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VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue05 2025
PAGE NO.
32-38
10.37547/ijlc/Volume05Issue05-05
The Most Important Hierarchical Means of Demanding
Human Rights
Mushtaq Talib Mhana Awadh
Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Babylon Technical Institute, Iraq
Received:
24 March 2025;
Accepted:
20 April 2025;
Published:
30 May 2025
Abstract:
Human rights are fundamental issues that form the foundation of justice and human dignity in modern
societies. Since the issuance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, we have observed significant
advancements in the mechanisms and methods that enable individuals and groups to assert their legitimate rights
and ensure that these rights are respected by states and various entities. However, these mechanisms do not
operate randomly; they are structured according to a logical and legal framework known as hierarchical means.
This framework allows for a transition from domestic peaceful methods to international avenues when the former
are compromised.
Introduction:
This research aims to illuminate the most
significant hierarchical methods through which human
rights can be asserted, while analyzing the nature of
each method, the conditions for their application, and
their effectiveness in safeguarding rights and
preserving human dignity. The legal and institutional
frameworks that govern these methods will also be
examined, along with real-world examples that
illustrate how they are implemented in both national
and international contexts.
Recognizing these issues not only enhances awareness
of human rights but is also a crucial step toward
building a just society that can confront violations and
promote a culture of law and justice.
The significance of this research lies in illuminating the
systematic progression of human rights claims and
demonstrating the resources available to individuals
and groups in addressing violations. Additionally, it
contributes to educating citizens and civil society about
legal and practical tools that may be lacking for many,
thereby enhancing community engagement in the
defense of rights and freedoms.
Importance of the Study
The significance of this research is clear, as it
illuminates the various avenues available for asserting
human rights. This contributes to enhancing legal and
human rights awareness among individuals and
communities, while also providing both theoretical and
practical evidence that can serve as guidance in cases
of violations.
Understanding the hierarchy of these means allows the
optimal use of each, from peaceful means and national
institutions, to regional and international bodies, thus
enhancing the chances of restoring rights and achieving
justice.
Problem of the Study
Although many means can be used to claim human
rights, there is ambiguity among many about the order
of their use and effectiveness according to the legal or
political context, which sometimes leads to the failure
of claims or their poor impact. The research problem
lies in the main question:
What are the most important hierarchical means of
demanding human rights? How can their use be
regulated in a manner that achieves the greatest
effectiveness and equity?
Objectives of the Study
1.
Identify the most important means available to
demand human rights at the various levels (national,
regional, international).
2.
Analyze the logical and legal hierarchy of these
means according to different contexts.
3.
Assess the effectiveness of each means in
achieving justice and redressing violations.
4.
Provide a frame of reference that helps
individuals and activists choose the most appropriate
means according to the situation.
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5.
Highlight the challenges facing the use of these
means and propose practical solutions to overcome
them.
The First Topic
Legal Means of Claiming Human Rights
Legal means are considered the most important tools
that enable an individual or group to rely on to claim
their rights, as they are based on clear rules and based
on constitutional and legislative texts, as well as
international agreements ratified by states. These
means are divided into internal and external media
according to the nature of the violation and the
possibility of addressing it in the national system first.
First Requirement
International conventions and instruments regulating
the claim of human rights
International instruments constitute the legal
framework of reference on which States and
individuals rely to protect and promote human rights.
These conventions establish clear means and define
mechanisms for claiming rights and resorting to
international bodies in case of violations. Among the
most prominent of these instruments are the following:
First: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
• It represents the first international document that
embodies the universal recognition of human rights.
• Its articles (in particular article 8) provide for the ri
ght
of everyone "to have recourse to the competent
national tribunals for redress for acts that violate the
fundamental rights recognized to him".
• Although not legally binding, it established a series of
later binding treaties. ( )
II. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
(1966(
• It is one of the most important legal instruments
binding on ratifying States.
• Provide for a range of rights, including the right to life,
liberty, security, fair trial, and freedom of expression.
•
Established the Human Rights Committee, which
receives individual complaints against States that have
ratified the First Optional Protocol to the Covenant. ( )
III. International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights (1966)
•
Supplements the first Covenant and provides
for rights such as education, work, health, and an
adequate standard of living.
