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ISSUES OF ECOLOGICAL PROTECTION OF CITIES AROUND THE WORLD
Khaydarov Murodjon Akbaraliyevich
Andijan State Technical Institute,
Senior Lecturer of the Department of Transport Logistics
Annotation.
This article analyzes the environmental problems facing world cities and the
strategies being applied to solve them. Attention is paid to such pressing issues as atmospheric
pollution, waste management, the reduction of green spaces, water and soil pollution. The
experience of developed and developing countries is also comparatively studied. The article
highlights the importance of ensuring environmental sustainability, developing green
infrastructure, and environmental management systems, and emphasizes the principles of
environmentally safe urban development.
Keywords.
environmental protection, urbanization, waste management, air pollution,
sustainable development, green infrastructure, environmental safety
Introduction.
Nature is a holistic system with many balanced relationships. Disruption of these
bonds leads to a change in the exchange of substances and energy existing in nature. In modern
society, such quantities of substances and energy are required for production and consumption
that exceed a person's biological needs by hundreds of times. This is the main cause of the
modern ecological crisis.
Today, the Earth's population has reached 7.5 billion people. Global climate change, land
degradation, and a decrease in biodiversity pose a serious threat not only to the development of
economic sectors but also to the prosperous future of humanity.
The principles of international environmental cooperation were first established in 1972 in
the Declaration of the Stockholm Conference of the UN on Environmental Problems, which
defined a new direction of international cooperation - environmental protection, recognizing the
fundamental human right to life and the environment, and other principles.
In June 1992, at the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro,
the Declaration on Environment and Development, as well as the Action Program "Agenda for
the 21st Century," were adopted and signed.
In recent years, there has been a rapid increase and high level of anthropogenic impact on
the environment. Today, human production activity is associated with the use of various natural
resources, including many chemical elements. The intensification of anthropogenic impact on the
environment has caused a number of environmental problems. The most pressing problems are
related to the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.
A car is not a luxury vehicle, but a means of transportation. Currently, it is impossible to
imagine the existence of humanity without a car. With urbanization and the growth of megacities,
motor transport has become the most unfavorable environmental factor in protecting human
health and the natural environment in the city. Thus, the machine became a competitor to man
for the living space.
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Fig 1. Emission of toxic gases
Over the past decades, humanity has become convinced that the first culprit in air pollution,
one of the main sources of life on our planet, and a product of scientific and technological
progress, is the automobile. The car, in addition to absorbing the oxygen necessary for life,
intensively pollutes the air with toxic substances that simultaneously cause serious damage to all
living and non-living things. Its contribution to environmental pollution is 60-90%.
Based on this, it is necessary to take into account the need for strict control over the level
of harmful emissions and noise during the production of cars.
Transportation pollutes the environment in various ways:
1. Spills of petroleum products and waste during natural disasters and illegal activities.
2. Reduction of fuel reserves as a result of fuel combustion in engines.
3. Air pollution due to the combustion of fuel and its direct evaporation into the air.
4. Separating land and forests with barriers and thereby breaking down the integrity of
nature into smaller parts.
5. Seizure of land and water areas for transport infrastructure.
6. High noise from traffic movement, as well as vibration from loaded main roads.
7. Waste from a moving vehicle.
8. Waste of used vehicles and their spare parts.
9. CO
2
emissions into the atmosphere, etc.
There is another criterion for air pollution - the fight against frozen roads.
The chemical method of removing snow and ice from road surfaces using chlorinated
compounds has a harmful effect on landscaped areas either directly or through soil. Direct action
is carried out upon removal of saline snow from barriers and roadsides. This leads to direct
damage to plant tissue. Salinization of the soil, caused by the penetration of saline waters into
sown areas, worsens the soil structure, resulting in the death of trees and shrubs. If trees are
planted at a distance of up to 9 m from the edge of the road, the probability of their destruction is
significantly reduced. Phosphate-rich soil is considered fertile and causes less damage.
The strong harmful effects of salts are manifested in the corrosion of metals of cars, road
cleaning machines, road signs, and elements of barriers. Sodium chloride solution is more
harmful than calcium chloride solution of the same concentration.
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This problem is undoubtedly of global importance. The number of cars around the world is
growing day by day. More and more people are getting their own cars. However, most people
don't even think about what all this will ultimately lead to.
Literature.
1. A. K. Muminov, "Development of Transport Infrastructure in the Fergana Valley: Problems
and Prospects," Journal of Logistics and Transport, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 45-52, 2023.
2. S. Rakhmatullaev, "The Role of Railway Transport in the Economic Development of the
Andijan Region," in Proc. Int. Conf. Modernization of Infrastructure in Central Asia,
Tashkent, Uzbekistan, pp. 102-108, 2022.
3. Ministry of Transport of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Annual Report on the Development of
Railway and Air Transport in the Fergana Valley, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 2024.
4. N. T. Saidova and J. Karimov, "The Impact of High-Speed Rail on Regional Integration in
Uzbekistan," International Journal of Regional Studies, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 29-37, Jan. 2024.
5. World Bank, Connecting to Thrive: Transport Infrastructure and Regional Trade in Central
Asia, Washington, D.C., USA, 2023.
