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PRINCIPLES OF INDOOR LAND MANAGEMENT
Dadakhodjaev Anvarjon
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor,
Namangan Institute of Civil Engineering, Namangan, Republic of Uzbekistan
Mamadzhanov Maruf Makhmudzhanovich
Senior Lecturer, Namangan Institute of Civil Engineering,
Namangan, Republic of Uzbekistan
Juraev Ulugbek Inomiddin ugli, Kayumov Dilshod Abdugofur ugli
Lecturer, Namangan Institute of Civil Engineering,
Namangan, Republic of Uzbekistan
Abstract:
Widespread anthropogenic land development in Uzbekistan in 1975-1980. It
influenced the intensification of the processes of erosion and man–made soil disturbance, which
led to a reduction of more than 300 thousand hectares of agricultural land and a deterioration in
the soil and ecological situation of the country. The problem is aggravated by the fact that in the
arid zone and the mountainous region of the Republic, the use of traditional methods of land
reclamation and reclamation of soils disturbed by ravines and anthropogenic human activity. [1,
p. 4].
Scientific justification determining the effectiveness of anti–theft measures should take into
account all aspects of economic activity - economic, environmental and social.
Keywords:
Efficiency, cost, payback, economic, costs, development, land reclamation, measures,
anti-erosion, enclosed, relief, land surface.
Ravine dangerous places are of great importance, the relief of which we call a set of irregularities
of the earth's surface, which is especially characteristic of the development of ravine formations.
Depending on the nature of the terrain, the terrain is divided into flat, hilly and mountainous. [2,
p. 92].
Soil conservation agriculture and afforestation. New subtypes of man-made soils are formed on
the planned surface of the infected area, represented by outcrops and embankments. The exposed
area is characterized by dense build and low filtration capacity. The bulk surface is characterized
by subsidence and potential suffusion hazard, loose profile and significant water permeability.
Therefore, one of the alternative methods of agricultural use of enclosed lands is the indigenous
reclamation of ravines. It provides for a set of reclamation techniques for the reconstruction of
eroded lands in order to create a cultural background on them. [3, p. 7].
In general, the entire planned surface of the substrate soil has low fertility and minimal erosion
resistance. Therefore, in the development of ravines for agricultural use, it becomes necessary to
solve these inseparable tasks: preventing the manifestation of erosion processes and intensively
increasing the fertility of planned lands.
Soil conservation farming on the reclaimed surface area should be comprehensive, combining
agro-forestry and hydro-reclamation techniques to protect soils from erosion. [4, p. 236].
This method of ravine development is acceptable for a zone of loess deposits, since the rocks are
characterized by relatively high potential fertility in terms of agronomic properties.
Since ravines, especially “Mountainous" ones, can have different forms of relief in terms of
genesis, morphology, and time of formation (from ancient to modern). [5, p. 95].
The development of ravines in ravines in dangerous places in the initial stages largely depends
on the armor role of vegetation, which is determined by the amount of ground mass and roots.
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These indicators in natural landscapes are determined by the biological type of vegetation, and
for cultivated ones by the agrophone. But the soil–protective role of plants in conditions of
natural moisture cannot be established regardless of taking into account the periods of vegetation
development and the occurrence of erosive and dangerous precipitation. In our case, the soil
protection capacity is calculated by dividing the projective coating by the maximum 20-minute
erosion index of precipitation [6, p. 92].
The development of ravines and the creation of a cultural background on them requires a
scientifically based approach to the technological stages (A-B) of soil conservation agriculture.
To develop backfilling and planning of enclosed lands in indigenous land reclamation, it is
necessary to study the patterns of manifestation, growth and development of linear forms of
erosion to identify their morphological and morphometric characteristics.
Calculation of the amount of excavation work. The amount of excavation is directly proportional
to the parameter (morphometry) of the ravine to the intended slope of the slopes being excavated.
To determine the parameters of the ravine, data on length, width and depth are collected. Its
length is determined by measuring the bottom using a measuring tape. The average width (Vs.r.)
is calculated as the half-sum of the width of the ravine at the top and the width of the bottom.
The depth of ravines (H) in the initial stages of development can be determined by measuring the
height of the cliff, and subsequently - the length (l), the steepness of the slopes (tga) according to
the formula [7, p. 93].
