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8
TECHNOLOGICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODS USED IN DETERMINING
QUALITY INDICATORS
Dilafruz Kasimova
Assistant Andijan State Technical Institute
Abstract:
The scientific concept of the quality of knitted products. The essence of the quality of
knitted products is determined by their aesthetic, functional and technological properties. The
quality category here means not only appearance or durability, but also includes the service life
of the product, its suitability for the human div, hygienic safety and compliance with
production technologies. The concept of quality requires a complex, i.e. multi-criteria approach
to knitted fabrics.
Keywords:
Knitting, quality, Fabric, indicator, technical, aesthetic, excision, evaluation, texture.
Determining the quality indicators of knitted fabrics
is an important stage in controlling the
technical, aesthetic and operational compliance of the product. Quality assessment is not limited
to visual inspection, but is carried out comprehensively through precise measurements,
laboratory analysis and technical tests. These assessments are carried out both during the
production process and at the stage of certification of the finished product.
The main quality indicators of knitted fabrics are elasticity, shape recovery, density, smoothness,
color fastness, washing resistance, pilling resistance, air permeability, etc. Each of them has its
own technical conditions and measurement methods. Determining the quality of knitted fabrics is
based on many criteria, and this process is carried out using various assessment methods. The
table summarizes these methods in four main areas:
Table 1
The main methods used to assess the quality of knitted fabrics.
Evaluation method
Description
Indicators to be evaluated
Physical-mechanical methods
Determining the technical
properties of fabric through
stretching,
breaking,
compression and bending
Stretchability, shape recovery,
strength
Hygienic methods
Tests how the fabric transmits
air and moisture
Air
permeability,
breathability,
moisture
absorption
Aesthetic evaluation methods
Visual inspection, evaluation
of
surface
smoothness,
hairiness and color changes
Smoothness, pilling, color
fastness
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Operational tests
Examines how fabric changes
when washed, worn, or used
Washing
resistance,
deformation resistance
Physical-mechanical methods - aimed at assessing the technical stability of the fabric, that is, the
ability to stretch, tear, and restore shape. These assessments are performed on special testing
machines and are the main criteria for determining the strength of the fabric. Hygienic methods -
determine the level of comfort for human health by determining the air and moisture
permeability of the knitted fabric. These methods are important for the fabric to "breathe" and
maintain thermal balance. Aesthetic assessment methods - serve to determine the appearance of
the fabric surface, such as pilling, color stability, and smoothness. These methods are crucial for
the visual appeal of the product. Operational tests - determine how the knitted fabric changes in
real-life conditions. This includes evaluating deformations as a result of washing, ironing, and
wearing.
Table 2
Technological devices and measuring instruments used in assessing the quality of knitted
fabrics.
Device/Equipment Name
Purpose of use
Indicator to be evaluated
Universal weighing machine
(Instron, ZwickRoell)
Measuring tensile strength and
breaking strength
Stretchability, strength
Pilling apparatus (Martindale
tester)
Assessment of the degree of
surface hairiness (pilling)
Pilling resistance
Air permeability tester
Determining air permeability
through fabric
Air permeability
Optical profilometer / laser
scanner
Measuring the smoothness of
the fabric surface
Surface smoothness
Washing test devices
Evaluation of changes after
washing
Washing resistance
Color stability determiner
special scale devices
Comparison of color fading
and color change
Color stability
This table presents special technological devices and measuring instruments used to assess the
main quality indicators of knitted fabrics. Each device is aimed at determining a specific physical,
aesthetic or operational property, providing an accurate and reliable assessment of quality.
Table 3
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Knitting fabric quality in the evaluation normative documents .
Regulatory document
Description
Applicable indicator(s)
ISO 13934 / UzDST 2769
Determining
the
tensile
strength of fabrics
Stretchability, strength
ISO 12945-2
Pilling resistance assessment
(Martindale method)
Pilling resistance
ISO 9237
Determining
the
air
permeability of fabrics
Air permeability
ISO 105-A02 / ISO 105-C06
Evaluation of resistance to
washing and color fading
Color
fastness,
wash
resistance
ISO 3071
Determination of pH balance
(for hygienic assessment)
Hygienic safety
ISO 3801
Method for determining fabric
density
Density
Knitting fabrics quality in determining not only laboratory methods , maybe this methods how
criteria based on execution also important is considered . This because , international and
national standards ( normative) documents ) test process order put gives , test conditions ,
measurement methods and assessment criteria by designating put it .
