INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 09,2025
Journal:
https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai
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RELAY OPERATION PROCESS
Raxmonov Furqat Abduxakimovich.
Jizzax Politexnika instituti
Тел:
+998 91 566 06 64
Key Terms and Phrases
General information, International Union of Railways (UIC) recommendations on two types of
relays for railway automation: N-type and C-type relays, basic operational and technical
requirements for N-type relays, C-type relays used in creating safety-ensuring circuits, direct
current relay, direct current neutral QN1 (England, "Westinghouse" company) relay, neutral
K5O relay, neutral type II (Berlin, WSSB company) relay, polarized relay
General Information
Despite the fact that a wide range of problems related to train traffic control are being solved
using microelectronic technology, the prospects for the development and application of relay
technology remain, since there are a number of problems that are more appropriately solved
with the help of relays. This opinion is also confirmed by the ongoing work on creating new
relays.
According to the recommendations of the International Union of Railways (UIC), two types of
relays are distinguished in railway automation. The first type of relays (called N-type)
corresponds to the Class I reliability relays used in our country. These relays satisfy safety
requirements even without control. The second type (C-type) relays satisfy safety requirements
only when their operation is controlled by an additional circuit.
The following basic operational and technical requirements are imposed on N-type relays:
prevention of contact welding (use of carbon-silver materials); reliable release of the armature
under the influence of its own weight; additional force through a return spring for release; relay
contact service life of at least 2
⋅
10⁶ switching operations; minimum contact gap of 1.2 mm;
minimum contact pressure of 0.245 N (between carbon-silver contacts), 0.196 N between back
contacts (silver-silver); the mechanical capability of the relay must reach 10⁷ operations
(connections).
N-type relays are not used in railway automation in most European countries. In creating
safety-ensuring circuits, they use C-type relays. C-type relays have a relatively simpler design
and lower cost. However, a control circuit is used to monitor their failure-free operation. For
this reason, the requirement to ensure safety through circuits instead of relays with Class 1
reliability used in constructing safe circuits significantly increases the number of relays used.
For example, the electric centralization system built on the НМШ-1 relay in our country
requires 60-80 relays for one centralized switch. Similar foreign systems require the use of 130
or more C-type relays for one switch.
Companies with world-renowned names are engaged in the creation and production of relays
for railways abroad. These include the "WABCO" (PN-type relays) and "Western Electric" (AF,
AK-type relays) companies in the USA, Westinghouse (Q-type relays) company in England,
"Siemens" (K5O relays), "Standard Elektrik Lorenz" (BB, BS-type relays), WSSB (II and III-
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 09,2025
Journal:
https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai
page 280
type relays) companies in Germany, "Ericsson" (JRF-type relays) company in Sweden, OKI
(WA, WK, WM-type relays) company in Japan, the Beloyanis company (SR5O relays) in
Hungary, and others.
Foreign relays differ from the old and current Russian relays used by us in a number of
characteristics. Return springs operating under compression and tension are widely used in
them.
The relay releases its armature under the influence of resistance forces generated by the return
spring, armature weight, and contact spring reactions. Most foreign relays do not have carbon
contacts and use cam control in contacts (see Fig. 9.3, g). Cam control allows simultaneous
connection and disconnection of contacts, independence of the relay's electrical and mechanical
characteristics from contact spring adjustment, and reduction of the effect of contact wear on
contact pressure force. It is noteworthy that German and Swedish relays lack triple contacts,
which are replaced by four springs (see Fig. 9.3, d). Such a design increases reliability in
electrical circuit disconnection since it disconnects from two places simultaneously.
In some foreign relays, instead of flat contact springs, two parallel wire springs made of
beryllium with contacts of silver or palladium are used. Such springs maintain their mechanical
properties for a much longer period.
As for polarized relays, some countries use relays with magnetic locking that holds the
magnetic relay. In them, the neutral relay design is additionally equipped with a permanent
magnet. When the relay coil is disconnected from the source, the armature is held in the
attracted state under the influence of the permanent magnet's magnetic flux. This implements a
memory function. To release the armature, a reverse direction current is passed through the coil.
A motor (engine) relay is used as a phase-sensitive relay (similar to the ДСШ relay), in which a
two-phase rotor winding short-circuited asynchronous motor is used. The motor controls the
contact system. The relay's operating principle is based on the change in the motor rotor's
rotation direction depending on the phase of the supply voltage.
Direct Current Relays
The best exemplary relays from foreign companies differ from each other in the design of their
electromagnets, contact systems, and electrical dimensions.
The direct current neutral QN1 (England, "Westinghouse" company) relay (Fig. 1) is mounted
on a solid base 1, has a coil 2 located in core 3, a U-shaped yoke, a pivoting armature 5 with an
antimagnetic pin 4, and a compression return spring 6. The contact system consists of four
vertical column support 9 springs. The limiting 8 plates hold the stationary P and O contact
springs, which are connected by an upper structure 7 welded to the yoke. It is displaced by a
control plate 10 connected to the armature through the moving contact springs. Contact springs
are made of phosphor bronze, make-and-break and back contacts are made of silver with
graphite filler, and common contacts are made of silver.
The relay has a plug connection and is designed for use in
circuits with voltages of 12, 24, and 50 V.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 09,2025
Journal:
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page 281
Siemens (Germany) company created the neutral K5O relay (Fig. 2). It consists of coil 6, core 5,
yoke 7, armature 4, and tension return spring 3. Contact control is performed by means of
contact driving bracket 2 with silver pins 1. Armature return is performed by the influence of
spiral spring and contact driving bracket mass. The relay has the convenience of viewing
contact positions, is made with normal and reinforced contacts, and is used as a starter in switch
electric drive control circuits.
In the neutral type II (Berlin, WSSB company) relay, coil 2 (Fig. 3) is vertically positioned in
core 3. The magnetic conductor consists of yoke 1 and contact column 6 with contact pins 7,
and armature 4 hinged to the column. The armature is released under the influence of its own
weight and the tensile force of compression return spring 8 (5-contact springs, 9-frame).
The relay has two changeover, 11 make, and six break contacts. The transition resistance of two
silver contacts does not exceed 0.05 Ω. The relay's service life equals 10⁶ operations (connect-
disconnect).
The same company also produces a small-sized polarized relay with magnetic locking and a
highly reliable contact system (Fig. 4). The relay has coil 3, core 2, yoke 5, armature 1, and
permanent magnet 4. The armature has contact column 9 installed, to which contact springs and
one end of return spring 8 are attached.
Figure 1. QNI type relay
Figure 2. Relay type K50
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 09,2025
Journal:
https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai
page 282
Figure 3. P relay (WSSB))
Figure 4. Polarized relay
The relay has a series magnetic circuit (see Fig. 1). In the released state, the armature is held by
spring 8 force. When current of a certain polarity flows through the coil, i.e., when the magnetic
fluxes of the electromagnet and permanent magnet are added, the armature is attracted to the
core. When the coil is disconnected from the source, the armature is held by the permanent
magnet's influence. When reverse polarity current is connected, the relay releases its armature.
The relay has eight contacts, which are formed by the contact of silver attachments fixed on
contact springs installed with silver pins 7 on relay plate 6. The relay's capability is 10⁷
connections, nominal voltage is 60 V, power consumption is 12 W.
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