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MORPHOLOGICAL AND GRAMMAR OF THE FRENCH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
DIFFERENCES IN STRUCTURE
Khurramova Farangiz
Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages,
Faculty of Romano-Germanic Languages,
French 1st stage student of the department of philology
Abstract:
This article compares and studies the differences in the morphological and
grammatical structure of the French and Uzbek languages. First of all, the methods of word
formation in both languages are analyzed: in Uzbek, the importance of word formation
through additions, and in French, the change of stems and the formation of new meanings with
the help of prefixes and suffixes. Then the system of verbs, the peculiarities of their division into
tenses and their use, including the semantic and functional differences of the passé composé and
imparfait tenses in the French language, are compared with the simple and understandable tense
forms in the Uzbek language. Also, various grammatical rules, for example, the issues of
agreement and the change of stems, are discussed in detail.
Key words:
Prefixes, suffixes, French language, Uzbek language, tenses, verbs, language,
stems, agreements, additions, composition, affixation
FRANSUZ VA O’ZBEK TILINING MORFOLOGIK VA GRAMMATIK
TUZILISHIDAGI FARQLAR
Xurramova Farangiz
Samarqand davlat chet tillar institutining Roman-german tillar fakulteti Fransuz tili
filologiyasi kafedrasining 1- bosqich talabasi
Annotatsiya
:Mazkur maqolada fransuz va o’zbek tilining morfologik va grammatik
tuzilishidagi farqlar solishtirib o’rganiladi. Avvalo, har ikki tildagi so’z yasash usullari tahlil
qilinadi: o’zbek tilida qo’shimchalar orqali so’z hosil qilishning muhimligi va fransuz tilida
o’zaklarning o’zgarishi va prefikslar, suffikslar yordamida yangi ma’nolar hosil qilinishi. Keyin
esa fe’llar tizimi, ularning zamonlarga bo’linishi va qo’llanishidagi o’ziga xosliklar, jumladan,
fransuz tilidagi passé composé va imparfait zamonlarining ma’noviy va funksional farqlari,
o’zbek tilidagi sodda va tushunarli zamon shakllari bilan taqqoslanadi.Shuningdek, turli
grammatik qoidalar, masalan, kelishik va o’zaklarning o’zgaruvchanligi masalalari batafsil
ko’rib chiqilgan.
Kalit so’zlar:
Prefikslar
,
suffikslar, fransuz tili, o’zbek tili, zamonlar, fe’llar , til,o’zaklar,
kelishiklar, qo’shimchalar, kompozitsiya, affiksatsiya
Enter. Language is a means of mutual communication between people, it provides exchange of
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ideas, as well as communication and understanding. Language is considered one of the most
important social phenomena of society, and it occupies an incomparable place in the
development of mankind.
Morphology is derived from the Greek word "morphe" - form, "logos" - science, teaching. In
this section, the formation of words, their internal structure, and similar meanings are studied.
Tense is a grammatical category that defines the temporal characteristics of an action or state in a
verb system. In the Uzbek language, tenses are divided into 3 types: past tense, present tense,
future tense.
*Past tense - indicates that the action happened in the past. In this tense, the time of completion,
continuation or past of the action is shown.
*Present Tense - this tense expresses actions that are being carried out or are continuing at the
present time.
* Future tense - this tense expresses the action or situation that will happen in the future.
The number of singular tenses in French is 12-13. Including:
*Présent (present tense) - indicates that the action is taking place at the moment.
For example; Je mange (I am eating).
*Passé composé- The past tense expresses an action that ended at a certain time, it is used
together with an auxiliary verb.
For example; J'ai mangé (I ate).
* Imparfait – Expresses continuous or repeated situations in the past tense.
For example; Je mangeais (I would eat).
*Plus que parfait – Represents a previous event in the past tense.
For example; J'avais mangé (I ate).
*Passé simple – It is mainly used in written language and is used to briefly express past events.
* Future simple - expresses an action that will happen in the future.
For example; Je mangerai.( I eat).
*Futur antérieur – represents a previous event of a future action.
For example; J'aurai mangé (I will eat).
*Conditionnel présent – Expresses a conditional action, that is, describes an event that will
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happen when a condition is fulfilled.
For example; Je mangerais (I was eating).
*Conditionnel passé - Conditional expression of the past tense, the conditional event may have
happened in the past tense.
For example; J'aurais mangé (I would have eaten).
Also, in the Uzbek language, words are divided into basic and artificial words. For example;
ish is a root word, worker is an artificial word; ol- a root word, abra' a root word, boobro'- a
made-up word; meva is a root word, sermeva is an artificial word. Words that do not have a
word-forming affix are called root words. Currently, two methods of word formation are
distinguished.
Affixation (morphological) method
Composition (syntactic) method
Affixation: gulchi- is formed by adding the suffix -chi to the root of this word.
Composition: turtle is a combination of two or more words in this word.
