Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika –
Зарубежная лингвистика и
лингводидактика – Foreign
Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Journal home page:
https://inscience.uz/index.php/foreign-linguistics
Interpretation of the typology of functional styles in
linguistic translation
Shokhida ABDULLAEVA
1
Uzbekistan State World Languages University
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received September 2024
Received in revised form
10 October 2024
Accepted 25 October 2024
Available online
15 November 2024
The contribution of linguistics to the theory and practice of
translation is invaluable. However, translation encompasses
much more than just linguistic theory. Before the focus shifted to
semantics, translators were primarily engaged in the field of
terminology. For translators, the process of translation is often
viewed as the ability to select the appropriate term from the
source text. Specialized terminology dictionaries have been
developed to aid in this process, and much of the scientific work
in translation has been dedicated to the study of terminology.
The selection of the most suitable alternative is crucial in
translation, underscoring the significant role of linguistic theory.
Translators aim to identify the closest equivalent in the target
language to reflect the source language accurately. As such,
translation should be approached as an object of both scientific
inquiry and theoretical study. Emphasis should be placed on the
processes of analysis and alignment, focusing on the meaning to
be conveyed, the essential information to include, and the
elements that require attention to achieve the intended goal.
2181-3701/© 2024 in Science LLC.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol2-iss6-pp1-8
This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
original language,
interlingual transformations,
cognitive process,
essence of equivalence,
lexical units,
translation,
thematics.
Lingvistik tarjimada funksional uslublar tipologiyasining
talqini
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar:
asl til,
tillararo o‘zgarishlar,
kognitiv jarayon,
Tilshunoslikning tarjima nazariyasi va amaliyotiga qo‘shgan
hissasi beqiyos. Biroq, tarjima tilshunoslik nazariyasidan
ko‘proq narsani o‘z ichiga oladi. Semantikaga e’tibor
qaratilgunga qadar tarjimonlar birinchi navbatda terminologiya
1
PhD, Associate Professor, Department of English Translation Theory, Uzbekistan State World Languages University.
E-mail: shohi66@mail.ru
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 2 № 6 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
2
ekvivalentlik mohiyati,
leksik birliklar,
tarjima,
mavzu.
sohasi bilan shug‘ullanganlar. Tarjimonlar uchun tarjima
jarayoni ko‘pincha manba matndan tegishli atama tanlash
qobiliyati sifatida qaraladi. Bu jarayonga yordam berish uchun
maxsus terminologik lug‘atlar ishlab chiqilgan va tarjimadagi
ilmiy ishlarning ko‘p qismi terminologiyani o‘rganishga
bag‘ishlangan.
Tarjimada eng mos variantni tanlash hal qiluvchi ahamiyatga
ega bo‘lib, til nazariyasining muhim rolini ta’kidlaydi.
Tarjimonlar manba tilini to‘g‘ri aks ettirish uchun maqsadli
tildagi eng yaqin ekvivalentni aniqlashni maqsad qilgan.
Shunday ekan, tarjimaga ham ilmiy tadqiqot, ham nazariy
tadqiqot ob’ekti sifatida yondashish kerak. Asosiy e’tiborni tahlil
qilish va moslashtirish jarayonlariga qaratish kerak, e’tiborni
etkazilishi kerak bo‘lgan ma’noga, kiritilishi kerak bo‘lgan
muhim ma’lumotlarga va mo‘ljallangan maqsadga erishish
uchun e’tibor talab qiladigan elementlarga qaratish kerak.
Интерпретация типологии функциональных стилей
в лингвистическом переводе
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
исходный язык,
межъязыковые
трансформации,
когнитивный процесс,
сущность
эквивалентности,
лексические единицы,
перевод,
тематика.
Вклад лингвистики в теорию и практику перевода
бесценен. Однако перевод охватывает гораздо больше, чем
просто лингвистическую теорию. До того, как фокус
сместился на семантику, переводчики в основном
занимались областью терминологии. Для переводчиков
процесс перевода часто рассматривается как способность
выбирать подходящий термин из исходного текста. Для
помощи
в
этом
процессе
были
разработаны
специализированные терминологические словари, и
большая часть научной работы по переводу была
посвящена изучению терминологии.