•
Although its claims mechanisms were initially
weak, the 2008 Optional Protocol allowed for individual
complaints to be submitted to the Committee on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. ( )
Fourth: European Convention on Human Rights (1950)
• Approved by the Council of Europe, it is considered
one of the best regional conventions in the field of
human rights.
• Established the European Court of Human
Rights,
which allows individuals to lodge direct complaints
against member States after exhausting domestic
remedies.
• The Court has binding jurisdiction, and its decisions
are applied by States. ( )
Fifth: American Convention on Human Rights (1969)
• Kno
wn as the "San José Convention", its
implementation is supervised by the Inter-American
Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American
Commission of Rights.
• Affirm the right to a fair trial, access to justice, and
freedom from torture or enforced disappearance.
• Provides an individual and collective mechanism for
grievance against OAS member States. ( )
Sixth: Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004)
• Approved by the League of Arab States, it represents
the regional reference for the protection of rights in the
Arab world.
• The texts contained therein are civil, political,
economic, and social rights, which are in harmony with
Islamic law. ( )
• Established the Arab Human Rights Committee
(Charter Committee) to receive periodic reports from
states, but still lacks an effective individual complaints
mechanism, such as the European or American( ).
Through these conventions, it has been shown that the
demand for human rights is not confined to the
national context, but extends to the regional and
international levels, through a variety of commissions
and courts, the strength and effectiveness of which
vary according to the legal system and the degree to
which States are obliged to apply these provisions.
Second Requirement
Constitutional legislation that frames the construction
of human rights concepts in Iraq
Constitutions are distinguished by their superiority
over legislation in any country, and they draw up the
general frameworks for guaranteeing rights and
freedoms, and determine the relationship between the
authority and the citizen. In Iraq, successive
constitutions reflected different perceptions of human
rights according to the political and social contexts of
each stage. In this request, we review how human
rights concepts are framed in three main constitutions:
the 1921 Constitution, the 1958 Constitution, and the
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Permanent Constitution of 2005.
First: The Iraqi Constitution of 1921 (Royal Era)
* Its promulgation was under the British Mandate and
was described as the "Iraqi Basic Law".
• Adopted the Wester
n constitutional model but
remained limited in the protection of human rights.
• It made clear reference to certain rights, such as
freedom of religion and belief (art. 13) and equality
before the law (art. 6). ( )
• We did not notice his assertion of clea
r mechanisms
for the protection of rights, and these principles were
subject to the authority of the King and the
Government in their application.
Although it is a first step in building the Iraqi state, this
constitution has not sufficiently established a culture of
human rights, due to the near-absolute nature of the
system and the absence of popular oversight.
Second: The Interim Constitution of 1958 (First
Republic)
• It came after the overthrow of the monarchy, so it
was more realistic in proposing the rights of the people.
• Explicitly stipulates the sovereignty of the people and
freedom of opinion, press, and assembly.
• Emphasized social justice and the rights of workers
and peasants.
• Recognize the principles of equality, rejecting
discrimination based on sex, race, or religion.
• However, it has not been successful in establishing
the principle of separation of powers and has been
subject to political fluctuations . ( )
The 1958 interim constitution adopted modern
language in the field of rights, but it was not
implemented on the ground due to the absence of a
stable reality for the Iraqi state.
Third: The Permanent Iraqi Constitution of 2005
•
This constitution was adopted in 2005 after the
change of the political system in Iraq.
•
Distinguished by its comprehensiveness and
clear emphasis on human rights and public freedoms.
•
Article 14: Equality before the law without
distinction as to sex, religion, or nationality.
•
Articles 37, 38, and 39: Guarantee
fundamental freedoms such as freedom of thought and
expression, freedom of assembly, and association.
•
Article 19: Fair trial guarantees.
•
Article 46: Rights and freedoms may only be
restricted by law and without prejudice to their
essence. ( )
•
Institutions such as the High Commission for
Human Rights have been established as a watchdog. ( )
This Constitution represents the most developed
model in terms of human rights texts.
The main problem lies in the implementation of these
texts, as their effective implementation continues to be
hindered by political challenges.
The reading of Iraqi constitutions shows a remarkable
development in human rights texts, ranging from
limited references in the 1921 constitution, to
extensive declarations in the 1958 constitution, to the
integral rooting in the 2005 constitution. However, its
effectiveness remains dependent on political will, the
independence of the judiciary, and the role of societal
and institutional oversight.
