No. 2 (2020) Oriental studies

This article is devoted to a review of the study of verbs of visual perception in Turkish and English. Turkish verbs of visual perception were considered mainly in the composition of verbs of perception. This made it possible to discover a number of common properties inherent in all perceptual verbs, including the verbs of visual perception, and to correlate the verbs of visual perception with other semantic classes within this system. The efforts of the researchers were mainly aimed at creating classifications of verbs of perception according to the  type  of  perception  designated  by  them  or  by  meaning.  In  the  semantics  of  these  verbs, researchers intuitively  distinguish two  aspects:  perceptual  and  mental, which  in  real  analysis  are  either mixed and not differentiated, or contrasted as completely autonomous entities and are considered separately. However, with all the differences in points of view, it should be noted that there are common points in the classifications of these verbs in both perceptual and mental meanings. Because of this, issues of paramount importance  remain  unresolved,  in  particular:  questions  on  the  list  of  verbs  that  belong  to  the  class  of perceptual ones, including verbs of visual perception, criteria for distinguishing them from other semantic classes of verbs, definition of a unified terminological apparatus for description.  The history of studying English verbs of visual perception is extensive and includes a large number of multidirectional  studies.  These  verbs  were  examined  in  more  detail  in  Ake  Viberg's  monograph.  All subsequent works devoted to these verbs and made on the material of various languages, to one degree or another, are based on those provisions that A.Viberg formulated. An analysis of the works allows us to see the following approaches to the study of these verbs: comparative, system-structural, linguo-pragmatic. As a rule, in  studies  devoted  to  the  comparative  analysis  of  the  English  verbs  of  visual  perception  and  their correspondences in other languages, the English language acts as a standard, and the material of other languages  is  examined  and  evaluated  against  its  background.  In  this  case,  the  structure  of  these  verbs, semantic potential and functioning in certain types of texts are examined. The works devoted to the system-structural analysis of the verbs of visual perception are aimed at studying systemic connections, both in terms of form and content, as well as the nature of their compatibility. In later works, these verbs were studied in the framework of linguo-pragmatic analysis carried out on the material of various types of texts.

This article is devoted to the teaching of Turkish language, which belongs to the same family and is grammatically and colloquially similar to Uzbek, and the problems encountered in this process. The article shows the phenomenon of synharmonism in the Turkish language and the importance of this rule in the language. The question in Turkish shows that the plural suffixes are almost identical to the Uzbek suffixes, but they do not have the phenomenon of synharmonism, so the order of addition to the words is shown with examples. There are also significant differences in the Turkish suffixes, which are described in detail. Moreover, the article covers some aspects of the conversation. It also shows the differences in the usa of similar expressions in Uzbek and Turkish languages. In addition, there are examples that show how some stereotypes which are the same in Uzbek language is used in other situations.

The present article aims to analyze relations between the republics of Uzbekistan and Turkey. The roots of cooperation between the two countries, being based on the principles of mutual friendship and brotherhood, go far into the past and play an important role in developing an effective strategic partnership. Issues  and  prospects  for  the  development  of  mutually  beneficial  cooperation  in  the  political,  trade, economic, cultural and humanitarian spheres were also considered. In particular, it is noted that friendly relations  between  the  leaders  of  the  two  countries  give  a  great  impetus  to  the  development  of  mutual cooperation. Studying the achievements and experience of Turkey in the fields of economy, industry, textile industry and tourism, the implementation of mutually beneficial projects between entrepreneurs of the two countries will usher in a new stage in the development of cooperation. There are still unused opportunities for cooperation between the two countries in the fields of industry, agriculture, transport, science and education, healthcare and many others, which are equally beneficial for Uzbekistan and Turkey.

At present, Turkey and the PRC occupy special places in the system of international relations. On the one hand, the economic development of both countries allows them to conduct an active foreign policy activity, as well as a more active foreign policy, on the other, their foreign policy ambitions are based on historical greatness.

