No. 1 (2015)

Topicality and demand of dissertation subject. According to WHO1, at any given time echinococcosis affected more than 1 million people. The increase in the frequency of this category of patients is noted not only in the endemic areas of the disease, but also in the regions of Europe and North America. Currently, in some parts of Argentina, Peru, East Africa, Central Asia and China, prevalence rates can reach 5-10%. It should be noted that such epidemiological trend is especially pronounced in children. Consequently, the mortality rate of postoperative surgical patients was on average 2.2% and 6.5% of cases after surgery. In light of the foregoing, relevance of the improvement and development of effective prevention and treatment of this terrible disease becomes apparent.
Effective programs in this area in developed countries such as the USA, Italy, UK, South Korea, China and Russia, where some progress is achieved, have been developed and implemented.
In the Republic of Uzbekistan for years of independence in the state program of health protection of mother and child arc realized large-scale events for the early diagnosis, surgical treatment and prevention of hydatidosis in children, the results of which arc recognized by the world community. Clear trend in the country on a continuous decline in the incidence of echinococcosis should be emphasized.
Relevance of the topic of this dissertation is defined by the need to develop, improve and conduct activities to surgical treatment and prevention of echinococcosis recurrence in children based on sound scientific data and methods and approaches that will contribute to solve medical problems associated with this disease. The questions of significant risk factors definition of echinococcosus infection and formation of risk groups on this basis arc of particular significance.
Despite the large number of works devoted to the surgical treatment of echinococcosis, to significant advance in the prevention of disease recurrence failed today. Among surgeons no consensus in the definition of, causes, forms and character of recurrence, no consensus in matters of perioperative antiparasitic treatment of the fibrous capsule wall, insufficient attention is paid to the role of residual cysts.
The high incidence of echinococcosis, especially in childhood, a steady increase in the number of its complicated forms, dictate the need for further improvement of methods of early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of this common and serious illness. Questions to identify new pathogenic parasite infestation risk factors and correction of existing prevention programs, timely topical diagnostics defeat, the choice of optimal surgical treatment, increasing radicalism and anti-parasitic interference, reducing its traumatic, post-operative rehabilitation and conduct of follow-up of children with echinococcosis, which certainly, confirms the relevance of this study remain in demand.
This thesis work will promote the tasks defined in the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated 01.07.2009g. №1144 "About measures on further strengthening and improving the work done to improve reproductive health, birth of a healthy child, the formation of physically and spiritually developed generation for 2009-2013yy." and on February 19, 2014 № PP-2133 «On State program «Year of a healthy baby»».
Purpose of research: to improve the quality of treatment of echinococcosis in children by improving the surgical approach and the development of effective methods of reducing the recurrence of the disease.
Scientific novelty of the research is as follows:
detrimental normo- hyperacid state and gastric juice condition on echinococcus eggs and survival of pathogens on the background of hypoacid state of the stomach and the subsequent stimulation of their activity in the alkaline environment of the intestine have been proved for the first time;
for the first time in the experiment the high risk of multiple lesions of the microorganism to produce microscopic larvocyst on the near and distant from the dominant sections of the hydatid cysts, which is the main cause of the disease 
recurrence, the severity of which depends on the acidity of gastric juice and the amount of ingested eggs of the parasite;
for the first time it scientifically proved that hypo- and hypoacidity state gastric juice arc major risk factors of alimentary echinococcus infestation and this factor is almost always saved for life;
a new methodological approach to raising funds scolexocidc of local processing has been developed for the first time, scientific, experimentally proved morphologically confirmed by its high efficiency. An original method of disinfection residual cavity in complicated disease and a fundamentally new way of intraoperative rapid diagnosis of the efficiency of anti-parasitic treatment has been proposed;
a more secure, low-impact and effective compared to the traditional method of treatment methods of lung echinococcosis in children has been developed .
Conclusions
1. In children of 3-7 years of age compared with children of school age combined forms of internal organ involvement arc diagnosed twice more frequently.