We can learn the importance of word formation in French through the following.
Affixation (Préfixation et suffixation) - A new word can be formed by adding a prefix (préfixe)
or a suffix (suffixe) to a word.
Prefixation (préfixation) - prefixes change the meaning of a word, but preserve its word group.
Examples:
* faire (to do)_ refaire (to redo)
*connu (famous)_méconnu (unknown, unfamiliar)
*porter (to carry) importer (to import)
Suffixation (suffixation) - addition of the last suffix - as a result of the use of suffixes, a new
word is formed, often the word group also changes.
Examples:
*chanter (to sing) – chanteur (singer)
*actif (active) – activité (activity)
*petit (small) – petitesse (smallness)
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Composition (Composition - creating a new word by combining words) - A new word is formed
by combining two or more words.
Examples:
*porte- monnaie (wallet) – porte (to carry) + monnaie (coin)
*chauffe-eau (water heater) – chauffer (heat) + eau (water)
*gratte-ciel (skyscraper) – gratter (scratch) + ciel (sky)
Compound words are often hyphenated, but some can be joined.
Shortening and abbreviation (Troncation et siglaison) - New words are formed as a result of the
shortening of words.
Troncation (Troncation-word shortening) A short form is created by removing part of the words.
Examples:
*télévision – télé (television)
*professeur - prof (teacher)
*cinéma – ciné (cinema)
Abbreviation (Siglaison- Making Abbreviations)- Making a new abbreviation by taking the first
letters.
Examples:
*SNCF - Société National des Chemins de fer Français (French Railways)
*OVNI- Objet Volant Non Identifié (UFO- unidentified flying object)
*CDI-Contrat à Durée Indéterminée (work contract of indefinite duration)
Conversion - some words can be transferred to another category without any addition.
Examples:
* marche (walk) - marcher (walk)
*travail (work) – travailler (to work)
*blanc (white color) – blanch (to whiten)
Metaphorisation (Métaphorisation et métonymie) – Words can create new words by changing
their meaning or acquiring new meanings.
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*souris (mouse) - computer mouse
*virus (virus) - a computer virus
Passé Composé- Completed actions
Function :
* It is used to express actions that are completed and happened within a specific time period.
*Describes actions that happened suddenly or in a short time.
*Used to describe main events.
Examples:
*Hier, j'ai rencontre un ami.
(I met a friend yesterday.)
*Il a commoncé à pleuvoir.
(It began to rain.)
Imparfait - Descriptive, continuous actions.
Function:
*Used to describe continuous or habitual actions and situations.
* Created the background image and context of the past.
* Used for repeated actions or habits.
Examples:
*Quand j'etais petit, je jouais souvent au basketball.
(When I was a child, I often played football.)
*Il faisait beau ce jour-là.
(The weather was good that day.)
Agreements in Uzbek are expressed by suffixes. Uzbek language is divided into 6 types of
conjugation in terms of number. These are:
General agreement:---
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Indicative case: - ning
Income agreement: - ni
Sending agreement: -ga ( -ka, -qa)
Place-tense agreement: -da
Exit agreement: - from
French is expressed through agreements, articles and prepositions.
*General agreement:---
*Indicative agreement: de
Le livre de Jean (The Book of Jean)
*Infinitive agreement: le, la, les
J'ai lu le livre (I read the book)
*Departure agreement: à
Je vais à Paris.
(I'm going to Paris.)
*Place-time agreement: dans, sur, chez
Il est dans la maison.
(He is at home.)
*Exit agreement: through the preposition de
Je viens de l'école.
(I came from school.)
Variability of stems:
In the Uzbek language, the roots of words are stable, that is, they do not change.
Examples:
* book - books (plural)
*read - read (tense form of the verb)
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*write - writer (making words)
In French, stem changes are observed in verbs and some adjectives. Verbs change depending on
the person, tense and proportion. We see this situation in the example of the verb aller.
* Present
Je --- vais nous--- allons
Tu--- vas vous--- allez
Il/Elle---and Ils/Elles---vont
*Passé Compose
Je suis allé(e) Nous sommes allé(e) s
Tu es allé(e) Vous etes allé (e) s
Il/Elle allé(e) Ils/Elles sont allé(e) s
Change of adjectives:
In French, adjectives change by gender and number.
masculine; petit- small, grand- big
Feminine; petite- small, grande- big
Pluriel; petits/petites, grands/grandes
In conclusion, it should be said that the French and Uzbek languages are fundamentally
different morphologically and grammatically. The French language is inflectional, that is, the
stems of words can also change. The Uzbek language is morphologically rich. French is a
language that relies more on syntactic structure.
References:
1. Islamov, D. Allayorova, U. "Morphology and its structure in French and Uzbek"
2. Saidova, Z. "Analysis of intransitive verbs in French and Uzbek"
3. Grammar book of the Uzbek language
4. French grammar
5.www.google.com