Выбор наиболее подходящей альтернативы имеет
решающее значение при переводе, подчеркивая важную
роль лингвистической теории. Переводчики стремятся
определить ближайший эквивалент в целевом языке, чтобы
точно отразить исходный язык. Таким образом, к переводу
следует подходить как к объекту как научного
исследования, так и теоретического изучения. Следует
уделять
особое
внимание
процессам
анализа
и
выравнивания, сосредоточившись на значении, которое
необходимо передать, необходимой информации для
включения и элементах, требующих внимания для
достижения поставленной цели.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 2 № 6 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
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INTRODUCTION
Among the many subjects explored by modern linguistics, translation holds
significant importance in understanding the linguistic aspects of interlingual speech
activity. From the history of humankind, it is evident that the languages spoken by ancient
peoples differed significantly, and bilingual individuals who mastered two languages
played a crucial role in facilitating communication between tribes. This highlights that
translation is undoubtedly one of the oldest forms of human activity, with its roots deeply
embedded in the past.
With the advent of writing, the scope of translation expanded. Oral interpreters, who
translated spoken language between groups, were joined by written translators
responsible for translating texts on diverse topics, including official, religious, and business
documents. This development underscores the critical role of translation in performing
essential social functions and enabling interlingual communication within societies.
It is particularly noteworthy that the evolution of written translation has allowed
speakers of target languages to access and integrate the cultural achievements of other
nations into their own heritage. This process has fostered the interaction and mutual
enrichment of literature and culture, contributing significantly to the development and
complementarity of civilizations. Knowledge of foreign languages makes it possible to get
acquainted with works in the original language, but not everyone can perfectly master at
least one foreign language and read books in that language. Through translation practice,
all of humanity has become acquainted with translations of such famous works as Homer,
Shakespeare, Dante and Goethe. It is known that only if the translator perfectly masters
the cultural, historical and linguistic knowledge of the users of the original language, the
translated text will be able to fully express its social function. This is evidenced by the
following opinion of the translator who translated T. Carlyle's "Past and Present" from
English into German: "If the translator did not have a deep knowledge of the peculiarities
of the English language and its features, the English would not understand the exaggerated
expressions that emphasize the way of life and would make many mistakes." It follows that,
in addition to having a deep knowledge of the original language, high demands are placed
on the language and style of translation. In order to create innovation in this matter, it can
be observed that many interesting recommendations and proposals of some translation
schools on the translation of terms, phraseological units, aphorisms, expressive epithets
and similar elements of the original language that are difficult to translate have been put
into practice.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The linguistic theory of translation, formed in the 1950s, actively used linguistic
directions and theoretical concepts appropriate to each period in its development stages.
The works of researchers reflect the principles of comparative and typological linguistics,
N. Chomsky's transformational grammar, J. Firth and M.A. Halliday's functional theory, as
well as linguistic pragmatics and communication theory. In recent years, interest in
studying the cognitive and psycholinguistic aspects of translation activity has been
growing.
Well-known scientists A.A. Leontev, I.A. Zimnyaya, Z.D. Lvovskaya, Yu.A. Sorokin,
T.A. Kazakova, E.S. Petrova, V.I. Khairullin, M.Ya. In the studies conducted by Tsbilling,
R. Bell, U. Eco, J. Dansett, J. Delilah, D. Kiraly and A. Neubert), the translation process is
considered primarily as a heuristic speech and thinking activity. In this case, the translator
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 2 № 6 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
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carries out the transformation of language and content in a certain socio-cultural context.
Today, experimental research methods, especially psycholinguistic methods, are widely
used to study the translation process in depth. These approaches open up new
perspectives in translation theory and ensure that translation is studied not only as a
linguistic, but also as an integral part of thought processes.
