Volume 15 Issue 08, August 2025
Impact factor: 2019: 4.679 2020: 5.015 2021: 5.436, 2022: 5.242, 2023:
6.995, 2024 7.75
http://www.internationaljournal.co.in/index.php/jasass
214
DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO COMPOUND SENTENCES: COMPOUND
SENTENCES WITH ADVERBS OF PLACE AND PLACE SPACE
Kоsimоvа Nоzimаxоn Kоbiljоnоvnа
Andijan State Institute of Foreign Languages
1st year master's student
E-mail:
nozimakosimova264@gmail.com
Annotation:
This article analyzes theoretical approaches to composite sentences, including
complex sentences, particularly those with subordinate clause of place. Furthermore, the concept
of "place" is examined through a linguocognitive approach, and its realization — that is,
verbalization — at morphological, lexical, syntactic, phraseological, and paremiological levels of
language is discussed using examples from Uzbek and English. The field structure of the concept
of "place" is also revealed.
Keywords:
composite sentence, complex sentence with subordinate clause of place, concept of
"place", verbalizer, linguocognitive approach, field
Language serves as a means of exchanging ideas, communicating, and transmitting information
between people. Communicative in process syntactic units , especially sentences , especially
add
words important importance has . Because complicated communicative intention
complete
and clear expression for simple to talk relatively wider content and to the scope
has was
add
from words use necessary . This because , reason , purpose , place ,
condition , result
such as grammatical and semantic relationships representative various
add
speech types , including follow
talkative add
words of speech logically and
content consistent in being
plays an important role.
In modern syntax, the compound sentence is considered one of the three main syntactic units
(phrase, simple sentence, compound sentence). To date, many linguists, including N.S. Pospelov
(1950; 1959), A.M. Peshkovsky (1956; 1959), LSBarkhudarov (1958), BIIlish (1962), M.A.
Askarov (1963), N.A. Kobrina and ENKorneyeva (1965), LLIofik (1965), A.M. Mukhin (1968),
V.A. Beloshapkova (1970), VGAdmoni (1973), VVVinogradov (1975), LGFridman (1975), G.A.
Abdurahmonov (1976), VGGak (1977), T.A. Kolosova and MI Cheremisina (1979; 1985), GF
Gavrilova (1981), GF Kalashnikova (1981), LND Dmitriyeva (1981), GSPyurbeyev (1983), MY
Blokh (1986), G'.M. Khashimov (1991, 2016, 2022) and others have analyzed the compound
sentences in detail.
G.A. Abdurakhmanov, emphasizing the content of subordinate clauses, classified and analyzed
them into 13 types: determining, complementing, possessive, participial, place, reason, condition,
purpose, unconditional, result, adverbial, and comparative subordinate clauses [1] .
M. A. Askarova, the structural study of compound sentences is continued. The researcher divides
compound sentences into types: connected, followed, and without a connecting clause [2]. She
introduces some clarity into the definition of types of followed compound sentences. The types
of proverbs distinguished by the scientist G. Abdurakhmanov are different, but analogy and
comparison also give the proverbs a certain type .
Volume 15 Issue 08, August 2025
Impact factor: 2019: 4.679 2020: 5.015 2021: 5.436, 2022: 5.242, 2023:
6.995, 2024 7.75
http://www.internationaljournal.co.in/index.php/jasass
215
In the study of compound sentences, the “taxemic theory” created by G.M. Hoshimov is also of
particular importance, which focuses mainly on the issue of the size of compound sentences, that
is, the number of components in them, their structural-semantic aspects, the types of syntactic
connections between components, the communicative-pragmatic aspects of components, their
terminological apparatus and metalanguage. In this study, a taxeme is an invariant syntactic unit
represented by a large linguistic sign, consisting of at least one grammatical possessor and one
grammatical clause. In this sense, a monotaxeme, which is a type of taxeme, is a sentence
consisting of only one possessor-clause form - a simple sentence, while a polytaxeme is a
compound sentence consisting of more than one possessor-clause structure, each of which
consists of a device equivalent to a simple sentence. Polytaxeme, in turn, is divided into two
types according to the number of components in its composition: a) collotaxeme, b) parentaxeme,
c) parataxeme, d) hypotaxeme, three-component hypertaxeme, four-component super-taxeme,
five-component ultrataxeme, and six or more component architaxeme [7].
