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2. Human Rights and International Law
Germany has a well-established human rights framework, with courts regularly enforcing
international human rights standards. In contrast, Uzbekistan has faced challenges in fully
implementing international human rights norms, despite significant improvements in recent years.
3. Role in International Organizations
Germany is an active participant in global organizations like the United Nations and European
Union, and it plays a central role in shaping international law. Uzbekistan, while increasingly involved
in international organizations, particularly in its region, has not yet achieved the same level of
integration into global legal systems as Germany.
4. Compliance with International Treaties
Germany strictly adheres to international treaties, with these treaties taking precedence over
national laws. In contrast, Uzbekistan has struggled with the full implementation of international
treaties due to administrative barriers and inconsistent enforcement.
5. International Trade and Economic Law
Germany’s legal system is deeply connected to international trade law, especially through its EU
membership. Uzbekistan, on the other hand, is still in the process of aligning its legal framework with
global trade norms as it works toward WTO membership.
6. Environmental Law and International Cooperation
Germany is a leader in international environmental law and has committed to ambitious goals,
such as those outlined in the Paris Agreement. Uzbekistan, while making progress, is still addressing
significant environmental challenges, including the aftermath of the Aral Sea crisis.
Conclusion.
Both Germany and Uzbekistan are committed to international law, but their legal
systems differ in terms of implementation and integration. Germany has a well-established system for
incorporating international law into domestic practices, while Uzbekistan is still evolving in this area.
Despite the challenges faced by both countries, there is potential for further cooperation in the legal
field, particularly in areas like human rights, trade, and environmental law. As Uzbekistan continues
its legal reforms, it can draw on Germany’s experience to enhance its international legal framework.
References:
1. Yuldashev Sherzod . "Legal Reforms in Uzbekistan: A New Era." Federal Judicial Center,
2018.
2. Institute of Legislation and Legal Policy under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
"Ensuring Justice and the Rule of Law in Uzbekistan: In the Context of Judicial and Legal
Reforms."
3. XY Rechtsanwälte. "The Structure of the German Legal System
4. Wikipedia. "Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch."
5. Kosta Legal. "Uzbekistan Legal Newsletter for July 2023."
PROCESSES OF GLOBALIZATION AND ITS PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS
Mambetkarimov R.R.
Karakalpak State University named after Berdak
Globalization is one of the processes that is turning humanity's life into a complete
transformation. Globalization is derived from the Latin word "glob," which can be translated as
"worldly." It is used to explain how, thanks to scientific and technological advancements, the Earth
has transformed into a unified sphere under human control, into the Earth. The word "global" literally
means "general" in French and "globus" in Latin. Thus, the concept of globalism, in both senses,
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encompasses major problems directly related to human life and destiny, planetary and global
problems, and the prospects of global development. The term "globalization" was first used by
Giddins in 1960[1.6]. This term was rarely used until the 1990s. By 1985, the American sociologist
R. Robertson had defined the term "globalization." The term "globalization" was first used by
economists since 1981. However, the full meaning and concept of this word were fully revealed in the
mid-1990s by the American scientist Charles Taz Russell. The term "globalization" was first used by
the American scientist T. Levitt in an article published in the journal "Harvard Business Review" in
1983. T. Levitt called the integration processes of various product markets produced by large
transnational corporations "globalization" [2.8]. This explanation focuses on the economic aspects of
the globalization process. In his time, the French philosopher René Descartes wrote: "Clarify the
meaning of concepts, and this will save half of humanity from delusion." In this sense, we will first
attempt to explain the promising meaning of the concept of "globalization." Globalization is an
objective process of the development of the world economy and has many positive features: these are
mainly confirmed by the interconnection of the economies of different countries, the attraction of
foreign investments, the acceleration of the exchange of scientific, technical, and technological
achievements, as well as the promotion of scientific and technological progress of countries.
Globalization is a process of global economic, political, and cultural integration and unification.