The article analyzes the main factors and conditions that influenced the formation of relations between Turkey and Syria in the 1990s, and discusses the reasons for the competition that these countries have  created  in  protecting  their  interests  in  the  region. The  development  and  implementation  of  Syria's foreign policy towards Turkey and the attitude of Damascus to large hydropower projects planned by the Turkish government in the region are disclosed. The article shows the negotiations of Syrian officials with the Kurdish Workers' Party and the sharp refusal of the Ankara administration to do so. At the same time, Syria's policy towards strengthening Turkish-Israeli relations and the influence of the Turkish-Israeli military alliance on the intensification of its foreign policy towards the Arab countries were analyzed. Preventive measures to counter the military cooperation agreement signed between Turkey and Israel proved to be an important  element  of  Syria's  Middle  East  foreign  policy  in  the  1990s.  The  reasons  for  the  political confrontation between Turkey and Syria are discussed in the dynamics of its change in the 1990s, thereby assessing the evolution of the policy of the two countries in the region.

In this article, the author, based on an analysis of a number of sources, tried to reveal the education  system  of  Turkey  and  Iran,  its  historical  stages  of  development  and  features  based  on  a comparative  analysis  of  various  sources.  The  author  tried  to  objectively  analyze  the  reforms  and modernization of the education system in Turkey and Iran in the twentieth century, mainly using foreign sources. While the main changes in Turkey were associated with the advent of Mustafa Kemal after the 1920s, the emergence of such a European educational system in the life of the Iranian state was associated with the ascension of the Pahlavi dynasty to the throne in 1925. The article mainly compares two periods: 1920–30 and 1960–70. The reason is that it was during this period that great changes took place in the political, social, economic life and educational process of these two countries. An attempt was made to identify and show the results obtained using comparative tables. It also analyzes the education system, its reforms, the relationship  between  religion  and  the  state,  the  alphabet,  exact  sciences  and  the  implementation  of  the European educational process. Conclusions were made by analyzing the results of the reforms. The features of the education system in Turkey and Iran were identified and compared. In both countries, efforts were made to explain the changes after the Second World War, the Islamization of the education system and its impact  on  the  quality  of  education.  In  conclusion,  the  results  obtained  as  a  result  of  the  analysis  were systematized  and  sorted.  When  writing  an  article,  the  author  sought  to  develop  and  substantiate  his conclusions using methods such as comparative analysis and the use of statistical data.

The  active  participation  of  Mongol  women  in  various  spheres  of  society,  such  as  politics, economics or religion, can be observed in all regions of the empire from the end of the twelfth century to the fourteenth century. In most of these areas, the importance of women to society was manifested as a regent. Similarly, at the peak of Mongol rule and its expansion, the Chaghatai ulus was ruled by a woman named Orghina Khatun. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to analyze the rise of this woman to power and management in the thirteenth century, the importance of the khanate, and draw conclusions from the views based on manuscripts, publications and researchs that provide information about Orghina. The history of the ulus after Chaghatai’s death were characterized by riots and conflicts between different members of the  royal  family. The  struggle for  the  throne  began  to  affect  the fate  of the  nation from the beginning. In such a tight situation, Orghina (1251-1260) emerged as the ruler of the ulus in political rule. According  to  sources,  there was  a  very  close  relationship  between  the  founder  of  the  ulus  and  Orgina. Although she was born in Mongolia, she moved to Central Asia when a marriage was made between her and Kara-Khulagu (d. 1252), the grandson of Chaghatai through his son Mitugen. Chaghatai’s interest in this marriage  becomes  more  apparent  when  we  look  at  her  family  background.  In  addition  to  the  obvious importance of the marriage of the granddaughter of Chenghis with his son Kara-Khulagu, the Chaghatai line was part of a broader marriage between the Oirat and Chenghisids. Although in the early years there was not enough information about the rule of Orgina, the political events that took place in the history of the ulus were mentioned in sources in the second half of the 50s of the thirteenth century. For example, the religious affiliation of Orgina also attracted the attention of scientists. Some scholars suggest  that  she  converted  to  Islam,  while  others  do  not.  But  during  her  reign  no  religious  tension  or controversy was recorded. In the thirteenth century, the rule of Orgina Khatun in Transoxiana, of course, was reinforced by the high status with which she was endowed with the fact that she was the grandson of Chenghis Khan and her good relations with the imperial family of Chenghis Khan. However, if these circumstances at some point favor her accession to the throne, her role as head of state, her duties and legitimacy should be seen in the light of the ancient traditions of Central Asian women.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, interest in the history of Central Asia and Uzbekistan increased  not  only  in  the  country,  but  also  throughout  the  world.  The  countries  of  Central  Asia,  including Uzbekistan, are trying to gain their place in the international arena in the shadow of the opportunity created by independence, to conduct appropriate political and cultural ties with foreign countries. Many studies on the history of Central Asia and Uzbekistan have been carried out in foreign countries, including Turkey. In this article, the activities of these studies and organizations that have organized and supported these studies are highlighted.

