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Key words:
tourism, terms, terminology, equivalent, classification
INTRODUCTION
Today, along with other areas of linguistics, the field of terminology plays an im-
portant role in the development of linguistics. A number of theoretical and prac-
tical terms in this area is growing from year to year. At the same time, today’s
scholars are conducting an in-depth analysis of specific features of scientific text
materials in different languages, methods of structure and formation of terms,
terminology standards and sorting issues. This article mainly focuses on terms re-
lated to tourism, their structure and meanings andcompares them in two different
languages English anduzbek. Coordinating the similarities and differences of sys-
tems in two or more languages allows us to lay the groundwork for acomparative
typological study of terms, both in the field of lexical semantics and in the field of
systematic self-management. There is no unity in goals, principles, and methodol-
ogy of research in this area of research, as they are primarily focused on solving
specific problems ofcomparable terminology. Currently, the field of tourism is also
developing rapidly, and the education system has begun to train specialists in new
areas of tourism. All this requires the development of accelerated terminology
system in the field of tourism. From the above considerations, it can be seen that
the system of terms “tourism” is a basis for media, and its study is the most im-
portant condition for successful professional activity and organization of tourism.
There is no dictionary of specific terms in the field of tourism inuzbek. This
makes it difficult for those involved in this activity. In addition, foreign tourists do
not understand the terms ofuzbek people in this area. It is no exaggeration to say
that this is causing tourism business to slow down a bit.
“Terminology, discipline concerned with the study andcompilation of special-
ized terms is not a new field of study, but only in recent decades has it been sys-
tematically developed, with full consideration of its principles, bases and method-
ology. Its social and political importance has now also been recognized on both
ISMOILOVA MAMLAKAT
QURBONOVNA
Karshi State University
STRUCTURAL AND
SEMANTIC FEATURES
OF “TOURISM” TERMS
IN ENGLISH ANDUZBEK
LANGUAGES
https://doi.org/10.47689/STARS.university-pp78-83
STARS International University
79
national and international scale”. Following Auger (1988) we identify four basic
periods in the development of modern terminology:
a) The origins (1930–1960) – characterized by the design of methods for sys-
tematic formation of terms. The first theoretical texts by Wüster and Lotte ap-
peared at this time.
b) The structuring of the field (1960–1975) – first databanks appeared, and inter-
national coordination of principles of terminology processing was initiated. During
this period the first approaches were made to standardize terminology within a
language.
c) The boom (1975–1985) – marked by proliferation of language planning and
terminology projects; some countries like Israel, had begun their language policies
earlier.
d) The expansion (1985 – present) International cooperation is broadened and
consolidated, an international network is created to link agencies and countries
which share characteristics or are interested in cooperation. Examples of this are
exchange of information and international cooperation in training terminologists.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Terminology is deeply rooted in applications, such as specialized dictionary-
compilation, specialized translation, document indexing and/or classification,
knowledge modeling, language planning and standardization. This means that ter-
minology (its theoretical and methodological principles) aims first and foremost
to provide answers to the questions raised by these applications.
Due to the development of methodology in recent decades, there are many
methods available to use while doing linguistic research. So thatcomponential
analysis method, comparative analysis method, distributional method, lingual cul-
tural analysis, deductive method has been used on this.
According to our analysis of scientific literature on tourism (Makarenko, Zorin),
it is possible to distinguish four stages in the history of English tourism, which cor-
respond to the stages of formation of English terminology. At the heart of division
into these periods are feasibility and social bases and conditions, as well as target-
ed functions of tourism at different stages of development.
The first stage – “prototype of tourist activity” – covers period from antiquity
to the end of the XIX century, during which the main reasons for British to travel
were trade, medicine, education.
The second stage – “beginning of the development of mass tourism” – covers
the entire XIX century, and at this stage began to emerge methods of tourism
management, material and technical base, and, of course, further improved the
system of terms.
The third stage – “mass conveyor tourism” – coincided with the beginning of the
XX century and lasted until the end of World War II. “The development of tourism
at this stage is characterized by the fact that services provided are not demand-
ing, and their package is standard.
The fourth stage – “mass differentiated tourism” – began after World War II
and continues to this day. This stage of tourism development implies a variety
of needs and motivations of tourists, the presence of a large number of narrow
Global dunyoda ilm-fan va ta‘limdagi innovatsion
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specialized segments in the structure of tourist demand, the diversity of services
offered.
Tourism terminology inuzbek language is in its infancy and as a result of devel-
opment in tourism field itscomposition is being enriched by other special units. It
is natural that the more percent of touristic terms inuzbek are English words if we
consider the facts that the birthplace of tourism was England and leading status
of English terms in international terminology.
“Language and society are inextricably linked and take place in society all chang-
es are reflected in its language. It has entered the life of society new concepts,
events from the linguocultural conceptosphere of society in addition to their own
language resources to take place in other languages and words are mastered”.
This, in turn, ensures enriching of dictionary of language layer with new lexical
(-phraseological) units and it looks to sustainable development in the linguocul-
tural environment. According to R. Jomonov, “The most important (extra-linguis-
tic) factors in word acquisition are “political, economic relations between nations
and cultural ties; scientific development; media activities expansion; increasing
demand for translated literature; advertising and texts in visual aids; increasing
demand for foreign languages and so on.
RESULTS
The followings can be noted as the main sources of linguistic factors in the de-
velopment ofuzbek tourist terms:
1. Specialization of the meaning ofcommon words or term formation using words
and morphemes in native language. For example: mehmonxona, nomer, transport,
mavsum, yotoqxona, shahar tomoshasi, sayyoh, diniy-ziyorat, maqbara, obida.
