Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная
лингвистика
и
лингводидактика
–
Foreign
Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Journal home page:
https://inscience.uz/index.php/foreign-linguistics
Analysis of linguistic units representing time in English
and Uzbek
Gulnoza BOLTAKULOVA
Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received December 2023
Received in revised form
10 December 2023
Accepted 25 January 2024
Available online
25 February 2024
This article underscores the varied approaches in linguistics
to classifying tenses, such as time categories. Generally, the
analysis of syntactic units representing time in sentences across
languages involves examining their syntactic relationships,
distribution, and the interpretation of their unique syntactic
and morphological characteristics through nodal and
component models. The article notes that linguistics
systematically studies the expressions of the time category,
focusing on its role in communicative-pragmatic tasks rather
than the text content.
2181-3663
/©
2024 in Science LLC.
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol2-iss1-pp69-74
This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
linguistic units,
tеmpоrаl cаtеgоry,
syntаctic аnаlysis,
cоmpоnеnt аnаlysis,
sеmаntic аnаlysis,
syntаx,
linguistic mеthоd,
sеntеncе structure,
syntаctic rеlаtiоns.
Ingliz va o
‘
zbek tillarida vaqtni ifodalovchi lingvistik
birliklarning tahlili
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar
:
til birliklаri,
vаqt kаtеgоriyаsi,
zаmоn kаtеgоriyаsi,
sintаktik tаhlil,
kоmpоnеnt tаhlil,
sеmаntik tаhlil,
sintаksеmа,
lisоniy mеtоd,
gаp qurilmаsi,
sintаktik аlоqаlаr.
Mаzkur mаqоlаdа tilshunоslikdа pаyt hоlini yа’ni (vаqt
kаtеgоriyаsini) tаsniflаshdа turlichа mulоhаzаlаr mаvjudligi
tа’kidlаb о‘tilgаn. Umumаn оlgаndа, qiyоslаnаyоtgаn hаr ikkаlа
til gаp qurilmаlаridа vаqtni ifоdаlоvchi sintаktik birliklаrni
kоmpоnеntlаrgа аjrаtib tаhlil qilishdа kоmpоnеntlаrning о‘zаrо
sintаktik аlоqаlаri, ulаrning gаp qurilmаsidаgi distributsiyаsi
hаmdа diffеrеnsiаl sintаktik bеlgilаrini vа mоrfоlоgik
xususiyаtlаri yunksiоn vа kоmpоnеnt mоdеllаr vоsitаsidа
izоhlаnishi mаsаlаlаri оchib bеrilgаn. Tilshunоslikdа zаmоn
kаtеgоriyаsining
ifоdа
shаkllаri
tizimli
rаvishdа
1
Assistant Professor, Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages. Samarkand city, Uzbekistan.
E-mail: gulnozboltakulova@gmail.com.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue
–
2
№
1 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
70
о‘rgаnilаyоtgаni vа ushbu kаtеgоriyаning mаtn tаrkib
tоpishidаgi
о‘rnigа,
kоmmunikаtiv
-
prаgmаtik
vаzifа
bаjаrishidаgi mаvqеigа hаm аlоhidа е’tibоr qаrаtilgаnligigа
tо‘xtаlib о‘tilgаn.
Анализ языковых единиц, представляющих время
в английском и узбекском языках
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
языковые единицы,
временная категория,
синтаксический анализ,
компонентный анализ,
семантический анализ,
синтаксис,
лингвистический метод,
структура предложения,
синтаксические
отношения.
В данной статье подчеркивается, что в лингвистике
существуют различные подходы к классификации времен,
то есть категорий времени. В общем, при анализе
синтаксических единиц, репрезентирующих время в
структуре
предложения
сравниваемых
языков,
рассматриваются вопросы взаимных синтаксических
отношений компонентов, их распределения в структуре
предложения, интерпретации их дифференциальных
синтаксических
признаков
и
морфологические
особенности, выявляемые с помощью узловых и
компонентных моделей. Было указано, что формы
выражения категории времени систематически изучаются
в лингвистике, причем особое внимание уделяется их роли
в коммуникативно
-
прагматической функции предложения,
а не содержанию текста.
INTRODUCTION
In the world of linguistics, the question of the category of time (temporality) and
its comparative study in the system of non-sister languages has been the subject of
interest for many linguists. Studies have included time (temporality) and its
classification, the representation of temporality in the process of translation from one
language to another, the paradigmatics of temporal syntaxes, temporal Deixis, and its
essence in sentence construction. Currently, in our linguistics, it is important to study the
comparative-functional study of temporal units in the system of non-sister English and
Uzbek languages, relying on modern methodological principles. Today in our linguistics,
research on the complex and multi-layered composition of the syntactic level in works
dedicated to the grammatical system of various languages also acquires special
relevance.