This article informs about political activities of Sultan Abusayid, the ruler of Temurids Empire, his struggle for the throne of Samarkand, military, political and embassy relations on the issue Western Iran and Azerbaijan region with representative of akkuyuns dynasty Hasanbek and karakuyun Jahanshah.

This article is devoted to the study of Turkish phraseological units, special attention is paid to the study and analysis of phraseological units with the “baş” component. The main goal of the authors was to study somatic phraseological units, which include the “baş” component, study their semantics, and analyze their use in oral and written speech. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were identified: the study of the scientific literature on phraseological units; the study of scientific works devoted to somatic phraseological units of the Turkish  language;  finding  sources related  to  the  topic  of the  study,  and  collecting  material; semantic analysis of somatic phraseological units with the “Baş” component; formulation of conclusions based on the results of the analysis. The article uses lexical-semantic and conceptual-analytical research methods. In the part of the article that illuminates the degree of knowledge of the topic, a comment is given to a number of noteworthy scientific papers. The article notes that language is a means of communication between members  of  society,  serves  a  person as  a  means  of  helping  to  express  their  thoughts  and  inner experiences verbally and in writing, that each person, when presenting his thoughts, uses a number of ways to  make  his  speech  more  beautiful  and  more  informatively,  that  among  these  methods  the  use  of phraseological units is the most effective. The authors emphasize that phraseological units enrich written and oral speech, and provide a more complete and clear presentation of thoughts. The article carried out a study of 217 phraseological units in which the “baş” component functions, shows the difference in their content, structure and composition, analyzes the most frequent phraseological units with the “baş” component used in oral and written Turkish speech. As a result of the analysis, a conclusion was made about the use of phraseological units with the “baş” component in various situations. Most of these phraseological units  are used in a problem situation, the number of such phraseological units is 65. Along with this, the author notes the cases of using phraseological units with the “baş” component in the following situations: physical condition (29), mutual respect (17), in the process of excitement (14), and leadership and leadership (14).

Currently, a number of scientific studies are underway to translate the masterpieces of Uzbek literature into  foreign  languages  and  samples  of  foreign  literature  into  the  Uzbek  language,  and  to  the scientific study of translated works. Within the framework of this topic, the study of the problem of the choice of words in literary translation is of current importance. When it comes to translations made between the Uzbek and Turkish languages belonging to the same language family, which are spoken by peoples who have a common culture, common customs and traditions, the situation often changes. It should also be recognized that the translation between these two languages has not only its advantages, but also a kind of complexity. The scientific problem posed in this article will be considered on the example of Turkish translations of the work of the famous Uzbek writer Utkur Khashimov. When choosing the topic of this study, it is taken into account that currently there are not enough scientific works devoted to urgent issues of literary translation from Uzbek into Turkish, and much remains to be done at the behest of the time. Particular attention is paid to the importance of studying the problem of word choice and stable phrases in literary translation, the role and  place  of  bilingual  dictionaries  in  the  translation  process,  and  the  problems  of  transmitting  “false equivalents”. The article also attempts to elucidate serious questions about the fact that a word in a literary translation from Uzbek into Turkish and the context is a means of literary interpretation of the text, and translators often encounter problems when translating the title of works. Despite the fact that the Uzbek and Turkish languages, which form the basis of this study, belong to the same language family, that most lexical and phraseological units are fundamentally different in their etymology in these languages, it requires a special  approach  from  translators.  The  conclusions  made  during  the  research  are  confirmed  by  the theoretical conclusions of famous translation scholars.

