessive bending of the div, tightening of the chest
and abdominal muscles; tilting the head back causes
the shoulders to deviate backward, reducing the
efficiency of the kick and tightening the back muscles.
The forward and upward swing of the free leg
contributes to an active kick, which ends at the last
moment of the kick. After the leg leaves the ground, it
bends at the knee joint, the thigh moves forward
relative to the vertical, the shin is almost parallel to the
support. The angle of flexion of the knee joint of the
stepping leg in the back step phase depends on
individual characteristics and running speed: the
higher the running speed, the more the leg bends at
the knee joint. In this phase, the muscles involved in
the landing are relaxed. After the vertical moment, the
thigh of the stepping leg moves forward and upward.
When the stepping leg is fully straightened, the shin of
the stepping leg is parallel to its thigh. After the
moment of active joint of the thighs (the take-off
phase), the leading leg begins to descend, its shin is
brought forward, and the foot is planted on the ground
from the front of the foot. The trailing leg is actively
brought forward, helping the UOM to quickly approach
the place of landing, thereby reducing the braking
force. It should be remembered that bending the leg at
the knee joint during the transfer helps to reduce the
length of the swing (the leg is a complex swing) and
shorten the period of the transfer of the leg.
The movements of the runner during turns (sharp
turns): - slightly lean to the left (towards the center of
the turn);
- the amplitude of the left arm movement is slightly
smaller than that of the right arm;
- the right shoulder is slightly brought forward;
- the step length of the left leg is slightly smaller than
that of the right leg;
- the right leg is moved slightly inward; - the right foot is
placed with the palm of the right foot turned inward.
At medium distances, the increase in running speed due
to an increase in the step length is limited, since a very
large step requires a large expenditure of energy.
The step length of runners is approximately 160-220 cm,
depending on the distance and individual abilities.
Running speed, as a rule, increases due to their pace,
while maintaining the length of the steps.
CONCLUSION
Finishing. Deaf and hard of hearing runners for medium
and long distances usually perform a finish line dash or
sprint at the end. Its length, depending on the distance
and the potential capabilities of the runner, is on
average 150-200 m. During the finish line dash, the
running technique changes slightly: the div leans
forward, more active arm movements are observed. In
the last meters of the distance, the movement
technique may be impaired, as fatigue sets in. The effect
of fatigue primarily affects the running speed: the pace
of movements decreases, the support time increases,
the efficiency of the kick and the intensity of the kick
decrease.
The running technique and, first of all, the structure of
the running step are preserved at all distances, only the
ratios of the length and speed of the steps, kinematic
and dynamic characteristics (depending on the length of
the
distance,
running
speed,
anthropometric
characteristics and physical capabilities of each deaf and
hard of hearing athlete) change.
One of the most important parts of the training of deaf
and hard of hearing athletes is physical training aimed
at developing and educating the athlete's basic motor
qualities. Usually, athletes with comprehensive physical
development in deaf and hard of hearing athletics can
demonstrate high performance. The principle of
organizing the training process throughout the year is
one of the decisive conditions for increasing the
effectiveness of training and achieving high sports
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results. Year-round training means that a deaf and
hard of hearing athlete trains regularly, based on
various planning options, for 12 months, and then
allocates several months or weeks for recovery.
Currently, there are three main options for organizing
training throughout the year in deaf and hard of
hearing athletics. In the first option, the year is divided
into three periods: preparation, competition and
transition periods. The results shown by the test
subjects of the experimental group were an average of
18.5 seconds in the 100m race. 37.05 seconds in the
200m race, 103.8 seconds in the 600m race. 5.64.02
seconds in the 2000m run, and 168m in the standing
long jump. The results of the study indicate that the
developed MOT cycle is organized correctly. We
recommend this MOT cycle for special surdo school
athletics, sports sections, BO'SMs, and training of
middle-distance runners for the deaf and hard of
hearing.
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