This trend indicates that translation theory is gradually moving away from purely
linguistic approaches. Within the framework of traditional theories, the translation
process was interpreted as a gradual transformation, that is, when a text from one
language is transferred to another, this process was based on substantive or functional
equivalence. In this approach, equivalent relations between two language units are
established based on objective aspects of the language system. This concept sees the
language system as the main indicator of the translation process, limiting the translator's
actions only to the structural and semantic rules of the language. However, modern
scientific approaches promote the study of translation from the perspective of cognitive
and speech-thinking processes. Now the main attention is paid to the conscious activity of
the translator, that is, the ability to creatively use language systems and interpret content
in a sociolinguistic context. Such an approach creates the need to interpret the translator
not as a tool that technically transforms two languages into each other, but as a creative
subject who carries out speech-thinking activity. Therefore, modern translation theory is
not limited only to the concept of equivalence between language systems, but also requires
taking into account cognitive, psycholinguistic, and cultural factors that arise in the
translation process. This approach encourages a deep revision of the methodological
foundations of translation theory, allowing it to be interpreted as a broader and more
multifaceted process.
METHODOLOGY
The need to revise the methodological foundations of translation theory is also
associated with practical needs. In particular, working on the basis of traditional concepts
such as equivalence, similarity or similarity of texts in translation teaching often forms
misconceptions and leads to errors. Practical experience shows that the unnaturalness or
artificiality of the translated text is a consequence of such misconceptions.
Thus, the modern approach to the theory involves subjective thinking and cognitive
processes in translation activity, suggesting a more creative and scientific approach to it.
Although A.V. Fedorov recognized the possibility of considering translation theory in
conjunction with other disciplines, he defines it primarily as a linguistic field. Supporters
of such an approach tried to create a general theory of translation that would cover all
types of texts. In this area, new concepts have been created that expand the scope of the
object and subject of research, not limited to knowledge based on linguistic theory.
According to the linguist V.N. Komissarov, who is known for his research in this area,
“Since languages have acquired an important role in translation, linguistic theories occupy
a leading place in modern translation studies.” We know that the laws of language serve
only and only its development and refinement, and have been improved. It is important
that the nature of each element in the language is taken into account in translation.
L.S. Barkhudarov, on the other hand, put forward the idea that “the subject of the
linguistic theory of translation is the scientific description of the translation process and the
transformation of interlingual relations, that is, the transformation of a text in one language into
an alternative text in another language.” He argues that linguistic theory of translation “should
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 2 № 6 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
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study not all the features of the original and target languages, but social, including regularly
recurring, typical relationships.” That is, the social aspects of languages serve to complement
each other, and these situations enrich the culture of nations.
RESULTS
As for the main aspect of the translation of texts, due to the irregularity of their
construction and the abundance of cultural information, the linguistic theory of translation
cannot assimilate these units into its own components, although they create some
difficulties for translation practice. The tasks of the field of translation were defined by
V.N. Komissarov in his research as follows:
1) to explain and describe the general linguistic foundations of translation, that is,
the specificity of the language system and the laws of language occurrence form the basis
of the translation process, determine its implementation and boundaries;
2) to identify translation as an object of linguistic research, to show its difference
from other interlingual communications built through language;
3) to develop laws classifying the types of translation activity;
4) to reveal the essence of equivalence as a basis for ensuring the communicative
equality of the original and translated texts;
5) development of principles that serve to create special theories for the translation
of various language combinations;
6) substantiation of general scientific laws of activity in the process of creating a
translation text from the original text;
7) determination of the influence of pragmatic and sociolinguistic factors on the
translation process;
8) clarification of the concept of translation norm and creation of principles for
assessing translation quality.
Efforts and attempts to develop the linguistic theory of translation gave rise to the
emergence of automated translation. A number of studies have been conducted on the
development of a linguistically based doctrine of translation and its improvement.
The linguistic context is considered to be the referential function of the practical
implementation of language units, and only in speech activity do words acquire the property
of designating and denoting specific objects and phenomena in the external world.
In the linguistic context of communication, the meanings of polysemantic lexemes
differ and are limited in a certain sense. To clarify our point, we refer to the following
lexical units and their translations:
The theory of translation studies mainly studies aspects such as the translator's
mental strategy in the process of translating a text from one language into another, and his
use of translation methods. The more difficult it is to observe this process, the more
interest in studying it increases, and indirect methods are being developed.
Various theoretical models, practices, and also psycholinguistic experiments are
widely used in creating a translated text from the original text. Studies that are mainly
aimed at users of the translated text, analyzing the pragmatic or communicative effect of
translation and ways to achieve such an effect, have made a great contribution to the
development of modern translation studies.
