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TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
21-26
DOI
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
24 October 2024
ACCEPTED
26 December 2024
PUBLISHED
16 January 2025
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue01 2025
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Structural-Semantic
Analysis of Scientific
Terminology in English
And Uzbek Languages
Nizomova Mohinur Baratboyevna
Head of the Practical English Department, Qarshi State University, PhD in
Philology, Associate Professor, Uzbekistan
Safarov G'olib Murtozayevich
Master's Student at Qarshi State University, Uzbekistan
Abstract:
This article is dedicated to the structural-
semantic analysis of scientific terminology in both
English and Uzbek languages, focusing on the formation
of terms used in scientific and technical fields, their
semantic systems, stages of development, and
translation issues. The paper examines the historical
development of scientific terminology in the Uzbek
language, analyzing the adaptation of words borrowed
from other languages, including Arabic, Persian,
Russian, and English. It also discusses the morphological
and semantic structures of scientific terms, their
cultural and linguistic significance, and the need for
accurate identification and interpretation of contextual
meanings of words. The article is focused on studying
the processes of creating and standardizing scientific
terms, as well as efforts to enhance the effectiveness of
the Uzbek language in scientific communication.
Keywords:
Scientific terminology, Uzbek language,
semantics,
morphology,
translation,
polysemy,
structural-semantic
analysis,
scientific
terms,
globalization, lexicography, linguistics.
Introduction:
Scientific terminology refers to a set of
terms or words that express both specific and abstract
concepts in scientific and technical fields. At the present
stage of scientific development, the advancement of
global communication and information technologies
has led to an increasing interaction between scientific
and technical terms in foreign languages (primarily
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English) and national languages. The Uzbek language,
too, faces several challenges in the process of shaping
its scientific terminology. One of the major challenges
is adapting terms and new concepts borrowed from
English while preserving the distinctiveness of national
language, science, and culture. This article presents a
structural-semantic analysis of scientific terminology in
both English and Uzbek. The objective is to identify the
differences between these two languages from the
perspectives of linguistics, morphology, and semantics,
and to show how these differences should be taken
into account in scientific communication.
Terminology is a system of terms that define specific
concepts in various scientific and technical fields. The
accurate and clear expression of terms ensures the
effectiveness
of
scientific
communication.
Terminology studies the formation of words and
phrases in scientific fields, as well as their structural
and semantic aspects. The primary function of
scientific terms is to express scientific and technical
information clearly and understandably. These terms
not only communicate information precisely but also
facilitate the advancement of scientific research and
the development of new knowledge.
There are two main aspects of terminology that can be
distinguished:
1.
Structure
–
the morphological structure and
syntactic characteristics of terms.
2.
Semantics
–
the meaning of terms and their
interrelations with other terms.
Structure and Semantics of Scientific Terms in English
English is widely used as a global language in science
and technology. Scientific terms in English are often
based on roots borrowed from other languages,
particularly Greek, Latin, and Arabic. These terms
frequently appear in the following morphological
forms:
1.
Attached Morphemes
–
Scientific terms in
English often consist of combined or attached
morphemes. For example, the word thermodynamics
is formed by combining the root thermo- (heat) and
the suffix -dynamics (motion). This structural
formation ensures a concise and clear expression of
the scientific term.
2.
Words Introduced by Acronyms
–
Many
scientific terms in English are used in the form of
acronyms or abbreviations, which are simplified
versions of longer terms. For example, DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid), laser (light amplification by
stimulated emission of radiation) are abbreviations of
more complex scientific phrases.
3.
Multilayered
Semantic
Complexities
–
Scientific terms in English sometimes consist of several
interrelated concepts. This is often achieved by
combining multiple words, which reveals the unique
semantic dimensions of the term. For example,
quantum mechanics and electromagnetic spectrum are
terms that combine multiple concepts to describe
complex phenomena.
Semantics of Scientific Terms in English and Uzbek
In the semantics of scientific terms in English, contextual
approaches are often present. For example, the word
evolution can refer to a biological process, but it may
also be used in the context of social or economic
development. Here, the expansion of semantics
encompasses both general and specialized meanings of
terms.