There exist numerous resources about the history and culture of Uzbekistan in the libraries and archives of Turkey. This work is about a letter from the Ottoman archives. Documents related to the history of Uzbekistan in the Ottoman archives began to be seen especially in the middle of 16 th  century and continued to increase permanently. As a result of the relations, there are many documents in the Ottoman archives. In return, it is known that a great number of documents about Turkish history and culture are saved in the libraries and archives of Uzbekistan. Scientific works on these documents should be increased and brought to the scientific world. The letter that we work on, was dated 6 April 1706 and sent by Ubeydullah Khan II of Bukhara khanate to the Ottoman Padishah Ahmet III. The letter is saved in the Ottoman Archives operating under the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey Department of State Archives. The letter gives essential information about wording, style of language, diplomatic features and historical events in that period. The reason for writing this letter was to declare the accession of Ubeydullah Khan II and to celebrate the accession of Sultan Ahmet. In addition, the work done by Ubeydullah Khan and the importance of the relations between the two countries were mentioned and good wishes were made for their development. The letter was written in old Uzbek (Turkic) language. It is an eloquent and advanced level text in which a number of Arabic and Persian words were used. One of the writing features of the period is the absence of punctuation marks. Another feature of the letter's wording and style is to include several quotations in the same sentence while expressing the idea in order to support and prove the idea. These issues make it difficult to determine the starting and ending places of the sentences as well as making it hard to understand. The quotations included to support and prove ideas and thoughts also reveal the cultural and religious features and levels of the period. The quotations in question are largely verses and hadiths from the Qur'an. This work relies on the first-hand resource and brings in some information to the scientific world about Turkish-Uzbek relations, Uzbek language, history and culture in the late 17 th  and early 18 th  centuries.

Rashod Nuri Gunthekin is an internationally renowned Turkish writer. Many of his stories and novels have been translated into Uzbek. An article about the life and work of Rashod Nuri Guntekin. His role in the history of Turkish novels, the essence of the content of his novels are discussed and some of his novels are analyzed. The entry of the author into the world of literature provides information about his published works. The article is based on the analysis of the novels "The Mysterious Hand", "Cholikushi", "Tamga", "Khazonrezgi", "Achinish", "Green Night", "Night of Fire", "Evening Sun". shown. The uniqueness of Rashod Nuri Guntekin as a writer reveals the content of social problems raised in his works. It is appropriate to cite the opinions of other writers about the work of Rashod Nuri (for example, the words of the Azerbaijani writer Ismail Shikhli), and you can also find out the influence of the work of R. Nuri Guntekin  on  other  artists.  In  general,  the  article  contains  the  necessary  information  that  Rashod  Nuri Guntekin is a great writer, his novels have been translated into Uzbek.

This scientific article deals with the use of animal or plant names in giving human appearance and character traits. The ability of language to express human appearance through zoonim or phytonim is examined.

In recent years, various levels of research in the field of linguistics have been carried out, based on the lexical-semantic and grammatical features of the language. In particular, effective work is being done to  study the linguistic  features  of  artistic sources  on folklore.  In  subsequent  years,  scientific  papers  and studies  appeared  on  the  linguistic  features  of  proverbs,  phraseologies,  as  well  as  wishes  and  applause (applause-curses). They are studied by folklorists as cultural units. In particular, research was conducted on the names of epics, fairy tales, wedding ceremonies, the linguistic features of wedding songs, the lexical and semantic analysis of Uzbek folk riddles. It seems that there is not enough information about the work done or ongoing in the above areas related to the cultural life of the peoples of the East. This article is dedicated to Turkish wishes and applause, as well as the participation and art of colors in their linguistic landscape. There are aspects that should be considered when studying wishes and applause. These cultural units are characteristic of oral discourse, although they are found in both formal and formal literature. Naturally, in order to conduct research on such a subject, it is necessary to know the way of thinking of these people. The word applause comes from the ancient Turkic language and means praise, honor, wish good wishes. The participation of flowers in Turkish wishes and applause is aimed at revealing the meanings and artistic image of these flowers in terminology. In fact, everything around us is made up of different colors. Colors are an important tool for distinguishing things from each other. You can see the place and meanings of white in desires, the positive and negative meanings of black and the use of green in life as blessings and blessings. In addition, the article provides examples of synonyms for red and white.