The width and depth of the gullies vary in profile. Therefore, measurements should be carried
out in places where there is a clear difference between these indicators or through conventionally
accepted equal segments 10,20,30......n, m. The fewer the segments, the more accurate the
calculations of their parameters will be. Then the weighted average value of the depth and width
of the ravine is calculated according to formula (2) [8, p. 4].
where n is the number of measurement points. Using formula (2), the total volume of soil
removed from the ravine is calculated (V):
In the case when the ravine is completely filled in, the required volume of soil to fill it will be
equal to the volume of material removed during its formation. [9, p. 17].
If partial irrigation of the ravine slopes is carried out, then the volume of the soil being cut will
always be less than the volume of the removed one. With partial flattening, it is necessary to
clarify the optimal projected slope of the reclaimed surface. The choice of the design slope
depends on a number of factors: the properties of the soil, the underlying rock, the size of the
ravine, the methods of development and agricultural purposes. [10, p. 17].
For the territory of irrigated agriculture in Uzbekistan, when determining the projected slope, the
following criteria must be followed:
1. If the degree of fragmentation of the territory by ravines does not exceed 0.7 km /km2, and it
cuts through arable land with a slope of no more than 5 °, as well as the boundary of the
accumulation of easily soluble salts lies at a depth of more than 5 m, and it is intended for
sowing row crops, then the slope should be less than 5 °.[11].
2. If the surrounding areas have prevailing slopes of more than 3° and in the future it is planned
to use them for orchards and vineyards, then the design slope of the slope may exceed 50. [12].
3. If the depth of the mass accumulation of easily soluble salts is deeper than 5 m from the
surface, then the design slope is steeper (up to 10 °) with the sowing of perennial grasses and
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legumes, and the laying of tree plantations is carried out on micro- and macroterraces (steepness
of more than-15 °).
4. If the ravine is filled in with imported soil, then for extensive mechanization of field work it
must have a steepness corresponding to the slope of the surrounding area.
Development projects can be drawn up for individual ravines or for their systems covering no
more than 5-7 hectares. For each site (development block), reclamation techniques of soil
conservation agriculture are separately planned [13].
For example, to fill a ravine with a total length of 105 m, a weighted average depth of 4.5 m and
a width of 3.4 m, it is necessary to demolish the soil in a volume of 1600 m3. If the slope of the
surrounding area is 1.8- 2.0°, and its area is 1.8 hectares, then the projected slope of the filled-in
area will not exceed 5°. This means that this reclaimed surface can be developed for narrow-
scale crops. [14].
Filling and planning of ravines. In the process of complete or partial filling of ravines, the soil
profile is transformed, new man-made soils are formed on the planned surface. [15].
Technogenic soils of the loess zone will mainly have a low degree of salinity, dusty fractions
will prevail in the granulometric composition, the content of humus and water-resistant
aggregates decreases by 2-3 times and, accordingly, will be characterized by low erosion
resistance [16].
Therefore, before starting work on filling gullies, it is necessary to selectively remove and store
the fertile layer of demolished soils. This can be done in the following cases:
1. If the main soil is not eroded or slightly susceptible to erosion. The humus content in the
arable horizon exceeds 1%.
2. If the number of ravine peaks does not exceed 3-4 units/ha, and their occupied area is less than
20% of the territory of the enclosed area.
3. If the slope of the fence is not more than 10 ° and allows free movement of the mechanisms.
If the conditions do not correspond to at least one of these indicators, then it is impractical to
carry out land management. The depth of the surface layer of the demolished soil of the graft
depends on the thickness of the humus horizon, in light gray soils it is usually 10-15, typical gray
soils 17-20, dark gray soils 20-25, meadow soils -25-30 cm, slightly alluvial differences 20- 35
cm and strongly alluvial more than 35 cm. Therefore, before carrying out land reclamation work,
a detailed soil survey of the surrounding surrounding areas is required in order to establish the
graft capacity [17].
The cutting of the fertile layer of the surrounding soils and its storage at a distance of up to 50 m
must be carried out with bulldozers, and more than 50 m with a scraper. Then the ravine is filled
with exposed soil up to the projected slope and the surface is carefully planned, after mechanical
tamping, the stored humus layer of soil is evenly applied to the planned surface.
In the infected areas of the Republic, the soil cover is mainly (more than 80%) represented by
medium- and heavily washed soils. Therefore, removal, transportation and application of a fertile
soil layer to planned ravine lands can be carried out from other sites. In this case, the graft
(applied layer) must have favorable physical and chemical properties along with the increased
content of the organic part of the soil. For example, in land management, where the base consists
of clay rocks, soils of a lighter mechanical composition are recommended as a graft, and to
achieve greater cohesion of sandy soils, it is advisable to use heavy soils. The best quality graft
can be washed varieties of soils or floodplain soils [18].
