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Jo’raqulova Yayra
Alisher Navoiy nomidagi Toshkent davlat o’zbek tili va adabiyoti
universiteti 2-kurs bitiruvchisi
ESKIRGAN (TARIXIY, ARXAIK) SO’ZLAR TARJIMASI
Annotatsiya:
Ushbu maqolada eskirgan so’zlar xususan, tarixiy hamda arxaik so’zlar to’g’risida
ma’lumot keltirildi. Shuningdek, tarjima jarayonida ular sabab yuzaga keladigan muammo va
qiyinchiliklar aytib o’tilib, qanday tarjima qilish haqida ham qarashlar bayon etildi. Bundan
tashqari, ingliz tilidagi hamda o’zbek tilidagi eskirgan so’zlar ta’rifi o’zaro taqqoslanib, bir-biri
bilan o’xshash va farqli jihatlari sanab o’tildi.
Kalit so’zlar:
arxaik so’zlar, tarixiy so’zlar va ularning tarjimada qo’llanilishi.
KIRISH
Til tizimsiz sifatida uzluksiz harakatda, rivojlanishda bo’lib turadi, bu uning ijtimoiy
mohiyatidan kelib chiqadi: til va jamiyat, til va ong, til va tafakkur o’rtasidagi ikki tomonlama
aloqadorlik ularning bir-biriga ta’sirini belgilaydi – jamiyatda bo’lib turadigan ijtimoiy-siyosiy
jarayonlar, ilmiy-texnikaviy taraqqiyot, iqtisodiy va ma’rifiy sohalardagi islohotlar tilning lug’at
boyligida yangi-yangi so’z va atamalarning yuzaga kelishini, ayni paytda ma’lum so’z-
leksemalarning eskirib, tarixiy kategoriyaga aylanishini taqozo qiladi. Bu jarayon tilning lug’at
boyligida istorizm, arxaizm va neologizm kabi leksik birliklarni yuzaga keltiradi.[1.204].
Shuningdek, tilshunoslik o’z ichiga juda ko’p sohalarni qamrab olgan. Bu sohalarni o’rganish
davomida biz albatta eskirgan so’zlarga duch kelamiz. Negaki, tilshunoslik juda keng ma’noda
o’rganilib, uning har bir sohasi bir-biriga chambarchas bog’liq. Shuning uchun ham eskirgan
so’zlarning tilshunoslikda ahamiyati juda katta. Eskirgan so’zlar bu turli xil sabablarga ko’ra
hozirgi kunda nuqtda qo’llanilmaydigan so’zlarning maxsus guruhi hisoblanadi. Bu so’zlarga
qadimda qo’llanilgan lekin hozirda umuman qo’llanilmaydigan so’zlar kiradi. Biz bu so’zlarni
ularning sinonimlari orqali tushunishimiz va foydalanishimiz mumkin bo’ladi.[8.1].
ESKIRGAN SO’ZLAR (ARXAIK SO’ZLAR)
Kundalik hayotda ishlatilmaydigan bo’lib qolgan so’zlar eskirgan so’zlar deb ataladi. Jamiyat
to’xtovsiz rivojlanib boradi. Yillar o’tishi bilan mehnat qurollari, kiyim-kechak, uy jihozlarining
yangi nusxalari paydo bo’ladi, eskilarining ba’zilari ishlatilmaydigan bo’lib qoladi, natijada
ularni ifodalovchi so’zlar ham bora-bora juda kam qo’llanadi yoki iste’moldan chiqib ketadi.
Masalan: ashu (qizil tuproq), ashuq (temir qalpoq, dubulg’a), aqru (sekin).[2.97] Eskirgan so’zlar
ikki guruhga ajratiladi: tarixiy hamda arxaik so’zlar hozir dastlab arxaik so’zlarga ta’rif beramiz:
hozirda mavjud bo’lgan narsa-hodisalarning eskirib qolgan atamalaridir; bunda so’z eskiradi;
lekin tushuncha eskirmaydi, u boshqa so’z bilan ifodalanadigan bo’lib qoladi. Bunday so’zlar
iste’moldan chiqish arafasida turgan, hozirgi tilda sinonimi bo’lgan so’zlardir (qavs ichida
hozirgi tildagi sinonimlari berilgan): rayon (tuman), ekspress (tezyurar), oblast (viloyat), vrach
(shifokor), xirurg (jarroh), injener (muhandis), redaktor (muharrir), redaksiya (tahririyat), ulus
(xalq), bitik (yozuv) va h.k. So’zlar eskirgani kabi qo’shimchalar ham eskirishi mumkin.