MATERIALS
In linguistics, the forms of expression of the category of tense are systematically
studied, and instead of this category in textual composition, special attention is also paid
to its position in the performance of a communicative-pragmatic task [12]. It is worth
saying that the category of temporality in English and Uzbek is mainly experienced in
connection with the activation of the moment. Some linguists, on the other hand, pay
attention to the semantic aspect of the moment case, interpreting it as a sentence
fragment indicating the beginning, end or continuation of the action of the work.
The authors of the theoretical grammar of the English language dwell on the methods of
expression of the moment Hali, indicating that it is expressed using rhymes, prepositional
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
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conjugation of the noun, gerundian or gerundian devices, adjectives or adjectival devices
[4, 115]. The phenomenon of temporality has been described by Uzbek linguists as a.
Gülomov, M. Askarova, R. Saifullaeva, Sh.
Akramov, E. It was reviewed in the scientific
research of Sabrev et al. [1, 256; 7, 286; 3, 379; 12, 228]. It should also be noted
separately that adherents of traditional grammatical analysis, based on the fact that any
action is connected with the tense, interpret temporality within the category of
grammatical tense. In particular, the semantics of the units in the syntactic layer and its
variants, as well as the deictic States, comparative-functional aspects of the units in
which the moment came to the place of holi, have not been specially studied.
METHODS
It is known that the correct use of specific linguistic techniques in the study of any
level of language and their application in comparative-functional research requires
special attention from the researcher. While the emphasis is on the processes of syntactic
analysis of a sentence, in general linguistics there are also cases when the problems of
syntactic content are caused by word forms and lexical meanings. The opinions of
linguists have become contradictory. While some researchers recognize lexical meaning
as the basis of grammar, others deny it, the third group of linguists does not recognize
lexical meaning as a linguistic category [12; 65].
In romance linguistics, syntactic analysis of a sentence is approached in different
ways. In particular, in the analysis of a given syntactic view, the analysis itself, separated
into components has several views. For example, A.A. Hill relies on the principle that
tagmema recognition, i.e. the division of a sentence into tagmemes into minimal
functional segments, involves the division of a sentence into segments [2; 54]. Z.S. Herris,
on the other hand, favors the use of chain analysis, the method of breaking the sentence
contents into elementary pieces and assigning adjuncts in the distribution base [10; 45],
R.E. Langaker also performs chain analysis by isolating and analyzing directly to
participants [2; 48]. In linguistics, methods of segmentation and distribution analysis
arose and evolved due to ideas of Transformational Grammar in the development of
methods of recorded linguistic analysis. N. Chomsky (1997); R.E. Lees (1960); P. Roberts
(1964); E. Bach (1964); A. Hathway (1967); P.S. The efforts of scholars such as
Rosenbaum (1967) have had a significant impact.
It is known that syntactic units representing the moment state in a sentence
construction are colorful. In particular, determining how units are translated into Uzbek,
representing the situation when English was involved in the construction of a sentence,
also plays an important role in translation theory. It is worth noting that interpretive
scholars have mainly focused more on the content of the text, and stylistic factors, but it
is not without benefit to also focus on the translation of grammatical forms when
translating from one language to another.
DISCUSSION
The differential syntactic-semantic sign of syntactic units representing the state of
time is referred to by the term temporality based on the concept of Muxin [5; 187].
Accordingly, below we will focus on the assignment of syntactic units representing
temporality to the Uzbek language in translation.
Units representing the Temporal syntax can be linked to a cross-section in
sentence construction, representing the completion, duration, delimitation of the work-
action expressed in it, execution after the speech process, and sequence of work-action in
execution.
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In modern linguistics, there are different opinions about the analysis of a sentence
device by decomposing it into components. For Example, Looking at D.R. Gilfanova's
opinion,"... the analysis of the sentence by dividing it into components has only just
begun, and we do not have a complete idea of the SEMAS composition of the sentence and
the denotation
–
situational aspects of the sentence, about the concepts, we have only
outlined our opinion of a general nature, except” [2; 18].