2. Creation of alternatives of accepted terms in native language. Price list- narx-
lar varaqasi, leaflets, booklets, catalogs can be a good example.
Common words are something in the field of science and technology or as a
name of concept can have a characteristic feature of the term. For example, recre-
ational zone (recreation area). It should be taken into consideration that there are
several groups of potential users and when itcomes to using and designing mod-
ern terminological dictionaries each one of them require to have acomplex set
with different levels. According to Rossenbeck, modern market economy should
include multifunctional feature in it which means whilecompiling tourism dictio-
naries we should consider users which group to belong. One of the most famous
recent linguists, Isabel Balteiro, suggests following consumer groups of special-
ized vocabularies and we provide examples in tourism industry:
– Specialists: developers of tourism statistics, i. e. experts involved in imple-
mentation, editing and monitoring of tourism conditions, developers of tourism
services and products.
– Semi-professionals: people who use a part of these terms often, especially due
to their profession – tour operators, travel agents and guides; tourism promotion
representatives.
– Students: potential tourists and people who are studying at special univer-
sities or related directions for instance, tourism, macroeconomics, marketing or
management
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– Intermediaries: intermediate group members who uses these words some-
times for a particular reason such as translators, journalists and writers.
In modern English language touristic terms were formed with the help following
ways of word-building:
– Affixation. Affixation is a process which involves adding bound morphemes
to roots which results in a newly-created derivative. Whereas we can distinguish
many types of this process, English language makes generally use of two – prefix-
ation and suffixation. Ex: charter, bumping.
– Wordcomposition. Wordcomposition is creatingcompound words by joining
two or more stems. compound words, in contrast to wordcombination, are struc-
turally, semantically, phonetically and graphically whole units. Example: baby-sit-
ting service, bungee jumping, transit hotel.
– Abbreviation. In English tourism terminology abbreviations are also found; for
example; “ISO” – International Organization for Standardization – world-wide fed-
eration founded 1947.
– Conversion. In modern word building process on tourism terminology, seman-
tic derivation can observed too. For instance. “twin” – “used with such nouns as
beds (two single beds) and room (a room with two such from noun “twin” – “either
of the two children born together of the same mother”;
– Word borrowings. Taking new words from other languages to the base of
English touristic terminology can be considered to lesscommon way of word for-
mation.
Structural description of touristic terminological groups inuzbek.
In the 30s of
XX century manyuzbek terminological dictionaries werecompiled and published.
At the same point, theoretical issues about history of terms, the meaning and
subject of terms groups grammatical structure and formation of terms, way of de-
velopment and source of enrichment. Though terminological system has not yet
been studied theoretically, tourism terminology has a special place inuzbek ter-
minology. Structurally, simple, complex andcomposite terms might be observed
inuzbek. According to genetic feature, simple terms divided into two groups:
– Simple pre-existing touristic terms inuzbek;
– Simple touristic terms which is directed borrowed from international lan-
guages.
1. Terms that are actively used in the field tourism which was created based on
internal capabilities ofuzbek, like bayram, bojxona, buyurtma, mablag‘, marosim,
mijoz, mozor, mehmonxona, qala, qo‘riqxona, qabulxona, mehmonxona, safar.
2. The most effective method of borrowing words in modern stage of language
development is calque. It is the way of conveyance the conception with existent
units which is non-existent in a language. When the problem of word acquisition
analyzed it is found that direct word acquisition from other languages is active
inuzbek. Ex: apartment, marketing, manager, transfer.
DISCUSSION
Theoretical value is ofcomparative typological study of the terminological
systems of English anduzbek languages represent theoretical significance of
this scientific work. Acomparative study of the system of terms makes it possi-
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ble to identify a number of typological features of the languages being analyzed,
which in turn reveal the peculiarities of lexemes of tourist terminology.
The practical value – lexicology, lexicography, ideography, comparative linguis-
tics andcomparative typology can serve as a material for preparation of lecture
texts for higher education students and students majoring in tourism. It can also
be used to create bilingual or trilingual dictionaries. The use of language makes
possible to find the strong relationship between word and its meaning, deep-
ening of existing scientific knowledge, formation of new paradigms and find-
ing new words to express the phenomena. For that reason, there can be found
synonymy of terms inuzbek language as well as there are some doublets. like:
otel – mehmonxona, nomer – xona, marshrut – yo‘nalish, reception, adminstratsiya
– ma’muriyat, turist – sayyoh, turizm – sayohat, agentlik – tashkilot.
CONCLUSION
Considering the theoretical difficulties associated with the definition of what is
terminology and general conditions for the existence of technical terms, the con-
clusion might be drawn that this subject should best be left in the hands of subject
experts of each field of knowledge who have to resolve problems of naming and
systematic classification, or alternatively that is should become the responsibility
of language planners and organizations charged with standardization or other
regulation of language. However, since it is largely for sociolinguistic reasons that
a specific autonomous activity of terminology hascome into being, it appears nec-
essary to explore the history of this activity and various areas of knowledge that
contribute to the constitution of what is now increasingly being considered an
independent discipline. The results of the research show that both English anduz-
bek terminology of international tourism in general is characterized by a surplus
of means of formal expression of concepts, that is, these terminologies tend to be
synonymous. Quantitative analysis shows that the level of synonymy in English
tourist terminology is high. Synonymy of terms is considered to be one of the
types of concepts of terms and incompatibility of terms, it is noted that there is an
excess of means of formal expression of the concept. The problem of synonymy
of terms, the use of several special lexical units to name a concept, remains one of
the main and most important problems of terminology.
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