Linguist M. Mirtojiev, in his research, emphasizes that a compound sentence contains more than
one simple sentence, which has a single tone expressing a generalized idea. The scientist divides
simple sentences in compound sentences into three types according to the method of connecting
them: 1) connected compound sentence; 2) subordinate compound sentence; 3) compound
sentence without a connecting element [5].
In Russian linguistics, linguist Y.G. Birenbaum examines the theory of compound sentences with
subordinate clauses in English and Russian and distinguishes between connecting (syntactic
conjunctions) and subordinate (syntactic subordinating conjunctions). The scientist calls all types
of means of syntactic relations “connectors”. He also divides subordinate clauses into the
following four types in his scientific work: 1) positional-nominal (possessive); 2) positional-
explanatory (complementary); 3) relative-adjective; (defining); 4) neutral-adverbial (case) [3].
In the research of N.A. Kobrina and Y.A. Korneyeva, we can also see a classification close to the
above: “The composite sentence is a sentence consisting of two or more clauses. In its structure a
clause is similar to a simple sentence, but unlike a simple sentence it forms part of a bigger
syntactic unit” (A composite sentence is a sentence consisting of two or more “clauses” and is
similar to a simple sentence in its “clause” structure, but unlike a simple sentence it forms part of
a larger syntactic unit) organizes)
They emphasize that clauses are connected
by coordination
(equal connection) or
subordination
(subordinate connection) to form
a compound
(connected) or
complex
(with a subordinate clause)
type of compound sentence. N.A. Kobrina and Y.A. Korneyeva distinguish the following types
of compound sentences:
1. Compound-complex (mixed (compound sentence with subordinate clause + subordinate
clause));
2. Complex sentence with homogeneous clauses.
They also classify subordinate clauses according to their function in the sentence and group them
into three groups: nominal clauses, attributive clauses, and adverbial clauses. In addition, they
distinguish 9 types of subordinate clauses: place, time, manner, comparison, condition,
concession, purpose, cause, and result [4].
In the scientific research work of N.Sh. Rakhmonova, for the first time, a comparative analysis
of compound sentences with a subordinate clause in Tajik, Russian and English from a formal-
syntactic point of view was carried out. The work also notes the similarities and differences of
Volume 15 Issue 08, August 2025
Impact factor: 2019: 4.679 2020: 5.015 2021: 5.436, 2022: 5.242, 2023:
6.995, 2024 7.75
http://www.internationaljournal.co.in/index.php/jasass
216
subordinate clauses, which express linguistic universality in Indo-European languages, and sheds
light on their semantic-cognitive nature. The achievement of the work is that, based on Tajik
language material, the scientist classifies interjections according to their expressive purpose and
provides a comparative analysis of the means of communication between them in Russian and
English [6].
the theoretical studies considered above , it can be concluded that in compound sentences with
adverbs of place, the adverb performs a semantic function, expressing the place of occurrence of
events or actions. The adverb of place is connected to the main clause through the imperative
forms of the verb, expressing the condition and absence:
In whichever direction the wind blows, the grass also bends its head
(Sh. Rashidov). In addition,
relative words expressing the attitude to place is also considered a means of connecting
components. The following words are relative words in compound sentences with adverbs:
a) The words
"where" (where) are used
in the subordinate clause ,
and "that" (that, that)
is used
in the main clause:
Where new technologies are introduced, production develops rapidly.
b) The words
"kay" are used
in the subordinate clause ,
and " kay
" in the main clause : "
Wherever the flower of your heart blooms, there the nightingale also walks.
Wherever Hasankhan is, there the qi-chuv also flies
." ("Uzbek folk epics").
c) The words
"which side"
are used in the subordinate clause ,
and "that side"
in the main
clause :
When danger begins to approach from which side, the soldiers rush to defend that side.
Some adverbial clauses come in the form of a participle and are used with the imperfective verb
to be : Where there is idleness, there nonsense flourishes.
An imperfective verb is also used after
adverbial clauses expressed in the form of a participle :
Where happiness roars, roars, and is
grateful for the life of its people, Here the sky resounds with song:
Labor is love, honor is a kiss
(G'. G'ulom).
