STUDENTLERDI BIRLESTIRIW: XALÍQARALÍQ IZERTLEWLER HÁM PÁNLER BOYINSHA BIRGE
ISLESIW 1-XALÍQARALÍQ STUDENTLER KONFERENCIYASÍ. NÓKIS, 2025-JÍL 20-21-MAY
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BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE TYPOLOGY OF SYNTACTIC LEVEL OF THE
LANGUAGE.
Konisov G.U.,
Karakalpak State University
Madaminova U.
The 3rd year student of
the Foreign languages faculty of KSU
Abstract.
The article discusses the basis of the typology of the syntactic level in linguistics. The
basic principles of the classification of syntactic structures, their hierarchy and interaction with other
levels of the language are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to modern approaches to the typology
of syntax within the framework of functional, structural and cognitive linguistics.
Key words
: syntax, typology, syntactic level, sentence, syntactic universals, structural linguistics,
functional linguistics.
The syntactic level of the language is a system of rules and models that determine the methods of
combining words in phrases and sentences. The typology of a syntactic level is a area of linguistics
that studies the similarities and differences of syntactic structures in the languages of the world. In
focus, there are both universal patterns and unique features of specific languages.[1].
A typological study of syntax allows us to identify the deep principles of the organization of
language information, and also expands the possibilities of the inter -lime comparison, translation and
automatic processing of the text
The syntactic level is one of the main levels of the language system along with phonological,
morphological, lexical and pragmatic. Its main function is the formation of structures that ensure the
logical and communicative connectedness of the text. The basic units of syntax are the phrase and
sentence.
The syntax of the language is such a subsystem or level, or tier of the structure of the language,
which deals with units more complex than the word.
The syntactic level, like any other level of language, has its own composition of units - this is the
phrase and proposal.[2].
The phrase is a combination of two or more significant words combined on the basis of a certain
syntactic connection and perform a nominative function, for example: a new watch; to read a book;
to go to school.
Unlike a word that is a whole -change unit of a lexical level, the phrase consists of at least two,
and sometimes more significant words, and each of the significant words can get an expansion
according to the laws that exist in this language, for example: a nice theater - a very nice new theater.
Unlike a phrase that performs a nominative function, a sentence expresses a judgment, or
motivation, or a question. The grammatical basis of the sentence is predicativity. The proposal may
consist of both one and several significant words.[3].
A typological analysis of syntactic structures can be carried out on the basis of various criteria:
• word order (for example, SVO, SOV, VSO, etc.);
• types of submission (parallel, hierarchical, compound, etc.);
• morphosyntactic means (case forms, official words, form of components);
• Temporal and aspects;
• Ways to express a predicate.
Each of these parameters serves as the basis for highlighting syntactic types that can be universal
or specific for specific languages or language families.[4].
The main approaches to the typology of the syntax are:
STUDENTLERDI BIRLESTIRIW: XALÍQARALÍQ IZERTLEWLER HÁM PÁNLER BOYINSHA BIRGE
ISLESIW 1-XALÍQARALÍQ STUDENTLER KONFERENCIYASÍ. NÓKIS, 2025-JÍL 20-21-MAY
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79
Structural typology. The structural approach involves an analysis of formal signs of syntactic
constructions. One of the fundamental studies in this area is the work of Joseph Greenaber, who
highlighted the universal of words order. This approach is based on a comparison of formal models
and their distribution in languages.
Functional typology. Functionalism focuses on the communicative function of syntactic
structures. Researchers working in this direction believe that syntax develops under the influence of
pragmatic and discursive factors. [5].
Cognitive approach.
The cognitive typology considers the syntax as a reflection of mental processes.
Linguists distinguish a number of syntactic universals, such as:
• the presence of a subject and predicate in a simple sentence;
• means of expression of predicativity;
• the existence of methods of updating information (Topic/Rema);
• Phenomenon of verb coordination.
Universals are tools for identifying the deep laws of the functioning of the language.
The typology of the syntactic level plays an important role in linguistics, since it allows you to
systematize knowledge about language structures and identify both universal and unique features of
the syntax of various languages. Modern approaches in this area offer a multidimensional description
of syntactic phenomena, which makes a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of the language
organization possible.[6].
REFERENCES:
1.Greenberg, J. H. (1963). Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order of
meaningful elements. In J. Greenberg (Ed.), Universals of Language (pp. 73–113). Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press.
2.Конысов, Г., & Уразниязова, Г. (2023). Роль глобальной сети в процессе изучения
иностранным языкам. Ренессанс в парадигме новаций образования и технологий в XXI
веке, 1(1), 395–396. https://doi.org/10.47689/XXIA-TTIPR-vol1-iss1-pp395-396
3.Comrie, B. (1981). Language Universals and Linguistic Typology: Syntax and Morphology.
Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
4.Hopper, P. J., & Thompson, S. A. (1980). Transitivity in Grammar and Discourse. Language,
5.Конисов, Г., & Уразниязова, Г. (2024). Comparing and levelling process in typology and
translation . Актуальные вопросы лингвистики и преподавания иностранных языков:
достижения и инновации, 1(1), 64–65. https://doi.org/10.47689/TOPICAL-TILTFL-vol1-iss1-
2024-pp64-65
6.Langacker, R. W. (2008). Cognitive Grammar: A Basic Introduction. Oxford: Oxford
University Press
