STUDENTLERDI BIRLESTIRIW: XALÍQARALÍQ IZERTLEWLER HÁM PÁNLER BOYINSHA BIRGE
ISLESIW 1-XALÍQARALÍQ STUDENTLER KONFERENCIYASÍ. NÓKIS, 2025-JÍL 20-21-MAY
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References:
1.
В.Д.Аракин.
Сравнительная
типология
английского
и
русского
языков.Л.,«Просвещение»,Ленинградское отделение,1979.
TYPOLOGICAL CATEGORIES IN LINGUISTICS
Seytova D.U.,
сandidate of philological sciences, associate professor,
KSU named after Berdaq.
Sarsenbaeva A.A.,
3
rd
year student of KSU named after Berdaq
Sabirbaeva M.A.,
3
rd
year student of KSU named after Berdaq.
The typological category in linguistics is intercategory. This feature contrasts it with the
traditional grammatical category, which is characterized as a monocategory category.
«Типология языка строит свои выводы на основе тех общих признаков,которые и
составляют типологические черты языка»[1;26].
Each language has its own resources for conveying categories. If a category is expressed by two
or more word categories, then in such cases, units of different categories act as different-category
synonyms. These different-category synonyms can be both intralingual and interlingual. The system
of each language has a huge number of intercategory synonymous units, which, being correlated with
different word categories, can have a common depth. For example, if we proceed from their common
base, then in English words like
fun
,
fur
are classified into two lexical and grammatical categories of
words:
fun (n)
a joke and
fun (v)
to joke;
fur (n) fur
, wool, skin and
fur (v)
to line, trim with fur.
The intercategory nature of typological categories is based on a deep commonality that unites all
formal means expressing a common categorical meaning. The deep commonality of typological
categories unites units of different lexical and grammatical categories of words in the systems of the
languages being compared. When comparing, a generalized unit of the content plan is used as an
interlingual substrate. Therefore, typological categories are distinguished taking into account the
nature of this unit.
The real meaning is conveyed by means of certain grammatical frames that characterize the
language system as a whole. The grammatical framework or grammatical models, in turn, also have
a generalized-abstracted meaning that underlies the deep community of the typological category.
When transferring the selected categories, units of different levels of language are involved. Indicators
of a certain category have different distributional relations between themselves,i.e. their relations can
be either mutually inclusive or mutually exclusive.Thus, each categorical indicator, whether it is a
separate morpheme or a special unit, excludes the use of another synonymous indicator.
In English, mutual inclusion and mutual exclusion are carried out in a unique way. Some
categories are expressed by mutual exclusion of synonymous indicators, while others, on the contrary,
simultaneously use two or more mutually inclusive synonymous categorical indicators.
The category of plurality in nouns is conveyed in at least two ways: 1) with the help of plurality
morphemes; 2) with the help of numerals. Both ways are related as two synonymous indicators. In
some languages, two signs of plurality are mutually exclusive, in others, both can be used in one
construction. In such cases, numerals complement and clarify the meaning of plurality. Thus, for
many Turkic, Mongolian and Finno-Ugric languages, mutual exclusion of different-level indicators
is characteristic, and for English, Russian and some other languages, cases of mutual inclusion are
characteristic. For example:
Eng.:
two schools; five students; four men.
STUDENTLERDI BIRLESTIRIW: XALÍQARALÍQ IZERTLEWLER HÁM PÁNLER BOYINSHA BIRGE
ISLESIW 1-XALÍQARALÍQ STUDENTLER KONFERENCIYASÍ. NÓKIS, 2025-JÍL 20-21-MAY
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121
Russ.:
две школы; пять студентов; четыре человека.
In the examples given, the category of plurality is conveyed by grammatical and lexical means
simultaneously.
In Turkic languages, plurality morphemes are usually absent if numerals or other words
expressing plurality are used before nouns. If nouns are plural, plural words are usually not used
before them, i.e. lexical and grammatical indicators of plurality are mutually exclusive. For example,
numeral беш (бес)
and suffix
-лар
incompatible
.
The typology of the process of mutual exclusion and mutual inclusion is characterized by the fact
that this phenomenon serves as a special type of distribution of multilevel means and is distributed
differently in the systems of different languages. From this point of view, it would be appropriate to
classify all languages into two groups: 1) languages that allow mutual inclusion; 2) languages that do
not allow mutual inclusion.
In this respect, the so-called isolating and agglutinating languages tend more toward languages
with mutual exclusion, and inflectional languages tend toward languages with mutual inclusion.
However, the existing system of classifying languages by types prevents any other grouping of
languages. Two indicators are mutually exclusive if they have the same degrees of abstraction. The
joint use of two closely synonymous units creates redundancy. But sometimes there are cases of
special use of indicators of different levels in one construction for stylistic and other purposes. Means
of different levels can be compatible in cases where “one of them can have a certain influence on the
others, namely: strengthening; concretizing; weakening; “switching”, creating a new meaning and
assimilating.
Thus, the phenomena of mutual exclusion and inclusion of interlevel expressive elements are
connected: firstly, with the degree of abstraction of level units, secondly, partially, with the
inflectivity and agglutination of the structure of the language, and thirdly, with the individual
characteristics of the typological categories themselves being compared.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1.В.Д.Аракин.Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков. Л.,
«Просвещение», Ленинградское отделение.1979.
O’ZBEK TILSHUNOSLIGINING NAZARIY MASALALARI
Sunatov Jo’rabek Turg’unbek o’g’li
Iqtisodiyot vа pedаgogikа universiteti NTM o’qituvchisi
Qarshi, jurabek.sunatov6666@mail.ru
Zikrillayeva Farangiz Baxtiyor qizi
Iqtisodiyot vа pedаgogikа universiteti NTM tаlаbаsi, Qarshi
Saydulloyeva Mohinur Xurshid qizi
Iqtisodiyot vа pedаgogikа universiteti NTM tаlаbаsi, Qarshi
Normamatova Nigina O‘ktam qizi
Iqtisodiyot vа pedаgogikа universiteti NTM tаlаbаsi, Qarshi
Аnnotаtsiyа.
Mazkur maqolada o‘zbek tilshunosligining nazariy masalalari, tarixiy taraqqiyoti
va dolzarb muammolari yoritilgan. Tilshunoslik fanining asosiy yo‘nalishlari, xususan morfologiya,
fonetika, sintaksis, leksikologiya kabi bo‘limlari misolida nazariy tadqiqotlarning shakllanishi va
taraqqiyoti haqida so‘z yuritiladi. Mahmud Qashg‘ariy, Alisher Navoiy kabi tarixiy shaxslar bilan bir
qatorda, zamonaviy olimlar – R. Sayfullayeva, O. Yusupova, N. Mahkamov va boshqalar ilmiy
izlanishlari asosida tilshunoslikda olib borilayotgan tadqiqotlar tahlil qilinadi.
