Volume 15 Issue 08, August 2025
Impact factor: 2019: 4.679 2020: 5.015 2021: 5.436, 2022: 5.242, 2023:
6.995, 2024 7.75
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167
THE INFLUENCE OF LINGUISTIC AND EXTRALINGUISTIC FACTORS ON THE
FORMATION OF PROVERBS IN THE COMPARED LANGUAGES
Jumaniyazova Nasiba Kerimbay kizi
Urganch Ranch Technology University
ABSTRACT:
This article examines the role of linguistic and extralinguistic factors in the
formation of proverbs in the compared languages. The study analyzes how phonological,
morphological, syntactic, and semantic structures interact with cultural, historical, geographical,
and social contexts to shape proverbial expressions. Through comparative analysis, the research
identifies similarities and differences in the conceptualization of proverbs across languages,
highlighting the interplay between language-specific features and universal human experiences.
The findings contribute to the understanding of cultural-linguistic interconnections and support
more effective approaches in translation, teaching, and intercultural communication.
Keywords:
proverbs, linguistic factors, extralinguistic factors, comparative linguistics, cultural
context, semantic structure, intercultural communication
INTRODUCTION
Proverbs, as concise and figurative units of speech, represent one of the most enduring and
culturally significant components of human language. They emdiv the collective wisdom,
worldview, and moral values of a community, passed down through generations in a condensed
and memorable form. In the study of comparative linguistics, proverbs provide a rich source of
material for understanding both the linguistic mechanisms of expression and the broader cultural
and societal frameworks in which these expressions are formed. The formation of proverbs is
never a purely linguistic phenomenon; it is the outcome of the interaction between linguistic
structures—such as phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics—and a variety of
extralinguistic factors, including historical developments, geographical conditions, religious
beliefs, economic practices, and social norms. In recent decades, scholars have increasingly
recognized that the study of proverbial expressions across languages demands a multidisciplinary
approach. Linguistic factors influence the internal structure of proverbs: for instance, the use of
rhyme, parallelism, metaphor, and fixed syntactic patterns ensures both their memorability and
aesthetic appeal. At the same time, extralinguistic factors—ranging from climate and traditional
occupations to political systems and intercultural contact—shape the thematic content and
imagery of proverbs. For example, agricultural societies often develop proverb sets related to
farming cycles and seasonal changes, while seafaring communities produce proverbs centered on
navigation, weather, and maritime life. When comparing proverbs in different languages, these
factors often reveal both universal human concerns and distinct cultural identities. Universal
patterns may include moral lessons about honesty, hard work, or caution, while unique elements
reflect local environments, historical events, and cultural symbolism. This duality allows
comparative proverb research to uncover not only linguistic parallels but also deep cultural
interconnections or divergences. Given their dual nature as linguistic artifacts and cultural
Volume 15 Issue 08, August 2025
Impact factor: 2019: 4.679 2020: 5.015 2021: 5.436, 2022: 5.242, 2023:
6.995, 2024 7.75
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168
signifiers, proverbs offer valuable insights for various applied fields. In translation studies,
understanding both linguistic and extralinguistic influences prevents literal misinterpretations
and ensures the preservation of cultural nuance. In language teaching, integrating proverbs into
curricula can enhance learners’ pragmatic competence and cultural literacy. Moreover, in
intercultural communication, proverbs can serve as bridges for mutual understanding, provided
their cultural context is respected. This article aims to explore the complex interplay between
linguistic and extralinguistic factors in the formation of proverbs in the compared languages. By
analyzing selected examples, the study seeks to identify patterns of convergence and divergence,
as well as to contribute to the broader theoretical framework of proverb studies within
comparative linguistics. In doing so, it underscores the importance of approaching proverbs not
merely as linguistic curiosities but as living cultural and communicative tools that reflect the
values, experiences, and creativity of the communities that produce them.
MAIN BODY
1. Linguistic factors in the formation of proverbs
Linguistic factors refer to the internal structural and functional features of language that shape
the creation and transmission of proverbs. These include phonetic, morphological, syntactic, and
semantic characteristics, as well as stylistic devices that contribute to the stability, memorability,
and expressiveness of proverbial expressions.
2. Extralinguistic factors in the formation of proverbs
Extralinguistic factors are external influences—historical, social, geographical, and cultural—
that affect the content, imagery, and thematic focus of proverbs.
3. Comparative analysis of selected proverbs
A comparative approach reveals both universal and culture-specific elements. Universal
themes such as caution (
“Look before you leap”
/
“O‘ylab qadam bos”
), the value of hard work
(
“No pain, no gain”
/
“Mehnat qilgan to‘yadi”
), and the inevitability of consequences (
“You
reap what you sow”
/
“Nima eksang, shuni o‘rasan”
) demonstrate shared human concerns.
However, differences emerge in imagery and cultural references. For example, English proverbs
frequently use maritime or pastoral imagery, while Uzbek proverbs are rich in nomadic,
agricultural, and Central Asian environmental references. This divergence underlines the role of
extralinguistic factors in shaping proverbial content while linguistic structures ensure their
durability and transmission.
CONCLUSION
The analysis of linguistic and extralinguistic factors in the formation of proverbs in the compared
languages reveals that these expressions are deeply embedded in both the structural
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characteristics of a language and the cultural-historical context of its speakers. Linguistic
factors—such as phonetic harmony, syntactic parallelism, morphological compactness, and
figurative imagery—provide proverbs with stability, aesthetic appeal, and ease of transmission
across generations. Without these features, proverbs would lack the memorability and precision
necessary for their survival in oral and written traditions. At the same time, extralinguistic
influences play an equally significant role. Historical events, environmental conditions, social
organization, economic activities, and religious values shape the thematic content and imagery of
proverbs. While many proverbs express universal human experiences—such as the importance
of foresight, hard work, or moral integrity—each language also embeds unique cultural
references, reflecting the everyday realities and worldview of its community. The comparative
perspective demonstrates that proverbs are not isolated linguistic artifacts, but rather dynamic
cultural tools that function as repositories of collective memory and moral guidance. For
linguists, they provide insight into the interaction between language and culture; for educators,
they offer valuable material for developing cultural competence in language learners; and for
translators, they present challenges and opportunities in preserving meaning across cultural
boundaries. Ultimately, the interplay of linguistic and extralinguistic factors ensures that
proverbs remain relevant, adaptable, and meaningful across time. Understanding this interplay is
essential for comprehensive linguistic research, effective intercultural communication, and the
preservation of intangible cultural heritage in a rapidly globalizing world.
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