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DESCRIPTION OF ENGLISH PHILOSOPHICAL-BIOTICAL TERMS ACCORDING
TO THEIR STRUCTURE
Pulatova Ugilkhan Sobirjon kizi
Associate Professor of the Department of Foreign Languages, ASMI
Abstract:
This article explores issues related to language and terminology, focusing on the
formation of specialized terminology in various fields. It provides translations and equivalents of
philosophical terms from English into Uzbek. Additionally, the article offers a descriptive
analysis of the principles involved in structuring terminological systems and compiling
terminological dictionaries. The study also presents generalized conclusions based on these
principles.
Kеywоrds:
term, terminology, affix, conversion.
INTRОDUСTIОN
The distinctive features of term formation are related to the following aspects: linguistic
resources (national language units, borrowed words from other languages, and artificially created
terms), methods of term formation (semantic, morphological, and syntactic approaches), and the
semantic structure of terms.
For many years, numerous scholars (S. V. Grinev, V. A. Tatarnov, V. M. Leichik, and V. P.
Danilenko) have attempted to classify the main mechanisms of new term formation.
MАTЕRIАLS АND MЕTHОDS
It has been noted that the English prefixes dis- and en- are widely used in the formation of
biological terminology. For example:
disafforest (deforestation, cutting down forests),
disbranch (pruning branches),
dislodge (driving animals out of their burrows),
engraft (grafting).
It is often claimed that in other fields of terminology, the systematic specialization of affixes is
almost absent. However, this claim is not entirely justified. In fact, active affixes also play a
significant role in the formation of philosophical terminology, which is the main focus of our
research.
Before identifying the main linguistic tools used to express philosophical terms in English, it is
essential to first analyze the structural composition of English terminology.
RЕSULTS АND DISСUSSIОN
Affixation is one of the primary methods of word and term formation in English. As E. V.
Ivanova states, "Affixation is one of the most widespread sources of word formation, which
involves adding an affix to a root." Similarly, T. I. Arbekova defines affixation as "a method of
forming new words by attaching affixes to the root of a word."
According to E. M. Dubenets, "Affixation has been one of the most productive ways of word-
building throughout the history of English. It consists of adding an affix to the stem of a specific
part of speech." Likewise, V. V. Eliseeva notes that "In modern English, one of the main
methods of word formation is affixation, which involves attaching affixes to a root or base."
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Many linguists classify affixes into productive (living) and non-productive (dead) affixes. Living
affixes can be easily separated from the root, while dead affixes are closely integrated into the
base word and belong to a historical linguistic layer that requires diachronic analysis.
A significant number of prefixes and suffixes in English philosophical terminology are borrowed
from Latin and Greek. For instance, the -ism suffix, originating from Latin, plays a crucial role
in forming philosophical terms and doctrines:
Idealism – The belief that one's ideals can be achieved, even when it seems unlikely to others.
Agnosticism – A philosophical belief that the existence of God is uncertain or unknowable.
Dualism – The belief that things are divided into two often contrasting or opposing parts.
Solipsism – The philosophical idea that only the self exists or can be known.
Realism – A way of thinking and acting based on facts and practical possibilities rather than
unrealistic hopes.
Structural Features of English Philosophical Terms
In comparison to Uzbek, philosophical terms in English tend to have a simpler structure. Based
on their formation, philosophical terms can be categorized into three types:
Simple root words – Consisting of a single root, often derived from ancient English or borrowed
from other languages.
Derived words – Formed by adding prefixes or suffixes to a root word.
Compound (multi-word) terms – Created by combining two or more independent words.
Many English philosophical terms originate from Greek, Latin, French, and German. In modern
English, Latin-based philosophical terms are particularly prevalent. These terms often consist of
a root along with one or more affixes. Some examples include:
Eternity – abadiyat
Abstraction – abstraktsiya
Cognition – ma'rifat
Materialism – materializm
Idealism – idealizm
Realism – realizm
Development – rivojlanish
Endlessness – cheksizlik
Opposition – ziddiyat
Suffix-Based Word Formation
Suffixation is another highly productive method of forming philosophical terms in English.
Many scholars classify English suffixes based on different linguistic characteristics. There are
specific suffixes that are considered particularly effective for the formation of philosophical
terms.
Overall, affixation remains one of the most dynamic and consistent processes in English
terminology development, significantly influencing philosophical, scientific, and technical
vocabulary.
Affixation in English Philosophical Terminology
Affixation plays a crucial role in the formation of philosophical terminology in English. Some
suffixes have been historically productive in forming philosophical terms, as they allow the
creation of new nouns and adjectives that describe concepts, qualities, and states of being.
СОNСLUSIОN
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In conclusion, philosophical terms in the English language are formed through affixation (using
prefixes and suffixes), compounding, and conversion.
RЕFЕRЕNСЕS
1. Komilov M.M. Basic methods of forming philosophical terms in English // "Linguistics and
literary studies". https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osnovnye-sposoby-obrazovaniya-filosofskih-
terminov-v-angliyskom-yazyke
2. Cambridge Advanced Learnerʼs Dictionary, 4th edition
3. Arnold, I.V. Lexicology of modern English: a tutorial / I.V. Arnold. - 2nd ed., revised. - M .:
FLINTA: Science, 2012. - 136 p.
4. An American Dictionary of the English Language: Exhibiting the Origin, Orthography,
Pronunciation, and Definitions of Words Noah Webster