Scientific terminology in Uzbek has historically been
shaped by the integration of words borrowed from
Arabic, Persian, Russian, and other languages. While
retaining its unique features in terms of pronunciation,
syntax, and grammar, the Uzbek language has
undergone changes in the process of developing
scientific terminology. The formation of scientific terms
in Uzbek includes the following directions:
1.
Use of Arabic and Persian Roots
–
Historically,
many Uzbek scientific terms have been enriched with
Arabic and Persian words. For example, terms like
falsafa (philosophy), kimyo (chemistry), and matematika
(mathematics) are widely used in Uzbek.
2.
Creation of New Scientific Terms
–
In the
process of creating new terms in scientific and technical
fields, the possibilities of the Uzbek language are being
expanded. Some English terms are being adapted into
national equivalents. For instance, kompyuter
(computer), internet (internet), and menedjment
(management) are examples of terms that have been
localized into Uzbek.
3.
Borrowed Words
–
Scientific terms borrowed
from English, Russian, and other languages undergo
phonetic and morphological changes in Uzbek while
retaining specific meanings. These words are often used
in their adapted forms in Uzbek, although their
grammatical rules may not align with the systems of the
original language.
From a semantic perspective, scientific terms in Uzbek
are more closely related to national concepts, and in
some cases, the same English term may have different
meanings in Uzbek. For example, while the word
evolution refers to a biological process in English, in
Uzbek, it may express broader meanings such as
rivojlanish (development) or taraqqiyot (progress).
The scientific terms in English and Uzbek differ
significantly in structure. English terms are often formed
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through prefixes, suffixes, and acronyms, which allow
for the precise expression of meanings. In contrast,
Uzbek scientific terms rely more on Arabic, Persian,
and Russian roots, which requires a semantic
adaptation in the Uzbek language. Moreover, Uzbek
scientific terms are often rooted in national and
historical contexts, whereas English terms tend to be
more universal and global in nature. This can, in turn,
lead to some ambiguities or misunderstandings in
scientific communication.
Scientific Terms in Uzbek
In Uzbek, scientific and technical terminology has
developed in relation to the growth of the national
language and its connections with international
relations. Scientific terms can be based on words
borrowed from other languages or on unique lexical
elements of the Uzbek language itself. These terms
have evolved in accordance with the semantic,
morphological, and syntactic systems of Uzbek, and
they serve as an essential tool for scientific
communication and the exchange of knowledge.
To understand the characteristics of scientific terms in
Uzbek and their development process, the following
key aspects can be considered:
1.
Formation of Scientific Terminology in Uzbek
Scientific terms in Uzbek have formed over various
historical stages based on words borrowed from
different languages. During this process, words from
Arabic, Persian, Russian, English, and other languages
have either been adapted to Uzbek grammatical forms
or have been directly adopted. However, these
borrowed terms are often modified to fit the phonetic,
morphological, and syntactic systems of Uzbek,
resulting in distinct features that reflect the language’s
unique structure.
a) Use of Arabic and Persian Roots
The scientific terminology in Uzbek has been enriched
with many Arabic and Persian words. The formation of
early Uzbek scientific terminology is closely linked to
the development of Eastern science. Many scientific
terms in the Uzbek language are based on Arabic and
Persian roots. Examples include:
Kimyo (Arabic al-kimya
–
chemistry)
Falsafa (Persian falsafah
–
philosophy)
Matematika (Greek mathematika
–
mathematics)
b) Words Borrowed from Russian and Other European
Languages
The development of science and technology in the
19th and 20th centuries, particularly during the
Russian Empire, required the adaptation of numerous
Russian scientific terms into the Uzbek language.
Russian roots are widespread in Uzbek scientific
terminology. Examples include:
Elektr (Russian elektr
–
electricity)
Avtomobil (Russian avtomobil
–
automobile)
Fizika (Russian fizika
–
physics)
In recent years, English has become the dominant global
language of science and technology, and its influence
has extended to Uzbek scientific vocabulary as well.
English words are often either directly borrowed into
Uzbek or adapted to the Uzbek language. Examples
include:
•
Kompyuter (English computer
–
computer)
•
Internet (English internet
–
internet)
•
Marketing (English marketing
–
marketing)
2. Morphological Analysis of Scientific Terms in Uzbek
The morphological analysis of scientific terms in Uzbek
illustrates how these terms are formed and structured.