The research to perform on time me knitting tissues deep studying I came out . This in
process knitting of fabrics main features and development about general to concepts has I am
knitting . fabrics different in the fields wide use , especially their convenience and many
functionality reason that I understand . This with together , fabrics quality determinant factors
analysis raw material
and working release processes quality in providing
important
importance has that I found out . From this outside , modern working release requirements
suitable coming ecological and high good quality knitting of products relevance also
understanding I got it . In general received , received knowledge and conclusions in the future
working release processes improve and knitting products quality increase for important basis to
be service does .
Knitting of threads ring in the form of each other
connects and this rings on the fabric
elasticity and softness gives . Example for , one directional knitting ( weft - knitting ) top to
elasticity
have , that is
cloth light pressure under expands and then fast will be restored .
Other from the side , many directional
and knitting ( warp - knitting ) . less stretchable ,
but
stronger be , he
mainly medical , technical or filter materials as This is used .
ideas practical at my job fabrics different to the tests in preparation me to the direction put
in , which kind of to fabrics which test method suitable to come to understand help gave .
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The research experimental in part me local knitting from enterprises take arrived samples
laboratory under the circumstances one how many from tests I passed the tests . within
elasticity
tests , friction endurance , air conductivity
and after washing then
deformation such as indicators
according to
clear information
For example ,
elasticity in the test cotton - elastane mixture ( S 2 and R 2 samples ) up to 30–35 percent
stretched I saw this . and sports clothes and asset clothes for very important . This with
together , simple cotton fabrics stretch according to a little low result showed , but
after washing shape storage in terms of much more stable It was . So , the fabric in the
composition elastane amount how much high if , stretch ability that much improves ,
but after washing then recovery level also high to be need . To friction endurance in the test
synthetic from fibers organization found L 1 and L 2 samples high result showed : fibers on
top speed reduce and of the fabric far term service to do in providing
polyester and Lycra
combination effective that it is I found out . But this synthetic mixtures sometimes
air
conductivity
level a little reduces , this and internal clothes or medicine in the field in
fabrics not much slave not to be possible .
General gathered
information
this showed that local
knitting of enterprises
working issuing some fabrics national ( UzDSt 29104.2 : 2021) and international standards
( ISO 13938-2, ISO 13934-1, ISO 9237, ISO 105- C 06 , ISO 105- E 04 , ISO 5077 ) suitable
comes . But some properties , such as color stability and endurance according to improvement
necessary . This because of enterprises knock - down in the model ( start ' ich less expensive )
test equipment installation
and natural fibers with mixture again - at optimization to the
issues attention their attention important .
In the future , my research based on me knitting of products hygienic to the requirements
compatibility further deeper to study I am planning . In this of the fabric antibacterial coatings ,
moisture swallowing and steam transfer properties , skin effect how much lack of
determination according to experiments take Also , " smart " textiles ” — that is to the clothes
inserted sensors or electricity conductive fibers with work possible technician in terms of I
am learning . This direction
knitting industry new to the stage take it turns out , because
today's on the day not only convenient , maybe smart and functional clothes working release
current from issues is one .
In general when receiving , knitting of the fabric how structure based on its formation , quality
indicators
for what connection
and practical in tests which features priority that is
about wide to the imagination has I am . This is knowledge not only theoretically , maybe
practical from the side also working producers , entrepreneurs and scientific - research institutes
for useful will be . If
enterprises above shown
recommendations done increase , local
knitting products quality in terms of price worthy and at the market competitive to be remains .
This with together , ecological requirements also into account take the environment
protection to do help As a result , " Made in Uzbekistan " knitwear" brand not only local the
market satisfies , maybe international to the market export to do opportunity also to give It is
possible . and country to the economy additional
income brings and technological to
progress motivation It will be .
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Impact factor: 2019: 4.679 2020: 5.015 2021: 5.436, 2022: 5.242, 2023:
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References
1. GOST 29104.2:2021. Knitted fabric. Clinical method.
2. ISO 13938-2:2019. Textiles – Bursting properties of fabrics.
3. ISO 13934-1:2013. Textiles – Tensile properties of fabrics – Part 1: Determination of
maximum force and elongation at maximum force using the strip method.
4. ISO 9237:1995. Textiles – Determination of the permeability of fabrics to air.
5. ISO 105 C06:2010. Textiles – Tests for color fastness – Part C06: Color fastness to domestic
and commercial laundering.
6. ISO 105 E04:2013. Textiles – Tests for color fastness – Part E04: Color fastness to water.
7. ISO 5077:2008. Textiles – Determination of dimensional change in washing and drying.
8. ISO 7770:1988. Textiles – Fabric-lofts and related characteristics.
9. Hadi, H. & Qodirov, U. (2018). Fundamentals of Textile Technology. Tashkent: “Science
and Technology” Publishing House.
10. Karimov, B. (2020). Knitwear production technology. Andijan: Publishing House of the
Faculty of Light Industry of the Andijan State Technical University.