Masalan, qadimgi o’zbek tilida tushum kelishigining -(i)g, -(i)g’ shakli, jo’nalish kelishigining –
ra/ru kabi shakllari mavjud bo’lgan, shuningdek, -(i)n qo’shimchali vosita kelishigi ham bo’lgan:
elig
in
tutdi – qo'li bilan ushladi. Arxaiklashish hodisasi tilning grammatik birliklarida, xususan,
affiksal morfemalarda va shu morfemalar ishtirokida shakllangan grammatik formalarda
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uchraydi. Masalan: fe’lning sifatdosh shakllari qadimgi turkiy tilda “-mish” va “-mыsh” (Tenrida
bolmыsh turk Bilge qag’an. - “Tangridan bo’lgan turk Bilga xoqon”). “-duq” va “-duk”, “-tuq”
va “tuk” morfemalari esa grammatik (affiksal) arxaizmga aylangan. Ba’zi morfemalar hozirgi
tilda bor bo’lsa-da, ularning talaffuzi eskirgan bo’ladi: “Yana bir Mahmud barlos edi.
Navandokliq barloslardindur. Sulton Abusaid Mirzo qoshida ham bek edi. Sulton Abusaid
Mirzog’a Iroq viloyati musaxxar bo’lg’onda Kirmonni Mahmud barlosg’a berib edi...”
(<<Boburnoma>>dan). Bu gapda qo’llangan “-din”, “-g’a”, “-g’on” morfemalari hozirgi “-dan”,
“-dir”, “-ga”. “-gan” morfemalarining eskirgan talaffuz variantlaridir, bunday variantlar
tilshunoslikda
fonetik-grammatik arxaizmlar
deb ham yuritiladi.[1.207]. Leksik arxaizmlar
hozirgi paytda mavjud bo’lgan voqelikning eskirgan nomi yoki, aksincha, hozirgi tilda mavjud
bo’lgan leksemaning eskirgan ma’nosi (sememasi). Demak, eskirish jarayoni leksemaga yaxlit
holda yoki uning bir qismiga (ma’nolaridan biriga) aloqador bo’ladi, shunga ko’ra leksik
arxaizm ikki turga bo’linadi [1.205]: 1.Arxaizm leksema – hozirgi paytda mavjud bo’lgan
voqelikning eskirgan nomi: lab (odam organizmidagi a’zolardan birining hozirgi nomi) - dudoq
(shu a’zoning eskirgan nomi, arxaizm-leksema: <<Yo’lchining kuchli, erkak nafasini,
dudoqlarida uning bo’sasining jonli olovini bir lahza sezdi>>.); qassob (<<mol so’yuvchi>> -
hozirgi ma’no) - sallox (<<mol so’yuvchi>> ma’nosidagi eskirgan so’z, arxaizm-leksema:
<<Tikka oldiga borib, devkor salloxlarday shoxidan ushlab <<bismillohu ollohu akbar>>, deb ...
bo’g’ziga pichoq tortib yubordim, - dedi Shum bola. G’.G’); elchixona (<<bir davlatning boshqa
davlatdagi diplomatik vakolatxonasi>> ) - saforat (<<...diplomatik vakolatxona>>ning eskirgan
nomi, arxaizm-leksema); qo’shin (<<askar>>, <,armiya>>) - cherik (<<askar>>, <<armiya>>
tushunchalarining eskirgan nomi, arxaizm-leksema: <<Andoq qalin cherikka ne ish qila olg’ay
edi. So’ngicha qovg’unchi bordi, o’zini daryog’a soldi, g’arq bo’ldi>>. <<Boburnomadan>>dan;
parol (<<maxfiy shartli so’z>>) - o’ron (<<parol>>, <<maxfiy shartli so’z>>ma’nosidagi
arxaizm –leksema: <<Ul yurushta ma’hud o’ron alfazi <<Toshkand>> bila <<Saram>> edi.
Toshkand desa, Sayram deyilgay, Sayram desa Toshkand>> - <,Boburnoma>>dan) kabi. 2.