Often, scientific terms in Uzbek are created using
prefixes, suffixes, or other morphological elements.
Examples include:
The suffix -lik forms words that refer to fields of study,
as in biologiya + lik = biologiya (biological field).
The suffix -shunos is used to denote experts or
specialists in a particular field, such as falsafashunos
(philosopher, specialist in philosophy) or kimyoshunos
(chemist, specialist in chemistry).
Additionally, scientific terms in Uzbek often provide
more precise and concise meanings because the
morphemes within the words convey specific concepts
related to the field of science or knowledge.
3. The Process of Creating New Scientific Terms in
Uzbek
The creation of new scientific terms is particularly
important during periods of rapid scientific and
technological development. Several approaches exist in
Uzbek for generating new scientific terms:
Morphological Adaptation
: Scientific terms borrowed
from other languages are adapted to fit the morphology
of the Uzbek language. For example, terms like
kompyuter (computer) and internet (internet) are
adapted to Uzbek phonetics and grammar.
Calques
: New terms are created by translating the
structure of foreign terms into Uzbek, following the
syntactic patterns of the language. For example,
elektron pochta (email) and kompyuter tarmoqlari
(computer networks) are calques of English terms.
Coining New Terms
: In the field of Uzbek scientific
linguistics, the process of creating new words continues.
New terms are coined based on the lexical and
morphological structure of the Uzbek language.
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Examples include biorivojlanish (biodevelopment) and
avtonom tizimlar (autonomous systems).
4. Scientific Terms and Semantics in Uzbek
From a semantic perspective, scientific terms in Uzbek
express their meanings clearly and reliably. However,
sometimes a single scientific term may acquire
different meanings in various contexts. Polysemous
words and their semantic shifts play an important role,
especially in translation and terminology. For example:
Rivojlanish (development): While the English word
evolution may have various meanings in biological or
social contexts, rivojlanish in Uzbek commonly refers
to social and economic development or progress.
Furthermore, the semantics of scientific terms often
evolve through the translation of terms from other
fields. For example:
Elektronika (electronics) and kompyuter fanlari
(computer sciences) are terms that have been shaped
by modern technological changes.
5. The Role of Uzbek Scientific Terminology in Global
Development
In recent years, the scientific terminology of the Uzbek
language has become closely linked with global
linguistic processes. As scientific terminology evolves
in the world’s scientific community, Uzbek scientific
terms are also being updated. Uzbek is increasingly
adopting scientific terms from English, which enhances
the effectiveness of scientific communication in the
language.
Furthermore, the development and standardization of
Uzbek scientific terminology have been supported by
government initiatives, including the creation of
normative documents, such as dictionaries and
resources that regulate scientific terms. These efforts
contribute to the precise and effective communication
of ideas in science and education.
Uzbek scientific terms, based on a rich historical legacy,
include words borrowed from various languages.
Terms derived from Arabic, Persian, Russian, and
English roots have been adapted to the Uzbek
language or new terms have been created. At the same
time, the semantics and morphology of scientific terms
have evolved, facilitating the expression of clear and
understandable terms in scientific communication and
education.
The development stages of Uzbek scientific
terminology have been shaped through historical
processes and interactions with other languages.
These stages have led to consistent changes in the
scientific and technical fields. By identifying these
stages, we can analyze the process of change in
scientific terminology and understand how it is
evolving today.
1. Early Stage (13th
–
18th centuries)
–
Influence of
Eastern Science and Arabic, Persian Roots
The initial phase of Uzbek scientific terminology was
based on the scientific heritage of the Middle Ages.
During this period, many scientific terms in Uzbek were
derived from Arabic and Persian roots, particularly in
fields like science, philosophy, medicine, and
astronomy. These terms were introduced under the
influence of the Islamic world, where scientific schools
flourished.
Scientific terms from Arabic and Persian became widely
used in fields such as chemistry, philosophy, medicine,
and astronomy. The process of adopting these terms
involved adapting Arabic and Persian words to the
phonetic and grammatical systems of the Uzbek
language. Examples of terms that entered Uzbek
scientific language include kimyo (chemistry), falsafa
(philosophy), matematika (mathematics), and hikmat
(wisdom).