The universal conventions and declarations are all with
constitutions represent the sponsor and legal
guarantor that emphasizes the maintenance of human
rights and this is what is reached through the
mechanisms and means guaranteed by these charters
We see that the will of man if it wants to move to claim
a right must be based on this international law. ( )
The second topic
Hierarchical means of behavior for claiming rights
Hierarchical means of claiming rights represent the
customary and orderly gradation in the use of available
mechanisms, starting from national peaceful and legal
means, until access to international mechanisms when
equity is not possible. This sequence reflects and
illustrates the principle of "exhaustion of domestic
remedies", which is considered a basis in international
human rights law, and contributes to maintaining the
peaceful and legitimate nature of the claim to rights( ).
We will divide this topic into two main sections:
First Requirement
Hierarchical procedures for demanding human rights
Freedom of expression and the right to peaceful
demonstration are among the best forms of human
rights exercise in democratic societies, and are
mechanisms through which individuals express their
opinions and demands. In the Iraqi legal system, these
rights are affirmed in Article 38 of the Permanent Iraqi
Constitution of 2005( ). Hierarchical means of claiming
these rights extend from legal and institutional forms
to more severe societal tools of struggle such as civil
disobedience, in a sequence of low-to-highest strength.
Freedom of expression is embodied in giving
importance to spreading the principle of freedom of
opinion, which is considered one of the real and
realistic premises for demanding rights, and this is
confirmed by all international conventions and
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covenants, including
First: Freedom of expression
Article 38/I of the Iraqi Constitution affirms that "the
State shall guarantee, without prejudice to public order
and morals, freedom of expression by all means".( ).
This stage is considered the first stage of demanding
rights, where individuals or groups begin to express
their demands through articles, seminars, conferences,
television programs, as well as through social media
platforms and official correspondence.
Second: The Right to Peaceful Demonstration
Article 38/II affirms: "Freedom of assembly and
peaceful demonstration, without prejudice to public
order and morals," and demonstrations are a legitimate
popular tool to demand that the authorities achieve
political, economic or social demands. Demonstrations
must be based on the law and must be practiced by
peaceful means.
Peaceful demonstration has constitutional and legal
legitimacy, but may face repression in the absence of a
culture of dialogue and acceptance of the legitimate
needs of individuals. ( )
Third: Strike
The strike is used as an escalator means which puts
pressure on government institutions or companies to
achieve the demands of workers or citizens, and in Iraq,
there is no explicit provision in the constitution that
allows or prevents strikes, but it is practiced in some
sectors. Dr. Nawal bin Talib's study "The Right to Strike
between International Law and National Legislation"
(2012) highlights the gap between legal theory and
practical application in some countries and emphasizes
the importance of the strike as a peaceful and
democratic means. especially the professional trade
union, and the strike represents a collective struggle
tool to reach legitimate rights and represents the
effectiveness of civil society with its organizations and
formations a tool from which various diverse actors to
demand a right, and represents the strike transition
quality of expression to influence, and sometimes
affects the economic system, which accelerates the
response to those demands( ), as discussed by Dr.
Ahmed Hassan Abu Zeid in his book "The right to strike
in international law and Islamic law" (2010) dimensions
of this right from a comparative perspective,
considering the strike A sophisticated form of peaceful
protest. ( )
Fourth: Civil Disobedience
Civil disobedience represents the maximum degree of
concepts of demanding legitimate rights, which is a tool
of pressure resorted to by those who demand a
legitimate right, and the theoretical foundations of this
concept have been laid in writings, where Henry David
Thoreau considered that justice takes precedence over
the law when the two oppose, stressing that the
responsibility of the free citizen to refuse to participate
in injustice even if it is legislated. This argument later
inspired figures such as Gandhi and Martin Luther King,
and civil disobedience became part of civil political
action in many countries of the world( )., Civil
disobedience may include refraining from paying taxes,
not going to work or schools, as well as sitting in public
squares for long periods, for his part, Dr. Azmi Bishara
has addressed the concept, stressing that civil
disobedience is not chaos, but a conscious strategic
means used by societies for peaceful pressure, and that
it is a sophisticated form of positive rebellion in closed
systems( ), that civil disobedience does not aim to
change a political system, but is intended to reach the
achievement of demands in addition to exposing
injustice reality on a segment, and show the loss of
authority to its moral legitimacy before the local and
international community.