Arxaizm-semema – hozirgi tilda mavjud bo’lgan leksemaning eskirgan ma’nosi. Masalan: g’am
so’zi hozirgi o’zbek tilida “qayg’u”, “xasrat”, “alam”, “tashvish”, “kulfat” ma’nolarida
qo’llanadi, o’tmishda (eski o’zbek tilida) esa bu so’z “ishq”, “muhabbat”, “sevgi” ma’nolarini
ham ifodalagan: <<Bir yuzi gulgun g’amidin yuz tugon ko’nglumdadir, Xor-xorimning iloji
bodan gulgun dengiz.>> - “Xazoyinul-maoniy”dan. Hozir g’am so’zining “ishq”, “muhabbat”
ma’nolari eskirgan bo’lib arxaizm semema sanaladi. Bunday holni harf so’zi ma’nolarida ham
ko’ramiz. Bu so’z hozirgi o’zbek tilida “alifbodagi grafik belgi” ma’nosini anglatadi, eski o’zbek
tilida esa harf so’zining “so’z”, “nutq” ma’nolari ham bo’lgan: <<Har harfi oning tanimda jon
bo’ldi yana. Har lafzi hayoti jovidon bo’ldi yana>> - “Xazoyinul-maoniy”dan. <<... Ul masal
borkim, <<On guzarro burd>>. Aning davlatining va navkarining intiqomida bu harfni aning
tiliga tengri soldi>>. - “Boburnoma”dan. Harf so’zining ana shu ikki gapdagi ma’nosi hozirgi
o’zbek tiliga nisbatan arxaizm-semema hisoblanadi.[1.205].
In language, an
archaism
is a word, a sense of a word, or a style of speech or writing that
belongs to a historical epoch beyond living memory, but that has survived in a few practical
settings or affairs. Lexical archaisms are single archaic words or expressions used regularly in an
affair (e.g.religion or law) or freely; literary archaism is the survival of archaic language in a
traditional literary text such as a nursery rhyme or the deliberate use of style characteristic of an
earlier age – for example, in his 1960 novel “The Sot-Weed Factor”, John Barth writes in an
18
th
-century style. Archaic words or expressions may have distinctive emotional connotations –
some can be humorous (forsooth), some highly formal (What say you?), and some solemn (With
thee do I plight my troth). [4].A distinction between archaic and obsolete words and word senses
is widely used by dictionaries. An archaic word or sense is one that still has some current use but
whose use has dwindled to a few specialized contexts, outside which it connotes old-fashioned
language. In contrast, an obsolete word or sense is one that is no longer used at all. A reader
encounters them when reading texts that are centuries old. For example, the works of
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Shakespeare are old enough that some obsolete words or senses are encountered therein, for
which glosses (annotations) are often provided in the margins.[4].Some archaic words and
proverbs that can be traced back to tha old Middle English: Thou (you), thee (you “object form
of thou”), thy (your “the possessive form of thou”), thine (yours :the possessive form of thou”),
ye (a word meaning “you” used when talking to more than the one person), vouchsafe (“v”
means to tell or give something to someone), thrice (“adv” old use means three times),
henceforth (“adv” means starting form this time), thence (“adv” old use means from there),
behold (“v” old use, means to see or look at someone or something), whence (“adv”,
“conjunction” means from where).[7.141].
TARIXIY SO’ZLAR (ISTORIZMLAR)
Hozirda mavjud bo’lmagan narsa-hodisalarning iste’moldan butunlay chiqib ketgan nomlaridir;
bunda so’z o’zi ifodalagan tushuncha bilan birgalikda eskiradi. Soz ham, u ifodalagan tushuncha
ham eskiradi, yo’qoladi: omoch, amir, kanizak, xon, jallod, yasovul, mirzaboshi, xattot,
mahsido’z, dubulg’a, sovut, qalqon, g’ulom.[2.97]. Shuningdek, eskirgan so’zlar kundalik
muloqotda ko’p qo’llanilmaydigan, ammo tilning lug’atida saqlanib qolgan va keng ommaga
tushunarli bo’lgan, ma’lum davrlarda qo’llangan, lekin hozirgi kunda foydalanilmaydigan so’zlar.