Discussion. The need to linguistically describe the translation process as a type of
language communication, as is often discussed today, is not only due to the need, as
B.A. Larin said, that "any translation begins with linguistic preparation and ends with
literary creation." Larin continues this idea, emphasizing that "there is no dispute about
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 2 № 6 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
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the importance of the first and last aspects." The main aspect that determines the close
connection between translation and linguistics is that in translation, as in communication
in one language, the main function of human language is realized – its function as a means
of communication.
In addition, the problem of translation is inextricably linked with the most pressing
issues of modern linguistics: the semantics of the language sign, the actual division of the
sentence, the functions of language signs, as well as the issues of language and semantic
universals. It is precisely these that make translation one of the central tasks not only of
applied linguistics, but also of theoretical linguistics. V.I. Lenin noted that "Whoever,
without solving general problems, enters into particular problems, at every step he
unknowingly encounters these general problems." One of such general, knotty issues in
translation theory is the issue of equivalence.
The translator may seek to reflect the communicative function of the original text or
any other desired result that affects the users of the translated text. At the same time, he
may emphasize a specific person or a representative of a specific culture in the translation.
In this regard, R. Jakobson, studying the relationship between meaning and
communication, proposed many theories about language and its semantic structure.
"Language is the unity of meaning and form; there are mutual relations between each
language sign." It should also be taken into account that the translation text is carried out
using different methods, depending on the audience for which it is intended. In any case,
changes are made to the translated text in accordance with the requirements of the target
language audience and their culture. Such linguistic translation studies are not mutually
exclusive, but rather complementary. Many translation scholars are trying to
comprehensively study translation activity, studying various aspects of interlingual
communication. In the conducted research, one can come across ideas and considerations
about the linguistic theory of translation, which are characterized as “the theoretical part
of linguistic translation” or “the process of translation as interlingual transformation”.
Translation activity has acquired the status of a profession, and translation theory has
become the theoretical basis for developing effective methods of teaching professional
translation as a science based on the methodology of teaching foreign languages. Of course,
translation theory also developed in parallel with this activity, and the focus of research
during this period was on the study of language systems, their similarities and differences,
all of which are based on the laws of linguistics. In this regard, A.V. Fyodorov argues as
follows, “while emphasizing that translation theory is based on linguistic norms, he
recognizes that it can be studied in harmony with other areas.”
This approach to translation activity required clarification of a number of issues,
including the establishment of interlingual compatibility in translation, the classification
of variants, the grammatical correspondence of lexemes, reals, proper nouns,
phraseologisms that do not have alternatives in translations, and the problems of
determining the differences in the original and translated texts. In this sense, its legal basis
was the clarification and systematization of translation practices, the description of
various lexical and grammatical transformations.
CONCLUSION
In the emotive function, a verbal message performs an emotive function if it is
directed at the speaker (author). This function expresses the speaker's attitude to what he
is saying or writing and reflects feelings. All personal notes, autobiographies, interjections,
and other expressions fall under this language function.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 2 № 6 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
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The conative function is a verbal message directed at the listener or receiver, and is
mainly used to encourage a certain action or reaction. Imperative sentences, political
speeches widely use the conative function of language. Within this function, second-person
pronouns (for example, "you" or "you") are often used. Commands and prayers can also be
cited as examples of the conative function. The conative function plays an important role
in communication, indicating the speaker's intention to convey a certain message to the
receiver and cause him to act.
The referential function is the most common function of a verbal message, since
most messages are context-dependent. This function refers to specific objects, ideas, or
things. Therefore, when context is an element, the corresponding function of language is
referential or denotative.
Phatic function Some speech acts or messages are phatic. Such messages serve to
establish or maintain communication. This is a socially useful function of language.
The phatic approach is important in establishing social communication in the context of
finance. For example, during a financial-banking consultation, it is used to establish
interaction with a client and create an atmosphere of trust. The phatic function is often
mainly focused on establishing relationships and contacts, and may not be important in
transmitting information. In situations where the recipient is given more attention in the
phatic approach, the interests and needs of the recipient may not be taken into account,
which can reduce efficiency.
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