This article is the first to carry out a scientific analysis of the study of the history of the Turkic official style, and the division into stages and periodization of the development of the history of the Turkic official style from the ancient period to the Middle Ages. The emergence of the Turkic official style and its historical development until the 16th century can be divided into four successively connected, and at the same time, stages with their own characteristics: I. Office-work of the most ancient period (from the III century BC to the VI century).  II. Office work during the reign of the Turkish kaganates (VI-IX centuries). This stage, in turn, can be divided into two periods:  1) Office work during the period of the First and Second Turkish Khaganates (VI-VIII centuries);  2) Office work during the Uyghur Khaganate (VIII-IX centuries).  III. Office work in the 9th – 13th centuries. This stage of the Turkic office work is also divided into two periods: 1) Office work during the reign of the Karakhanids (from the second half of the X century to the end of the XII century);  2) Office work during the reign of the Kuchu and Hansu states (IX-XIII centuries). IV. Office work in the XIII-XVI centuries. This stage of Turkic records management is divided into the following periods: 1) Office work among the Chigatai ulus (XIII-XIV centuries). 2) Office work in the state of the Golden Horde and subsequent khanates (from the first half of the XIV century to the second half of the XVI century). 3) Office work in the Timurid state (from the second half of the XIV century to the XVI century). 4) Office work of the early period of the Ottoman Sultanate (from the second half of the 15th to the 16th century In  the historical  development  of  the  Turkic  official  style,  the  office work of  the  period  of  the Turkic Khaganates, the period of the Karakhanids and the period of the Temurids are of particular importance.

Alphabets used by Turkic-speaking peoples have always been the subject of investigation by researchers. Historically, many Turks have taken advantage of alphabets and the adoption of the alphabet has been linked to many factors. Turkish peoples in the past, so as historical integrity of its territory, language, alphabet and a lot of exposure  to  changes  in  the  financial  and  moral  values  was  no  coincidence.  The  event,  which  is  full  of contradictions deep roots in the wars, massacres, has caused losses. Despite all this, the Turkic-speaking peoples, who are always at the heart of their attributes to preserve national and moral values, has been able to transmit from generation to generation. Most  of  the  examples  of  Kazakh  folk  literature  published  by  orientalists  such  as  N.I.  Ilminski,  P.M. Melioransky, N.N. Pantusov, A.E. Alektorov, A.V. Vasilyev are published in the Cyrillic alphabet; Textbooks of the famous Kazakh educator Ibrai Altinsari in the Cyrillic alphabet were published in the 1870s. The first works of the Kazakh written language were published in Kazan, Orenburg, Ufa, Troitsk, and St. Petersburg. Until the first half of the twentieth century, these works were published in the Arabic alphabet, the common writing system of the Turkic world. At the time of the publication of the Kazakh-Turkish texts in the Arabic alphabet, books in the Cyrillic alphabet were also published for the Kazakhs in the 1860s in order to study the Cyrillic alphabet by the Kazakhs and to spread this alphabet. Today, the transition of Kazakhstan, one of the Turkic-speaking republics that gained independence after the collapse of the USSR, to a common Turkish alphabet is one of the most controversial. Kazakhstan, Central Asia, and has deep historical roots in the struggle of the alphabet. Research for this paper was carried out in Kazakhstan will try to give a broad struggle of the alphabet.