Tarixiy so’zlarda so’z o’zi ifodalagan tushuncha bilan birgalikda eskiradi.[4]. Tarixiy so’zlarning
eskirishi rasmiy unvonlarning yo’qolib qolishi, ijtimoiy hodisalar, shu bilan birga, harbiy
qurollar va sanoat anjomlarining foydalanishdan chiqib ketishi (Dorug’ona, ellikboshi, erovul,
falakiyot, farmonachi, hojib, degrez, yorg’ichoq) bilan bog’liq. Leksik istorizmlar o’tmish
voqeligi bo’lgan narsa-hodisalarning nomlaridir. Masalan: botmon - “O’zbekistonning turli
yerlarida turli salmoqqa ega bo’lgan ( ikki puddan o’n bir pudgacha) og’irlik o’lchovi”; chaqirim
- “1.06 kilometrga teng uzunlik o’lchovi”; cho’ri - “qul xotin”, “tutqunlikdagi ayol”; mingboshi -
“daha yoki qishloq oqsoqoli, hokim”; omoch - “ulovga qo’shib yer haydaydigan metall tishli
primitiv yog’och asbob” va b.lar. Istorizmlar, odatda, uzoq tarixiy jarayonlar davomida yuz
beradigan eskirishning mahsuli bo’ladi, ammo ular, ba’zan, qisqa vaqtda paydo bo’lishlari ham
mumkin: yaqin o’tmishda (1991 – yilgacha) o’zbek tilining faol so’zlari bo’lgan ayrim
leksemalarning (partkom, raykom, gorkom, obkom, kolxoz, sovxoz kabilarning) hozirgi kunda
eskirib, istorizmlar qatoriga qo’shilgani buning dalilidir. Istorizmning muhim belgilaridan biri
shuki, uning ifoda plani (nomemasi) va mazmun plani (sememasi) birga eskiradi, binobarin,
leksema yaxlit holda hozirgi til birligi bo’lmay qoladi.[1.205].
The Historical Thesaurus of English (HTE) is the largest thesaurus in the world. It is called a
historical thesaurus as it arranges the whole vocabulary of English, from the earliest written
records in Old English to the present, according to the first documented occurence of a word in
the entire history of the English language. The HTE was conceived and begun in 1965 by the
English Language & Linguistics department of the University of Glasgow, who have ever since
continued to compile the thesaurus. From the 1980s onwards the project was moved from paper-
based records to a computer database. And, there are some english historic words that do not
used anymore: snollygoster (a person who has intelligence but no principles, especially a
politician, pig puff ( a young woman with manners of an old one, fudgel ( the act of giving the
impression of working but actually doing nothing), twatting ( gossipping idly about unimportant
things, grumbletonians (people who are angry or unhappy with the government), frobly-mobly
(neither well nor unwell), lanspresado (someone who always conveniently shows up with no
money), callipygian (having beautiful, well-shaped buttocks), ultracrepidarian (somediv who
gives opinions about topics they know nothing about, armor.[9].
LEKSIK ARXAIZMLARNING LEKSIK ISTORIZMLARDAN FARQI
Leksik arxaizmlarning leksik istorizmlardan farqlari:
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1. Leksik arxaizm hozirgi paytda mavjud bo’lgan narsa-hodisaning eskirgan nomidir. Istorizm
esa o’tmish voqeligining nomi.
2. Voqelikning hozir mavjudligi uning eski nomi (leksik arxaizm) o’rnida yangi nomi bo’lishini
taqozo qiladi: yuz (hozirgi nom) - yanoq (arxaizm), qo’shin (hozirgi so’z) - cherik (arxaizm), lab
(hozirgi nom) - dudoq (arxaizm), dushman (hozirgi so’z) - yog’iy (arxaizm) kabi. Bu hol tilning
lug’at boyligida sinonimik qatorlarni shakllantiradi. Istorizmlar tomonidan nomlangan o’tmish
voqeligi hozir yo’q, binobarin, ularning (istorizmlarning) hozirgi tilda sinonimlari ham
bo’lmaydi.
3. Leksik arxaizmlarning yuzaga kelishida sinonim so’zlar orasidagi uslubiy munosabatlar
muhim rol o’ynaydi: birining faollashuvi ikkinchisining passivlashuviga, arxaiklashuviga olib
keladi. Istorizmlarda esa bunday munosabat bo’lmaydi: voqelikning yo’qolishi shu voqelik nomi
bo’lgan so’zning (leksemaning) lug’atdan butunlay tushib qolishiga sabab bo’ladi. [1.207].
The concept of “outdated vocabulary”, despite its traditional character in linguistics, is debatable.
In particular, there is no consensus among researchers regarding the relationship between the
terms “archaism” and “historicism”. Some linguists classify all units of obsolete vocabulary as
archaisms. Other researchers distinguish between two types of archaisms:
1) Words denoting obsolete objects and concepts;
2) Words that exist in parallel with other, active vocabulary units denoting the same objects
and concepts.
