International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
17
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijhps
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue01 2025
PAGE NO.
17-20
10.37547/ijhps/Volume05Issue01-05
Patterns and ornaments made in historical and modern
architectural monuments in ancient Uzbekistan
D.E.Omonov
Uzbek-Finnish Pedagogical Institute professor of the Department of "Fine Art and Engineering Graphics", Uzbekistan
Sh.X.Allaberdiyev
Master student of the Uzbek-Finnish Pedagogical Institute, Uzbekistan
Received:
26 October 2024;
Accepted:
28 December 2024;
Published:
23 January 2025
Abstract:
This scientific article briefly examines the architectural elements and artistic decor inherent in the
architecture of the city of Samarkand, which has existed since ancient times and is relevant at the present time.
In particular, the work talks about such decorative elements as izora, frieze, shelves, showcase, dahana, ceiling,
arch, altar, honor, book, chain, tulip, orange, etc., as well as their functions in architecture.
Keywords:
Samarkand, architecture, majestic, decor, oriental style, composition, frieze, shelf, ceiling, arch, altar.
Introduction:
Today's condition of Samarkand houses,
on the basis of tourist requirements, it is time to
introduce them to the general public and to study and
research their interior decorations. When studying the
working style of the rooms of these houses, the
classification of decorations, the interior of the room,
that is, the wall of the room is divided into 3 parts along
the length, the lower part of the wall is decorated with
a sign (panel), and the middle part is often decorated
with a shelf, display and dakhana. and the upper part is
called the frieze, and this part is decorated with honor.
In the sign part of the wall, mainly geometric patterns,
girih patterns are widely used. The middle part is
decorated with figures, shelves, landscapes, large and
small patterns, title inscriptions, etc. All kinds of
geometrical and plant-like patterns were made on the
frieze, eaves made of ganch between the upper part of
the wall and the ceiling. The ceiling itself is decorated
with silver and serves as the main factor in finishing the
atmosphere of the room in terms of composition and
artistry. Between the ceiling beams (bolors) there may
be alternating rectangular surfaces with vassas, and a
wavy surface is formed as a result of smoothing the
pairs of semi-cylindrical sticks. It is often decorated
with a general color or a simple Islamic pattern. In the
course of studies, if the ball is red, the vassas are
painted green, or small decorative patterns are made
on colorless vassas, and they are depicted in green
color with extensive use of metrical rhythm. The place
where the beams are connected with the honor is
made with a short carving. Such ceilings are common in
Kashkadarya, except Samarkand. In Tashkent, madokhil
patterns are made in light blue and light green colors
on the ground of green and blue vases. To connect the
ceiling and the wall, the composite composition is used
more often. Sharafa is a type of pattern that is worked
mainly on the basis of geometric shapes. Apart from
that, honors are made in the form of small bows and in
some cases using Islamic motifs. The sharafas are
three- and five-tiered, and the arches or geometric
patterns at the bottom become
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
18
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International Journal Of History And Political Sciences (ISSN
–
2771-2222)
larger as they move to the upper tier, and are brought
to the overall composition. Sharafa work was
considered somewhat complicated, and combining
pattern elements into a single rhythm required high
skill from a master hancher. The walls of the interior of
the room are divided by various compositional
solutions depending on the sides and functions. The net
of the room (facing the qibla) is divided into three parts,
and a mihrab is built in the middle part, it is arched,
square, and its interior is also decorated with honor. On
both sides of it, the walls were made, and chests and
blankets were collected inside. The upper part of the
takhmons is also decorated with Islamic motifs, and the
edges are decorated with ganjira, ruta motifs or
morpech. The remaining parts of the walls are
decorated with takhmon, takcha, takchaband, taksho,
dahana, ravok dahana, period stem, lali, books. The
habit of installing shelves in the rooms has remained
from ancient times, and jugs, cups, bowls and other
beautiful copper and ceramic items are placed on the
shelves. These evidences show that in ancient times
people paid great attention to hotel and room
decoration in residential architecture. Dwellings in
cities were mostly made of thick walls, which allowed
for deep shelves. The shelves are of all sizes, and the
partitions between the windows and doors are made
with shelves. The upper part of the big racks was
finished with colorful complex decorations in the shape
of a bow, and the surface between them was bordered
with a pattern in the shape of a bow, and colorful
flowers were drawn inside. Small delicate patterns are
carved around the ledges and colorful plant-like
patterns are drawn. The quiet arched boards of the
shelves are molded. Shelves are aimed at making
efficient use of the floor space and increasing the use
of all its parts for the activities of family members.
That's why not only shelves, shelves, even chimneys are
placed between the walls. chests are also placed in the
lower compartments of the wall and shelves. The use
of shelves on the walls of the room gives the interior an
arrangement, comfort, atmosphere and artistry. The
interior walls of the shelves are painted in red, blue,
and green colors to enrich the composition of the wall
with the shelves and ensure that the items placed on
the shelves look good. Also, the light colors used on the
interior walls of the small shelves clearly define their
depth. In particular, the shadows falling on the inner
wall of the shelves from the light radiating from the
room's windows increase their attractiveness and
variety.
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
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International Journal Of History And Political Sciences (ISSN
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2771-2222)
The space left between the sign and the shelf is called
lali. Lali is also small in size but has a complete
composition, mainly using Islamic and Girih motifs. The
shelf is divided into several small pieces, and the
masters called it tokchabandi. Tokchabandis are
delicately made in the style of a grid with the help of
examples of Islamic motifs in the form of wood carving,
ganch carving. In the places without shelves, pieces of
dahana, izora poya, izora, lali, tezho, and kitoba took
place. Almost Islamic pattern samples were used in the
work of this type of compositions.
In general, when creating a pattern composition,
drawing pattern elements is the alphabet of pattern
work. Compositions of patterns are divided into types
such as orange, visible, and munabbat in terms of
structure. Namoyan is a Persian word that means
appearance, scenery. It is the most perfected mature
pattern composition and reflects a generalized pictorial
image of reality. An independent composition that
does not connect anywhere, entering into a complex
pattern. It has vegetal, geometric, floral, symbolic and
other types of Munabbat motifs. Free Islamic pattern is
a type of pattern that repeats on four sides. Lattice
(groundless) carving is used for decoration of shelves,
windows and holes in buildings and for making
chandeliers.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, like our national monumental
architecture, which has been created by our memory
and is not shown to tourists and the general public, our
national residential architecture has a high level.
Therefore, it is a pity that our national residences are
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
20
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International Journal Of History And Political Sciences (ISSN
–
2771-2222)
not referred to domestic tourism and only experts in
the field know about them. How high the culture of the
Uzbek people is, the buildings built by our ancestors,
architectural decorations, their diversity, geometric
and plant-like patterns, their compositional images are
used to enjoy, to be
educated, to express their dreams, hopes, and love to
the people through them. invites to express. Our
cultural wealth acquired over the centuries, the types
of folk art, especially the types of patterns in the art of
embroidery, painting, their schools and their specific
aspects, the technology of work, and the methods of
creating patterns and decorating them suitable for
objects, have been sufficiently studied. We don't think
so. Therefore, it is one of the most important tasks of
our time to preserve, appreciate, and pass on to the
younger generation as much as possible the traditions
of the historical monuments and other practical arts
created as a result of the creative work of our people
over the centuries.
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