The behavior of demanding rights ranges from simple
individual expression to mass demonstration, then to
organized strike, and finally to peaceful civil
disobedience, according to an escalating logic intended
to correct the mistakes of the authority in the
application of laws related to the needs of people and
their legitimate rights, which may be confiscated or
taken away as a result of tyranny from the authority,
government or any other party such as public and
private companies, and in the Arab context, this is what
Dr. Nasser bin Suleiman Al-Omar showed a legitimate
and intellectual rooting of this type of struggle,
indicating that It can be in line with Islamic values if its
purpose is to remedy injustice without causing fin,
which reflects the extent of the blockage of the political
and legal horizon. Each phase carries with it different
messages of pressure( ), calculated based on the size of
popular support, the response of the authority, and the
general context.
Second Requirement
Guarantees of the demand for human rights
The effectiveness of the demand for human rights is not
complete unless these rights are protected by
constitutional guarantees and real institutions
represented by the bodies of constitutional justice.
Mahmoud Cherif Bassiouni addressed the guarantees
provided by international conventions, such as the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, in
addition to the oversight mechanisms that ensure the
implementation of those guarantees, including the role
of the Justice International and the Human Rights
Committee( ), which enhance the citizen's ability to
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claim rights and ensure that those claims are protected
within the framework of the rule of law. The Federal
Supreme Court and the principle of separation of
powers are among the most prominent of these
guarantees in Iraq.
First: The Federal Supreme Court in Iraq
According to article 93 of the Iraqi Constitution of 2005,
the Federal Supreme Court is the supreme judicial div
that is competent to monitor the constitutionality of
laws and regulations and to interpret the provisions of
the Constitution.
As well as settling disputes between federal authorities
and adjudicating appeals submitted regarding the
constitutionality of legislation or violation of those
rights, the court represents a key tool to ensure the
protection of rights and freedoms by invalidating
legislation that contradicts constitutional rights, as well
as rehabilitating victims of legal violations, and
supports the principle of legality and control over the
performance of the executive and legislative
authorities,
where
Abdul
Karim
Muhammad
interpreted the provisions of the Iraqi constitution
comprehensively, with a detailed analysis of the role of
the Federal Supreme Court in monitoring the
constitutionality of laws, and interpreting the texts of
Constitution. ( )
،
Dr. Fouad Mohamed Hassan
discussed the role of the Court in interpreting
constitutional articles and resolving legal disputes
related to the Constitution, ( ) while Dr. Ahmed Al-
Rubaie explained the competences of the Federal
Supreme Court, including its role in interpreting
constitutional texts and monitoring laws. ( )
The role of the Federal Supreme Court in monitoring
the constitutionality of laws and the interpretation of
constitutional articles is one of the most prominent
guarantees in the Iraqi legal system, as it contributes to
achieving a balance between powers and enhances the
independence of the judiciary in Iraq. However, the
practical challenges faced by the Court, such as political
interference and external pressures, make it necessary
to strengthen its independence in carrying out its tasks.
For example, to challenge the constitutionality of laws
that limit freedom of demonstration or expression, as
the court represents a real reference for settling the
dispute and guaranteeing guaranteed freedoms.
Second: The principle of separation of powers
Article 47 of the Iraqi Constitution states: "The federal
authorities shall consist of the legislative, executive and
judicial authorities, and shall exercise their powers and
functions on the basis of the principle of separation of
powers." ( )
This principle confirms a real guarantee for the exercise
of each authority of its competence and non-
interference in the competencies of another authority
that this integration of the principle of separation of
powers ensures realistic commitment to the provisions
of the law and the constitutional powers entrusted to
each of these authorities and therefore if we reach a
real application will be a pillar and guarantee for the
human being and his rights, This principle prevents the
concentration of power in the hands of one party, and
allows the independence of the judiciary, to adjudicate
disputes without political interference, as well as the
control carried out by Parliament over the executive
authority and the existence of clear limits to the powers
of each authority, and the more effective this
separation is, the hierarchical means of demand
become safer and less vulnerable to repression or
marginalization, and above all if states abide by the
conventions they concluded and contributed to their
respect for international declarations and covenants,
we will reach the real application of the concepts of
demanding human rights.
The demand for human rights gains its strength not
only from the clarity of international conventions and
covenants or constitutional texts, but also from the
existence of institutional guarantees that enable
individuals to peacefully and effectively claim their
rights, without fear of reprisals or exclusion. The
Federal Supreme Court, the principle of separation of
powers and good governance models are all real pillars
for activating hierarchical means and ensuring their
continuity in a democratic environment.