The history of official diplomatic speech is inextricably linked with the formation and development of Turkic official styles, with the development of the country's legislative bodies, the formation and diplomatic relations of Turkic peoples. These documents serve as important sources in the study of the political, official-diplomatic style and its features that took place at different stages of the history of the language; reflects the linguistic, ethical, aesthetic and international diplomatic aspects of the official life of peoples. An important sign is that in local and official diplomatic letters the ruling speech appears in a certain way, which is based on written official documents, in decrees of the rulers. The political, official and diplomatic speech of the rulers of the Golden Horde and the Timurid sultans are reflected in epigraphic texts, legal documents and in decrees of rulers. All legal documents and letters were written by order of the khans and sultans. Of course, the documents were written from the mouths of khans and sultans, and then copied by skillful calligraphers and masters. These words were addressed to their people, state institutions, and also political, official-diplomatic persons. They are important antiquities. One of the most important aspects is that the speech in them is monologous and depends on one person, that is, on the ruler.

This article is devoted to the study of the plays of Haldun Taner, one of the most prominent representatives of the twentieth century Turkish drama. The writer, who conducted research in the fields of literature, journalism, the history of art and theater in Turkey, Germany and Austria, left a very rich literary heritage and made a big turn in Turkish drama. He is a playwright who, under the influence of the famous German playwright Bertold Brecht, introduced the concept of “epic theater” into Turkish drama and became famous for his plays in this genre. Khaldun Taner, a talented writer who has managed to combine Turkish national traditional theater and Western  theater  in  his works,  is  a writer  who introduced  Turkish  drama  to the world.  In  particular,  the modern Turkish drama “The Ballad of Ali from Keshan” is a play that has been staged in about twenty countries around the world, and 1425 times in Turkey. The  stage works  of  Khaldun  Taner,  who  received  several  international  awards for  his  dramas,  were hardly studied by Uzbek literary scholars and were not translated into Uzbek. Only a few author's stories were translated by the literary critic P.U. Kenzhaeva. In light of the foregoing, the author set himself the goal of studying the dramas of  Haldun Taner.

Modernism can be regarded as a movement of thought that has emerged in Europe since the midseventeenth  century  and  influenced  the  entire  world.  Modernism,  which  is  based  on  the  idea  of enlightenment,  has  become  the  opposite  of  the  traditional  in  every  field  with  the  Industrial  revolution. Modernism, which affects all areas of society, also causes changes in the field of art and literature. Ottoman society, art and literature were not unfamiliar to this trend, which developed especially under the leadership of European thought and art. After the French Revolution, thoughts affecting the whole world raise Europe as a center. All the world's attention and face turns there. The interest of Ottoman society develops in the same direction. But in the first place, the attention of the Ottoman is for military area. Lost wars and lands, the future of the army, which has lost its former glory and power, is in the West. So the first transformation moves begin on the army. After that, change will begin in other social areas. However, it has been discussed for a long time how these developments and changes will be; in which direction they will affect society and art. The modernization of the Ottoman Empire has taken the road with the dream of capturing the west, reaching  that  level  and  living  like  the  west.  With  the  publication  of  the  Tanzimat  Fermanı  (1839), modernization appears to have exceeded an important threshold. The expression of equality of all citizens in the edict has in some sense been the most modernist breakthrough. Therefore, despite the existence of various changes before it, the proclamation of the Tanzimat edict is considered the beginning of modernism.

Folklore is a rare source that for centuries  has oreserved the worlview,consciousness,socio-political  and  philosophical-aesthetic  views  of  our  people  in  a  simple  and  understandable  form.In  particular,anecdotes cover a person’s goals, dreams, life events, sorrows and jois,ordinary people’s stuggles for justice, and daily life. Nasreddin Efendi’s anecdotes are aimed at  conveying and revesling to the younger generation the essence of the genre that has developed over the centuries before us and their role in social, practical life.