In English, subordinate clauses
are subordinating
conjunctions . connected using where,
wherever:
I like to spend my leave where I can shoot ; Wherever he went, he was welcome.
The analysis shows that, although the compound sentences with adverbs of place, which are the
object of our study, have been studied to a certain extent by some researchers within the
framework of general adverbs, they have not been comprehensively analyzed as a separate object
of research. In particular, these types of sentences have not been consistently covered in two
languages — Uzbek and English — from the point of view of the spatial nature of the concept of
“place”. Below, the linguocognitive interpretation of the concept of “place” and how the
linguistic units related to it are realized within the spatial framework are analyzed in detail.
It is known that each linguistic unit is represented as a representative of a certain concept
.
The
concept of "place" that arises through place clauses not only at the syntactic level, but also
through other units of language - morphemes, lexemes, phrasemes, phraseoems, even
paremiemes. The verbalizers of the concept of "place" are analyzed below:
1.
Through morphemes, for example in Uzbek: a) - in:
in Andijan, at school; b)
- from:
from the house, from the yard; c)
-ga:
to the stage, to the market; d) conditional suffix
–sa:
Whichever way the wind blows, the grass bends its head in that direction;
e) imperative suffix
–sin:
He No matter where he works, only good things will be said about him.
If we turn to the realization of the concept of "place" in English, since English is considered an
analytical language, affixal morphemes (suffixes) denoting place are not used as widely as in
Volume 15 Issue 08, August 2025
Impact factor: 2019: 4.679 2020: 5.015 2021: 5.436, 2022: 5.242, 2023:
6.995, 2024 7.75
http://www.internationaljournal.co.in/index.php/jasass
217
Uzbek. However, the concept of place or location is expressed through some units at the
morpheme level. For example:
a) By prefixes
: “in-”, “on-”, “under-”, “over-”, “sub-”, “inter-”, “trans-”. For example,
in-
(inside a place) —
indoor
(inside a room),
inside
(inside);
on-
(on a place) —
onshore
(onshore),
onboard
(on a ship);
under-
(under a place) —
underground
(underground),
undercover
(undercover);
over-
(above, above) —
overhead
(above),
oversee
(oversee);
sub-
(under, below)
—
submarine
(underwater ship),
subway
(metro);
inter-
(between) —
international
(international),
interstate
(between states);
trans-
(through, through) —
transatlantic
(across the
Atlantic),
transport
(transport).
Through
suffixes : -side
(side) —
riverside
(riverside),
outside
(outside),
countryside
(countryside);
-ward/-wards
(direction) —
homeward
(towards home),
eastward
(towards the
east),
backwards
(backwards);
-land
(region, place name) —
England
(England),
Iceland
(Iceland),
homeland
(homeland).
c) Compound morphemes
:
upstairs
— up + stairs;
downhill
— down + hill;
outdoors
— out +
doors;
backstage
— back + stage.
2. Through lexemes
in Uzbek
a) through the auxiliary word group of place conjunctions
,
in
Uzbek:
where, wherega, whereden, shuyedda , nwherever
, from where ,
to where, in which, at
which, there where
b) through adverbs
in Uzbek :
top, bottom, inside, outside, in front, behind, next to,
opposite
; in English:
above, below, outside, inside, nearby, behind, ahead, beside, underneath.
c) through pronouns
in Uzbek :
where, where to, from where, somewhere;
In English:
where,
wherever, somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere
3. Through phrases (word combinations)
in Uzbek : a)
noun+noun:
teachers
'
room
,
educational building, educational center, sports field
; in English:
conference room, lecture hall,
police station;
b)
adjective + noun
in Uzbek
:
left side, right side, empty space, lower layer,
upper layer
; In English:
left side, right place, vacant seat, lower level, upper rank
; c)
number +
noun
in Uzbek:
first place, third row, fifth room
; In English:
third row, fifth room, fourth
section
; d)
pronoun + noun
in Uzbek
:
his place, there, our place, your side
; In English:
this/that place, my spot, our seat, your side; e)
preposition+noun
combinations in English:
in
the room, on the table, under the bed, behind the door, next to the window, in front of the school,
between the chairs, at the station.