Some scholars single out archaisms and historicisms as two separate lexico-semantic classes of
obselete vocabulary, others consider historicisms as a kind of archaisms. Of great importance in
the degree if obsolescence of the word or its meaning is:
1) The place of the given word with the corresponding meaning in the nominative system of
the national language;
2) The initial prevalence of the word and the duration of its use in the active dictionary.
According to the degree of obsolescense, obsolete vocabulary units should be divided into:
Archaisms are obsolete words that have gone out of active use and have synonyms in the
vocabulary of the active dictionary. Historicisms are obsolete words of the passive vocabulary,
serving as the only expression of the disappeared concepts, objects, phenomena.[5].
TRANSLATION OF ARCHAISMS AND HISTORICISMS
Translating archaisms and historicisms, words or phrases that are outdated or specific to a
historical period, requires careful consideration of both the source text’s meaning and the target
audience’s understanding. Common methods include using functional equivalents (contemporary
words or phrases with similar meaning), loanwords (adopting the archaic term if it has entered
the target language), or explanatory notes to clarify the meaning.[5].
Methods for Translating Archaisms and Historicisms:
Functional Equivalence: Replacing the archaic term with modern word or phrase that conveys
the same meaning in the current context. This is often the preffered method to ensure clarify and
accessibility for the target audience. For example, translating “hither” as “here” or “to this place”.
[5].
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Loanwords:
Introducing the archaic word into the target language, especially if it has already gained some
recognition or usage in that language. This method can preserve the historical flavor and
authenticity of the original text. For example, using the french word “rendezvous” in english
instead of translating it as “meeting place”.[5].
Archaisation/Modernisation:
In some cases, translators may choose to deliberately introduce archaisms into target text to
create a specific effect, such as evoking a sense of antiquity or historical setting. Conversely,
they might modernise the text by replacing archaisms with contemporary terms to make it more
accessible to a modern audience.[5].
Cultural Substitution
:
Replacing an archaic term with a culturally relevant term that is familiar to the target audience.
This method is useful when the original term refers to a specific cultural practise or object that is
not relevant to the target culture. For example, translating a historical reference to a specific type
of clothing with a similar but more modern garment.[5].
Literal Translation:
In some cases, a literal translation of the archaic term may be sufficient, especially if the term is
relatively straightforward and its meaning is easily understoodin context.[5].
Combining Methods:
Often, translators use a combination of these methods to achieve the best possible translation of
archaisms and historicisms, balancing accuracy, clarity, and stylistic effect.[5].
XULOSA
Xulosa qilib aytganda, yuqorida eskirgan so’zlarga (arxaik va tarixiy) bir muncha ma’lumotlar
va tarjima jarayonida yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo’lgan muammo-yu, qiyinchiliklarga yechimlar
keltirildi. Eskirgan so’zlar tarjimasi juda nozik masala bo’lib, tarjimondan puxta bilim va
ehtiyotkorlik talab etadi. Buning sababi shundaki, eskirgan so’zlar xuddi realiyalar kabi har bir
millat madaniyati va tarixidan so’zlaydi, har qanday kichik xato yoki e’tiborsizlik noto’g’ri
xulosalar va qarashlarga sabab bo’lishi mumkin. Shuningdek, eskirgan so’zlarni qanday usullar
orqali tarjima qilish haqida ham ma’lumotlar keltirildi. O’zbek hamda Ingliz madaniyati azal-
azaldan bir biridan farq qilgani sababli ularda kuzatiladigan tarixiy yoki arxaik so’zlar ham
turlichadir. Qardosh bo’lmagan tillarga oid kontext yoki asarni tarjima qilish chog’ida ularda
foydalanilgan eskirgan so’zlar kombinatsiyasiga juda ehtiyotkorlik bilan yondashish lozim.
Ekvivalent topish orqali tarjima qilish usuli juda samarali hisoblansa-da, ba’zi so’zlar tarjimasida
ekvilalentlik kuzatilmasligi mumkin. Bunday holatda, shu kabi so’zlarning izohini keltirib
tarjima qilish zarur.
FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR:
1. H.Jamolxonov “O’zbek tili va Adabiy tili”.
2. Madrim Hamrayev “ABITURIYENT-2014” loyihasi turkumidan.
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3.
https://www.merriam-webster.com
4. Archaism-wikipediya
5.
6.
7. Semantic Problems of the Usage of Archaic Morfphological Features: Surat Al-Humza
(Traducer) as a Model.
8. Tilshunoslikda eskirgan so’zlarning kelib chiqishi va ularning qiyosiy tahlili(cyberleninka).
9. https://www.wikipedia.org.