The article discusses the importance of studying the cultural heritage of the ancient Nakhchivan region, which made invaluable contributions to the oral and written wing of our literature, no matter how much the literary and cultural environment is analyzed horizontally and vertically. The author once again draws attention to the fact that the essence of his analysis, carried out on the example of the national poet Ululu Karim, who lived and worked in Nakhchivan, is deeply rooted, and what image he formed at the environmental level. He emphasizes the vitality of the tradition, the mission of transmission and protection in the person of the Great  Karim, the  content  of which  has  been  (perhaps  even  earlier)  since the face of  Dada  Gorgud,  this environment, which is connected with the tradition of gopuz, saz. The article tells about the creativity of Ululu Karim Zang, one of the most talented figures of Nakhchivan ashugs, who was born in Zangazur district of Nakhchivan and settled in Shahbuz region of Nakhchivan. The author explains that the poems of the national poet Ululu Karim have been published in several collections and books, and his poems are related to the literary heritage of other poets and do not provide information about his life and work. The article talks about the work done by the research scientist Ali Shamil in this field, who for the first time clarified the life and work of the Great Karim. Here, along with the study of the life and work of the Great Karim, the issue of the true ashug of the artist has not been forgotten, and its main direction has been identified. The  article  notes  that  the  literary  heritage  of  the  Great  Karim  has  a  great  value  as  a  person  who contributed to the development of Azerbaijani ashug art and the development of ashug poetry. The article shows that the activities and poetry of the Great Karim are an example and source for the ashugs and folk poets who came after him.

This article is devoted to the analysis of the work "Family" by  Abdurauf Fitrat, a brilliant representative of modern literature. In the example of this work, written in 1914, an attempt was made to show the writer's creative laboratory as well as his personal attitude to the most pressing social issues of his time. The ideas of nationalism, freedom, progress and science, which led Fitrat's work, formed the core of his political and legal views, and laid the foundation for the writer to become one of the great representatives of modern literature. The article emphasizes that the publicist Fitrat's approach to the issue of marriage, the role of women in society, was based on the spirit of the time in which he lived, comparing it with verses from the Qur'an, and the social significance of these observations. Issues such as family components, national traditions and customs in family management, family quality discipline and their impact on the future of the nation, which were put forward by the author, were not left out of the study.

This article examines the peculiarities of modern Turkish storytelling in the 1970s, including the work of Selim Ileri, a master of Turkish storytelling, and his mastery of the storytelling genre. The article analyzes the author's stories from a literary point of view, such as “The Magic Organ”, “The Engaged Girl”, “My Mother's Geraniums”, “Nights without Morning”, “The Mermaid's Tale”, “At the Foot of the Sea”, “The Last Day of Friendship”, “Close Economy”. Unlike some Turkish writers, Selim Ileri’s stories were created under the influence of masterpieces of world literature. The author's “Engaged Girl” was written under the influence of A.P. Chekhov, the story “Nights without Morning” by Dostoevsky, the story “The Mermaid`s Tale” and “At the Foot of the Sea” by Faulkner, the story “Close Economy” by Shakespeare. Accordingly, S. Ileri follows in the footsteps of local artists in content and foreign writers in shape. The works of Virginia Woolf, William Faulkner, Catherine Mansfeld are important sources of the writer's work. He quotes from the works of Virginia Woolf, using melodrama techniques. In particular, some aspects of Faulkner’s literary style are clearly visible in S. Ileri’s stories. The plot lines in S. Ileri’s stories have an abstract structure. Therefore, it is difficult to understand the true meaning of his works. The nature of the images is often revealed through an inner monologue and a stream of consciousness. In this respect, S. Ileri is close to the work of U. Faulkner. In the author's work “At the Foot of the Sea” there is a strong desire for postmodernism. The creative process, the connection between reality and texture is the main issue of the work. The distinguishing feature of  the  postmodern  work  is  the  focus  on  the  boundary  between  the  subconscious,  fantasy  and  reality.  In creating “The Close Economy”, the author was influenced by Western literature, particularly Shakespeare's Hamlet. In this tragedy, Hamlet shows himself to the people around him as an insane and stupid. As we have analyzed, S. Ileri’s stories cover the psychological state of the modern man in Turkish society, the suffering of a person trapped in a whirlpool of spiritual problems, the tragedy of loneliness, the problems of selfishness and lack of compassion. Changes in the psyche of the heroes are captured. It is clear that the writer used the traditions of modern world prose according to the principle of form. In this sense, the writer has contributed to the introduction of new heroes,  new  ways  of  expression  and  imagery  in  modern  Turkish  storytelling.  In  this  sense,  the  writer  has contributed to the introduction of new heroes, new ways of expression and imagery in modern Turkish storytelling