2. Second Stage (19th century
–
Early 20th century)
–
Russian Influence and the Transition to a New Phase of
Scientific Terminology
In the middle of the 19th century, with the increasing
influence of the Russian Empire in the Uzbek lands,
Uzbek scientific terminology began to incorporate many
words and scientific concepts from the Russian
language. During this period, the development of
science and technology led to the necessity of creating
new scientific terms in Uzbek.
Adoption of Russian Scientific Terms
: A large number of
scientific terms were adopted from Russian, such as
fizika (physics), kimyo (chemistry), elektr (electricity),
avtomobil (automobile), and geografiya (geography).
Lexical Guides and Dictionaries
: During this stage, the
first efforts to compile scientific lexicons, lexicography,
and terminology guides in Uzbek were made, laying the
foundation for further development in the field.
3. Third Stage (20th century
–
Until the 1990s)
–
Development of Uzbek Scientific Language Toward
Independence
After the second half of the 20th century, particularly
following Uzbekistan’s independence, the scientific
terminology of the Uzbek language entered a new phase
of development. During this time, a key focus was on
nationalizing terms borrowed from Russian and other
languages, as well as adapting new scientific concepts to
Uzbek.
The independence period marked a turning point where
efforts intensified to create a more distinct Uzbek
scientific language, one that would preserve national
identity while still keeping pace with global scientific
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advancements. This phase also involved the creation of
new terms to reflect modern scientific knowledge and
developments in technology, ensuring that the Uzbek
language could express new concepts without losing its
connection to its historical and cultural roots.
3. Nationalization: Adapting Scientific Terms to the
Uzbek Language's Morphological and Phonetic
Systems
Special attention has been given to adapting scientific
terms to fit the morphological and phonetic structures
of the Uzbek language. Terms borrowed from Russian
and other languages have been adjusted to Uzbek
forms. For example: kompyuter (computer), telefon
(telephone), internet (internet).
4. Creation of New Terms:
Some terms, such as biologiya (biology), elektronika
(electronics), and kosmonavtika (cosmonautics), were
either newly created or adapted based on the
morphological structure of the Uzbek language.
4th Stage (1991
–
Present)
–
Globalization and the
Influence of English Terms
After Uzbekistan gained independence, the dominance
of the English language in global scientific and technical
fields, along with international relations and modern
technologies, led to significant changes in Uzbek
scientific terminology. During this period, the need to
incorporate English scientific terms and concepts
emerged.
•
English Terms: Many scientific terms directly
borrowed from English have entered the Uzbek
language without much alteration. Examples include
kompyuter (computer), internet (internet), robot
(robot),
marketing
(marketing),
menedjment
(management), and others.
•
Contextual Approach: Some English words are
used in their exact form, but are adapted to fit the
national language. Simultaneously, scientific terms are
being aligned with the semantic system of Uzbek.
5th
Stage
(Future)
–
Standardization
and
Optimization of Scientific Terminology
In the future, Uzbek scientific terminology will
continue to evolve to align with global scientific
communication and international relations. This
process will emphasize the standardization of scientific
terms and their integration into universally accepted
norms.
•
Standardization: The standardization of Uzbek
scientific and technical terminology is crucial to ensure
that a unified system is adopted across all fields, with
consistent terms used in scientific communication.
•
Creation of New Terms: As new technologies
and scientific discoveries emerge, the need to create
new scientific terms based on these advancements will
become increasingly important.
•
Maintaining National Identity: While integrating
global technologies and scientific innovations, it is
essential to preserve the unique features of the Uzbek
language, ensuring its continued development and
effectiveness in international communication.
CONCLUSION
The development stages of scientific terminology in
Uzbek are interconnected and encompass complex
processes. These stages have unfolded through
historical phases and are aimed at ensuring that the
scientific language finds its place within global linguistic
processes. The future of Uzbek scientific terminology
lies in its ability to maintain its distinct national identity
while continuing to participate actively in global
scientific communication by embracing international
connections and innovations.
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