ILMIY VA PROFESSIONAL TA’LIM JARAYONIDA MULOQOT, FAN VA MADANIYATLAR
INTEGRATSIYASI
593
Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
COORDINATION WITH NOUNS OF FIVE DECLENSIONS
Yorova Sayora Karimovna
PhD at Samarkand State Medical University
Vaishnavy Bino
Student of International Educational Faculty
Abstract.
Adjectives are crucial for giving nouns descriptive and comparative information. The
three degrees of comparison that express different intensities of a trait are examined in this
article. The article also looks at how adjectives match nouns in all five declensions to show how
they work together in phrases. By providing these insights, the article illuminates the
grammatical structure of Latin and demonstrates its richness and precision in expressing
descriptive and comparative nuances.
Key words:
Adjectives, degrees of comparison, positive, superlative, coordination.
Introduction.
Adjectives define nouns and agree with them in number, gender and case. They
improve the language by giving the nouns as they modify traits, attributes, or differences. The
ability of Latin adjectives to convey different intensities of a quality further sets them apart.
These comparison levels allow to emphasize extremes, draw comparisons, or express basic
qualities. In Latin, adjectives also change their endings to correspond with the nouns they modify.
This adaptability highlights Latin grammar's versatility and complexity, which makes it an
invaluable tool for creating complex and expressive sentences. Altus mons (high mountain), and
bonus vir (excellent man) are two examples.
THE DEGREES OF COMPARISONS
Positive Degree: A quality's basic form.
Comparative Degree: Denotes a degree that is higher or lower.
Superlative Degree: Indicates the greatest or least amount.
Example: Altus (high) → altior (higher) > altissimus (highest)
THE POSITIVE DEGREE
Definition: Describes a basic quality without comparison.
Examples:
o
bonus (good)
o
clarus (famous)
o
fortis (brave)
Coordination Example: Bonus puer venit. (The good boy comes.)
THE COMPARATIVE DEGREE
Definition: Compares two entities.
Formation:
o
Add -ior (masculine/feminine) or -ius (neuter) to the adjective base.
Examples:
o
melior (better)
o
fortior (braver)
o
clarior (more famous)
Sentence Example: Puer est fortior puella. (The boy is braver than the girl.)
THE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE
Definition: Describes the highest degree of a quality.
Formation:
o
Add -issimus, -issima, -issimum to the base.
o
Irregular forms for some adjectives.
Examples:
o
clarissimus (most famous)
ILMIY VA PROFESSIONAL TA’LIM JARAYONIDA MULOQOT, FAN VA MADANIYATLAR
INTEGRATSIYASI
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Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
o
fortissimus (bravest)
o
optimus (best)
Sentence Example: Marcus est clarissimus vir. (Marcus is the most famous man.)
COORDINATION WITH NOUNS
Key Rule: Adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number, and case.
Declensions Impact: Adjective endings align with the noun’s declension.
Example:
o
Pulchra puella (beautiful girl, 1st declension).
o
Magnus servus (great slave, 2nd declension).
THE FIRST DECLENSION
Characteristics: Mostly feminine nouns.
Examples:
o
Positive: pulchra puella (beautiful girl).
o
Comparative: pulchrior puella (more beautiful girl).
o
Superlative: pulcherrima puella (most beautiful girl).
THE SECOND DECLENSION
Characteristics: Masculine and neuter nouns.
Examples:
o
Masculine: magnus servus (great slave).
Comparative: maior servus (greater slave).
Superlative: maximus servus (greatest slave).
o
Neuter: magnum bellum (great war).
Comparative: maius bellum (greater war).
Superlative: maximum bellum (greatest war).
THE THIRD DECLENSION
Characteristics: Masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns.
Examples:
o
Positive: fortis rex (brave king).
o
Comparative: fortior rex (braver king).
o
Superlative: fortissimus rex (bravest king).
THE FOURTH DECLENSION
Characteristics: Masculine and neuter nouns.
Examples:
o
Masculine: fortis manus (strong hand).
Comparative: fortior manus (stronger hand).
Superlative: fortissima manus (strongest hand).
o
Neuter: magnum cornu (large horn).
Comparative: maius cornu (larger horn).
Superlative: maximum cornu (largest horn).
THE FIFTH DECLENSION
Characteristics: Mostly feminine nouns.
Examples:
o
Positive: bonus dies (good day).
o
Comparative: melior dies (better day).
o
Superlative: optimus dies (best day).
VOCABULARY TABLE
POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
BONUS
MELIOR
OPTIMUS
ILMIY VA PROFESSIONAL TA’LIM JARAYONIDA MULOQOT, FAN VA MADANIYATLAR
INTEGRATSIYASI
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Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
Conclusion. In Latin grammar, adjectives can be modified to express different degrees of
comparison. Additionally, when assigning adjectives to fifth declension nouns, certain rules must
be followed to ensure grammatical correctness. Understanding these concepts is crucial to
mastering Latin.
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MALUS
PEIOR
PESSIMUS
MAGNUS
MEIOR
MAXIMUS
PARVUS
MINOR
MINIMUS
CLARUS
CLARIOR
CLARISSIMUS