The end
The demand for human rights is not merely a fleeting
act of protest; it is an organized legal and societal
process grounded in a gradual hierarchy that considers
the comprehensive application of international
declarations and conventions within a constitutional
and legal framework, supported by both national and
international legitimacy. This research reveals that
hierarchical mechanisms form a systematic structure
that empowers individuals and groups to restore or
defend their rights. This process begins with
administrative grievances, progresses to judicial
recourse, and then advances to societal pressure
tactics such as demonstrations and strikes, ultimately
culminating in escalatory actions like civil disobedience
or appeals to international bodies. The presence of
constitutional guarantees, such as the Federal Supreme
Court and the principle of separation of powers, is a
crucial foundation for protecting individuals' rights to
claim their entitlements. These guarantees enhance
the effectiveness of the aforementioned means and
provide the necessary legitimacy and legal protection.
Comparative experiences, particularly from European
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and American models, underscore the significance of
robust and independent institutions that maintain this
balance and promote justice. Therefore, establishing
an integrated system that respects gradual approaches
and ensures legal protection for those asserting their
rights is essential for fostering cohesive societies and
cultivating a culture of legal recourse rather than chaos
or violence.
CONCLUSIONS
1.
Establishing a hierarchy in the methods of
advocating for human rights is essential for achieving
both effectiveness and legitimacy. Beginning with local,
regional, and international approaches aligns with the
legal frameworks established in national and
international systems.
2.
National mechanisms serve as the primary line
of defense for rights, operating through domestic
judiciaries, national human rights institutions, and civil
society. These mechanisms uphold the principle of
sovereignty and mitigate external interference. When
national avenues fail, regional and international
mechanisms become essential for promoting justice.
Notably, organizations such as the United Nations
Human Rights Council and regional courts, including
the European, African, and Inter-American Courts of
Human Rights, play a significant role in this process.
3.
The effectiveness of various methods depends
on the political and legal context of each country. In
some systems, local resources may be limited, making
it even more crucial to seek recourse from international
bodies.
4.
Integration of multiple approaches, rather than
relying on a single method, is essential for successfully
restoring rights. The combination of legal, human rights
advocacy, media engagement, and diplomatic pressure
enhances the likelihood of achieving a positive
response and redress.
5.
The lack of societal awareness regarding
hierarchical structures poses a significant challenge.
This issue necessitates educational initiatives and
awareness campaigns to foster a culture of rights
among individuals and communities.
6.
The existence of a clear legal and human rights
framework facilitates the effective assertion of rights
and helps prevent the waste of time or the pursuit of
futile measures.
RECOMMENDATIONS
In light of the findings presented and analyzed in this
research, we offer the following recommendations:
1.
Enhance legal awareness among citizens
regarding their rights and the appropriate procedures
for claiming them in accordance with legal and
constitutional guidelines. This will help prevent direct
confrontations with authorities and reduce the risk of
legal accountability.
2.
Emphasizing the activation of national human
rights institutions and ensuring their material and
administrative independence will enable them to
receive complaints, monitor violations, and coordinate
with international judicial bodies when necessary.
3.
Affirming the independence of the judiciary
and recognizing the Federal Supreme Court as the
ultimate guarantor of constitutional rights, while
ensuring that its supervisory powers remain
unimpeded by other authorities.
4.
Issue clear laws that regulate the rights to
demonstrate, strike, and engage in civil disobedience to
ensure their peaceful and legitimate exercise, while
preventing abuses of security and unjustified
repression.
5.
Encourage civil society organizations to act as
mediators between citizens and the government, while
also providing legal and media support to individuals
asserting their rights.
6.
Emphasizing the consolidation of the principle
of separation of powers and ensuring a genuine
balance among them to prevent any interference by
any party that could undermine rights and freedoms.
7.
Accede to international conventions related to
the Optional Protocols that permit individuals to file
complaints before UN bodies, thereby providing an
additional avenue for claims when domestic remedies
are unavailable.
8.
Develop concepts related to hierarchical
means within the school curriculum to cultivate a
generation that values the culture of peaceful advocacy
and adherence to the law.
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Retrieved
from
https://www.un.org/ar/universal-declaration-
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