The best terms for the development of ravines by filling in for the conditions of Uzbekistan are
October - November. During this period of the year, the fields are cleared of crops, the surface is
naturally moistened and the entire area is evenly compacted.
Namangan Adyri location in the northeastern part of Namangan region as is known, the main
criterion for combating gully erosion is the one-time implementation of anti–gully measures
throughout the runoff formed by the surface, that is, completeness in the implementation of
organizational and economic, forest – Agro–hydro reclamation measures [19].
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Patterns of growth and development of the Namangan Adyr ravines to study the patterns of
linear forms of erosion with the identification of their morphological and morphometric
characteristics.
The calculation of economic efficiency against gully measures is carried out in order to select the
most appropriate and quickly recoupable facilities, while the payback period of capital
investments can serve as the main indicator. It is determined by dividing all costs associated with
the implementation of anti-theft measures by the additional net income earned at their expense.
When calculating the payback period for anti-erosion reclamation measures, it is recommended
to take into account the following requirements:
a) calculation of the effectiveness of anti-gully measures on mountain pastures (E) according to
the formula: E= S-Z+T
where C is the cost of an additional crop per feed unit produced through land reclamation and
drainage measures; 3 is the cost of purchasing an equivalent amount of feed for livestock; T is
the cost of transporting feed;
b) when determining the effectiveness of a whole complex of anti-ravine measures, the
calculation is not the total effectiveness of all individual land reclamation techniques, but their
average indicator for the complex;
c) add to the net income the alienated amount for the treatment of water management facilities
from siltation and pollution of an equivalent volume of protected material (substance) by anti-
drainage measures;
d) during the development of ravines, add to the amount of additional net income of the
reclaimed area the net income generated by the increased productivity of irrigation soils and
forest plantations, and they will not be part of the reclaimed land.
Ravine-reclamation zoning
Thus, in fenced and ravine-hazardous territories, the farming system should be soil-protective,
and the land reclamation system should provide for a complex of anti-ravine measures
differentiated by region. Therefore, a scientifically based selection of anti-erosion measures for
each of the areas of ravine erosion is of great economic importance. The above implies the need
to develop a gully-reclamation zoning of the territory on the scale of districts, regions and, of
course, the Republic.
The following main components should be used as the basis for ravine-reclamation zoning: I)
maps of land contamination and ravine danger; 2) zoning of the territory by type of relief; 3)
zoning of the territory by type of agricultural use; 4) complexes and types of reclamation anti-
erosion measures. Thus, each area will be characterized by a special type of manifestation of
gully erosion, relief, agricultural use and a set of reclamation measures against gully throughout
the catchment area. A transcript of the materials of the ravine-reclamation zoning of the territory
of Uzbekistan can be obtained by application from the Institute of Soil Science and
Agrochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
List of used literature:
1. Dadakhodjaev A., Mamazhanov M. M., Khaidarov Sh. E. Assessment of gully-hazardous
territories of Namangan adyrs // Wschodnioeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe (East European
scientific journal) Agricultural science. - 2019. - Vol. 5. - P. 45.
2. Dadakhodjaev A., Mamadjonov M. M., Khaidarov Sh. E. Typification of relief for assessing
gully-hazardous territory of Uzbekistan // Science Time. - 2018. - No. 4 (52). - P. 92-94.
3. Shukurillaeeich M. A. et al. Checking the bearing capacity of bending reinforced concrete
products along an inclined section // Science Time. - 2018. - No. 6 (54). - P. 42-44.
4. Dadakhodjaev A. et al. Soil and water conservation agriculture and afforestation of gully areas
of Namangan Adyrs // Young scientist. - 2017. - No. 24. - P. 236-238.
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5. Dadakhodjaev A., Mamadjonov M. M., Khaidarov Sh. E. Assessment of the area affected by
gully erosion and the growth rate of ravines of Namangan Adyrs // Science time. - 2018. - No. 4
(52). - P. 95-99.
6. Dadakhodjaev A., Mamadjonov M. M., Khaidarov Sh. E. Relief typing for assessing the gully
hazard of the territory of Uzbekistan // Science Time. - 2018. - No. 4 (52). - P. 92-94. 7.
Razzakov S. Zh., Kayumov D. A. COMPOSITION OF RAW MATERIALS IN CERAMIC
CLAY PRODUCTION PROCESS AND INCREASING CLAY STRENGTH: COMPOSITION
OF RAW MATERIALS IN CERAMIC CLAY PRODUCTION PROCESS AND INCREASING
CLAY STRENGTH. – 2023.
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