In traditional grammar, the syntactic analysis of a sentence is essentially decomposed
into prime spaces and second-order sections, with methods of answering the question
covering the analysis determined. In it, the user "has" and "cross-section" are used as
independent linguistic terms. These terms are one of the most controversial issues in ham
linguistic studies. About these terms. V. Dolgova's definition,"... the list of propositions has and
the cross-section does not have linguistic definiteness, they do not diverge as a primarily
grammatical concept, but rather interchangeable to the concepts of logical subject and
predicate, which are not fully substantiated, formally described" [12; 46].
Parsing the process of syntactic analysis of a sentence into sentence fragments is
not a phenomenon other than the typical flaw in school grammar. Therefore, in this work,
the term sentence slices are replaced by other linguistic terms, differentiating differential
syntactic characters that distinguish one nuclear component from another, i.e. nuclear
predicative 1 (NP1) instead of ega, nuclear predicative 2 (NP2) instead of cross-section,
and syntactic units that come in place of second-order fragments have been modified by
linguistic terms such as subordinate components. This used a method of juxtaposing
differential syntactic units.
Parsing a Gap device into components plays an important role in distinguishing
syntactic connections from each other. In determining syntactic connections, the main
place is occupied by the use of the experiment method, that is, various methods of
transformation, such as dropping, adding, nominalizing, explicating (restoring), and
replacing. Although predictive communication is acknowledged by linguists as syntactic
communication between possessive and cross-sectional, their opinions vary, e.g.
V.G. Admony notes that"... a cross-sectional relation is an attitude towards the thought
that manifests itself in the form of conjugation of words” [2; 9
-10].
In English and Uzbek, the syntactic units representing temporality analyze the
following statements that come in place of the kernel predicative 1(ega) in the sentence
device by decomposing them into components:
1. ...the next day would be better (RP, 204);
2. Sunday was bright again (RP, 231;
3. The afternoon had ended (LK, 385).
The examples cited are mostly two-composition or two-core statements, with
syntactic units representing temporality coming from day, Sunday, the afternoon, the
position of ega in the sentence structure, with their differential syntactic symbol being
the core predicative Component 1 (prepositional) (NP1). The next elements that would
be better were bright, had ended, lar came in cross-sectional position and their
differential syntactic symbol was determined to be the core predictive 2 (NP2)
component. The core predictive 1 component comes in place of the ...day, Sunday, the
afternoon, syntactic units are connected to the elements of would be better, was bright,
had ended, which came in place of the core predicative 2 component, based on the core
predicative connection. The junction and component models of these statements can be
expressed as follows:
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yu. m. 1.
NP1; NP2 k.m.1.
It should be noted that the component model of sentences is limited to showing
only differential syntactic characters, and the morphological characteristics of the
components, that is, their morphological differences or similarities, are not fully reflected
in the component model. Therefore, it is necessary to use some morphological characters.
CONCLUSION
In linguistics, there are also different considerations when classifying the moment
case, emphasizing the performance of the action at a given time interval, the delimitation
of the time of action, the incompatibility of the action with the time specified. In general,
in English and Uzbek, the expression of the moment occurs in different manifestations.
Relative pronouns and conjunctions play the main role in the expression of the content of
temporality in English in adverbial adverbs, while adjectival and adverbial adverbs in
Uzbek take the lead.
In the analysis of syntactic units representing temporal syntax into components in
sentence devices, the syntactic connections of components, their distribution in the
sentence device, and differential syntactic characters and morphological features were
explained in the tool of junction and component models. From syntactic connections
recognized in traditional grammars, adaptation is morphological communication,
bitisation, and control lexical communication, with non-nuclear or zero predicative
connections being identified instead, and elements representing temporality being
replaced by nuclear predicative 1 (NP1), nuclear predicative 2 (NP2), non-nuclear tobe
(ND), non-nuclear to be unionized (HND), appositive Tobe (NAD), and unicellular (N)
components.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My heartfelt appreciation goes out to everyone who has contributed significantly
to the accomplishment of my study.
First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor for
their insightful advice, unwavering support, and academic assistance. Their knowledge
has been crucial in determining the direction of our study, and their dedication to
scholarly achievement has served as a continual source of motivation.
Their cooperative efforts, insightful conversations, and support at different
research phases have improved the project's overall quality.
I would like to express my appreciation to all participants who voluntarily
contributed their time and expertise to enable this empirical study. Their participation
has been essential in giving the linguistic study a useful perspective.
Finally, I would like to express my gratitude for everyone's combined efforts that
have gone into this research project, whether directly or indirectly. Your assistance has
been invaluable, and I appreciate the attitude of cooperation that has helped to develop
our research.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue
–
2
№
1 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
74
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