The main features are the international division of labor, the free movement of capital, labor, and
production resources, the standardization of legislation, economic, and technological processes, as
well as the fusion and convergence of cultures of different countries. This objective process has a
systemic character, encompassing all spheres of society. There are also anti-globalization movements,
where the consequences of the problems arising and emerging as a result of globalization are presented
as negative. Several anti-globalists, such as Green and Anti-Daos, can be included in such
organizations, associations, and movements. It is necessary to transition to the stage of globalization
bypassing the regional stage.
As we all know, globalization encompasses entire processes. According to A. Ochildiyev,..."in a
very general sense, globalization means, on the one hand, that a certain phenomenon or process has
encompassed all regions, countries, and the entire world, and on the other hand, that it pertains to the
fate of humanity." V.I. Danilov-Danilyan noted that "globalization is more of a historical paradigm
than a regional one." There is no precise analysis of the interconnectedness of the aspects of
globalization." As can be seen from the above concepts, the process of globalization is distinguished
by its complexity and multifaceted nature. Therefore, S. Otamuratov states,..."views regarding the
concept of globalization continue to differ.
This is natural. Because its spatial and temporal characteristics are diverse, and its impact on
changing the world reveals new possibilities. At the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, the concept of
"globalization" acquired a new interpretation: as later described by the famous Japanese and American
economist C. Homais, the concept of "globalization," understood by the general public, began to be
used to represent new aspects and interpretations of the development of the world economy, its current
state, differing from its initial stages of development. Professor A. Katsovich, while figuratively
illuminating the globalization process and creating a new understanding of the world economy,
proposed that "globalization can be defined by intensifying economic, political, social, and cultural
ties across borders. Globalization is a combination of free trade agreements and the integration of the
Internet and financial markets that have transformed the world into a single and highly competitive
market."
In scientific research conducted by world scientists, various interpretations of the concept of
"globalization" are given, and different views and approaches to it continue to be expressed. However,
viewing it as a process, a factor in describing the integrity of the Earth's surface and ensuring the
uniformity of all spheres, has prevailed over general viewpoints. In particular, the Russian scientist
I.Burikova considers globalization as a process and, summarizing the views of scientists on it,
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identifies its three main aspects: What is known about the process of globalization in terms of
knowledge? Emotional - how to approach this information. Morality - what to do.
According to the scholar, psychologists at the Faculty of Political Psychology at St. Petersburg
University will soon understand globalization as a new form of political power. The instruments of
these new forms of government are as follows: information globalization - changes in the information
sphere; economic globalization - changes in the economic sphere; regional globalization - changes in
the sphere of territories and borders; demographic globalization is the primary instrument of
globalization, encompassing all fundamental human changes.
Western scholars have also been putting forward various opinions regarding the initial period of
globalization. In particular, scientists such as R. Cobden and J. Bright connect the waves of
globalization with the implementation of free trade between countries and the resulting economic
growth, and also limit its beginning to the 19th and 20th centuries. In their opinion, Britain, with its
naval, industrial, and financial power, has begun the first stage of the wave of globalization. They
argue that the second stage of globalization, or its revival, began in the late 1970s with the revolutions
in computer science and telecommunications. Globalization indicates that the beginning of free trade
and the resulting economic growth are linked to changes in the development of informatics and
telecommunications. In short, various opinions are being put forward regarding the concept of
globalization and its initial period. Now we will dwell on the concepts and relationships of
globalization - internationalization and integration.
As mentioned above, many philosophical and political studies have put forward the idea that
globalization entered the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Along with them, it should be noted that
it was precisely during this period that the process of elevating human intellect took place. As a result,
communication tools - computers, the internet, mobile phones, and others - began to function, forcing
people, nations, peoples, and countries to connect with each other, and to popularize the news and
discoveries happening in various fields around the world within a timeframe. As a result, the economic
rapprochement of all countries of the world has accelerated. There are many examples of this process
in various fields. But the most important thing is to find a clear answer to the question of whether
globalization, as a process of globalization, exists for all stages of world development. People's
aspirations towards each other, their exchange of experiences, mutual assistance, and their
relationships as friends have ensured the observance of the processes of mutual integration
(convergence) between them. While this has been a natural process on the one hand, on the other hand,
it has been perceived as a vital necessity for overall development for each entity. Thirdly, the mutual
interest of the parties in integration was also realized. That is, not just one party, but all parties
involved in this process are interested.