4. Through phrases
in Uzbek language :
Not to move, to find one's place, not to give place, to
stay in one's place, not to find one's place
; In English:
be in the right place at the right time, out
of place, fall into place, in place, take someone's place, put someone in their place, know one's
place; where the rubber meets the road; where the shoe pinches; to know where the bodies are
buried
5. Through paremiemes (proverbs and sayings) in
Uzbek :
Wherever you go, go with decency;
Where there is water, there is life; Where there is halal food, there is blessing;
In English:
Where
there's a will, there is a way
;
Where generosity exists, blessings increase; Where destiny leads,
the heart must follow.
6. Through sentences: a) monosentence
in Uzbek
: He is sitting next to his friend.
In
English:
I am walking in the garden
;
b) polysentence
in Uzbek:
Wherever he goes, I will go
there; Wherever he starts, he will succeed there. Wherever the book is, it will remain there;
In
Volume 15 Issue 08, August 2025
Impact factor: 2019: 4.679 2020: 5.015 2021: 5.436, 2022: 5.242, 2023:
6.995, 2024 7.75
http://www.internationaljournal.co.in/index.php/jasass
218
English:
They built a house where the old barn used to be; You can leave your shoes wherever
you want; I met her in the park where we used to play as kids.
Thus, above we have identified the structural-semantic types of verbalizers - means that realize
the concept of "place" in the languages being compared. Naturally, their complex forms a system
of special verbal means that realize this concept in languages. Such a system, in turn, indicates
the existence of a linguocognitive field of verbalizers of the concept of "place" in languages. The
linguocognitive field of this concept consists of the core, dominant and peripheral members
(constituents), the dominant members of this field are the most actively used phrasemes
(combinations of the form noun + noun, adjective + noun; numeral + noun, preposition + noun),
the core is formed by syntaxemes (monosentencemes and polysentencemes), and the remaining
constituents (lexemes (auxiliary word group place connectors, affixal morphemes), phraseomes
and paremiemes) are peripheral members of this field. Below is a diagram of the linguocognitive
space of verbalizers that instantiate the concept of "place" in the languages being compared:
In conclusion, place-related clauses serve as the main syntactic means expressing the concept of
place (location, space) in the language. These clauses in content clarify the situation in the main
clause and indicate the location of events or actions. Comparative-linguistic analysis shows that
in Uzbek and English the concept of "place" is realized through various grammatical, lexical,
phraseological and paremiological units. According to the results of the analysis, the
Volume 15 Issue 08, August 2025
Impact factor: 2019: 4.679 2020: 5.015 2021: 5.436, 2022: 5.242, 2023:
6.995, 2024 7.75
http://www.internationaljournal.co.in/index.php/jasass
219
linguocognitive field of this concept forms a complex system consisting of core, dominant and
peripheral constituents. This serves to clarify how the concept of "place" is expressed at all levels
of the language, in particular through compound clauses, and allows for a deeper study of the
semantic-pragmatic properties of these types of clauses.
REFERENCES
1. Abdurakhmanov G. A. Compound
talk syntax basics . - T. , Sciences Academy
publishing house , 1958. - 245 p .
2. Askarova M. A. Current
Uzbek in the language follow-up forms and follower words
- Tashkent : Science , 1966. - 44 p .
3. Birenbaum Ya.G. K teorii slojnogo predlozheniya (Na materiale angliyskogo zyzyka) //
Voprosy yazykoznaniya. N2. - 1982. - S. 52–58.
4. Kobrina N.A., Korneeva E.A. i dr. Morphology. Syntax. - Petersburg: Soyuz, 1999 - 496 p.
5. Mirtojiev M. Contemporary Uzbek language. - Tashkent: Teacher, 1992. - 15 p.
6. Rakhmonova N.Sh. Semantic structure of SPP and system of syntax: lingvo-cognitive
approach (na material of Tajik, Russian and English languages): Autoref. diss.… d-ra. Philol.
science - Dushanbe, 2017. - 23 p.
7. Hoshimov G.M. Typology slojnyx predlojeniy raznosistemnyx yazykov. - Tashkent:
Science, 1991. - 106 p.