In the context of globalization, foreign relations and international economic relations are
developing, placing new demands on the spirituality and intellectual potential of each individual. In
turn, the Republic of Uzbekistan is a full member of international relations and an integral part of it.
Therefore, special attention is being paid to training highly qualified specialists who meet international
standards in our country today. The demand for such specialists in our country will continue to grow.
Therefore, nurturing individuals with high moral values and preparing them based on international
standards is becoming one of the priority tasks. Globalization is a process of global economic,
political, and cultural integration and unification. The main features are the international division of
labor, the free movement of capital, labor, and production resources, the standardization of legislation,
economic, and technological processes, as well as the convergence and rapprochement of cultures of
different countries. This objective process has a systemic character, encompassing all spheres of
society. Because, in the words of A. Toynbee, we live in a time when humanity is beginning to live
with "a common home," "a common destiny," and shared concerns. In short, we are living in a time
where processes called globalization are taking place.
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In general, the issue of improving national ideology will also acquire not only a national, but also
a global character in the future. However, the process of globalization, as N. Jo'rayev correctly noted,
is characterized not only by some abstract positive aspects but also by the emergence of more "current
global issues." Many thinkers even call this period a period of global crisis. "The 20th century began
with a strong feeling of crisis and ended with this feeling," writes, for example, the Russian
philosopher S.I. Dudnik. Indeed, globalization, while bringing many positive aspects to modern
society, also reflects such a period in the development of humanity that the peoples of the modern
world cannot fight the emerging problems alone; they can be solved together.
The negative consequences of globalization are mainly manifested in the following areas:
ecology, healthcare, demography, resources, ethics, family, education, the spiritual sphere,
worldview, and others. In this sense, it is no coincidence that today's synergetics has introduced a new
concept of "global bifurcation point" and developed a "catastrophe theory" to describe this crisis.
Because, as S.P. Kapitsa, S.P. Kurdyumov, and G.G. Malinetskiy pointed out, "Scientists put into the
hands of politicians weapons capable of destroying life on the entire planet not once, but many times
over. In essence, they didn't try to determine how to eliminate them or what to do with them in the
future; they discovered new energy sources, and at the same time, they contributed to crucial issues
such as eliminating radioactive waste and nuclear terrorism. They gifted people with antibiotics and,
at the same time, intensified the natural selection process of harmful microorganisms." Professor Nick
Bostrom, director of Oxford University, says the following about the fact that the negative
consequences of these actions are not being considered: "Due to the acceleration of technological
progress, humanity may be rapidly approaching a sharp turning point in its development." In the face
of the nuclear threat, which has become well-known to humanity, the rapidly developing technologies
of such fields as nanosystems and machine intelligence are combined with their enormous potential
and threats. Our future, if it exists, depends on our attitude towards these processes. Since we are still
dependent on rapidly developing technologies, we must clearly understand the dynamics of the
transition from a human society to a "post-human" society. Especially, we need to know where the
trap is located and the paths that could lead to certain death. As a result of several years of research,
A. Chumakov came to the conclusion that "globalization, while leading to the universalization of all
spheres of social life, spiritual values, and worldview trends, does not negate the preservation of
tradition, identity, and cultural diversity." During such a period, the individual is forced to act in a
complex social environment. A person must fully understand and appreciate the essence of their
foundation of life, their peaceful and stable existence, that is, they must be seen as an object of the
social environment.
LIST OF REFERENCES:
1.
Шахрай С.М. Глобализация в современном мире: политико-правовые аспекты. – СПб:
Фонд поддержки науки и образования в области правоохранительной деятельности
«Университет»,2004.С.6
2.
Umarоv B. Glоballashuv ziddiyatlari. – T.: Ma`naviyat, 2006. 8-b.
3.
Оchildiev A. Glоballashuv va mafkuraviy jarayonlar. – T.: Muharrir nashriyoti, 2009. 64 b.
4.
Danilоv-Danilyan
V.I.Ustоychivоe
razvitie-prоblema
vijivaniya
chelоveka//.Nauka.Оbshestvо.CHelоvek.-M.,2004. -143 s.