2. In children, the liver more often undergoes multiple lesions then the lungs 33.3 and 20.2% respectively (p <0.001).
3. Hypoacid state of gastric juice is a significant risk factor for hydatidosis in children - in 81.7% of cases it is associated with reduced acid-forming function of the stomach. Hypoacid condition among persons with combined echinococcosis is found in 82.6%, in multiple echinococcosis - in 88.2%, in a population of healthy children in 13.3% (p <0.001).
4. Gastric juice with hyperacid and normal acid condition destroys all the germs for 4.4 and 18.6 min. and in hipoacid and subacid conditions even after 2 hours of exposure viability of 90-97% of eggs is preserved. To obtain complete preparedness for intestinal introduction by the causative agent of the disease stage effect on the eggs of hypoacid gastric juice and duodenal contents is necessary.
5. To create experimental model of echinococcosis instead of the traditionally administered 5-10 thousand of parasite eggs, introduction of just 5-40 echinococcus eggs is enough with a 100% effect on the background of mcdicamcntelly created hypoacid state of gastric juice. For echinococcosis with low acidity of gastric juice combination of multiplicity and destruction arc typical. Newly identified phenomenon of multiple lesions of the internal organs as presence of the dominant cysts of macroscopic dimensions and combined remote microscopic foci is the major cause of recurrence of the disease which requires a revision of traditional views on the causes of the recurrence and postoperative chemotherapy program.
6. Among the most germicides the brightest and quickest scolexocidc effect has 80-100% glycerol, heated to 70 ° C, which causes destructive changes in the adjacent parenchyma. Highly informative express-method confirming the usefulness of echinococcus residual cavity processing is video microscopy wash water with an increase up to 1000 times.
7. In surgery of echinococcosis of the liver and lung, preference should be given to the topical minimal approach, the possibility of which can be greatly enhanced by conducting intraoperative ultrasound and vidcocndoscopic assistance. Decrease of traumatism in intervention reduction in trauma intervention, preservation of anatomical integrity of the affected organ, reduce of iatrogenic of frequency method of suturing the remaining cavities of the liver and lung has been proposed.
8. The use of the proposed complex of new development contributes to reducing the incidence of postoperative complications from 18.4 to 4.0% in the liver echinococcosis and from 21.9% to 3.6% - in lesions of the lung, reduce the length of surgery, reduce the time of hospital treatment twice.
9. The highest frequency of recurrence observed after removing the combined echinococcosis (15.8%) and isolated hepatic cysts (15.6%). 85.9% of recurrences in terms of echinococcosis arc diagnosed 3-7 years after surgery.
10. Only by intraoperative processing of the residual cavity with glycerin at a room temperature it is possible to reduce the frequency of recurrence in children with hydatidosis from 28.1% to 10.6%, and the use of hot glycerin in combination with post-operative chemotherapy makes it possible to reduce to zero the cases of recurrence.
11. The developed automated MIAS allows you to create multi-functional and versatile electronic database for various disease entities that can be used in the management and research purposes.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. In the modem condtion, in the world, it is raising deficiency of wheat grain, and it is occurring keen problem of food crisis. Average annual wheat grain productivity is 600 mln, and grain demand will reached 840 - 1000 mln ton by 2020. Satisfaction in this demand is quite complex task under accounting of decrease of areas under crop in the world and limit of wheat productivity level in most of developed countries.
One of the reasons of crop arrears is plant diseases which is caused droplet infection. Rust diseases of cereal crops, especially for wheat, this kind of diseases is most harmful and dangerous for most countries that decreases productivity of cereal crops. Five fungi that causing rust diseases in cereals and among them only two: yellow and brown rust can be found in Uzbekistan.
Most significant damage for wheat cultivars that leading yield decrease caused by rust diseases, especially yellow (Puccinia striiformis) and brown (Puccinia recondita) rusts fungi. Rust diseases arc able to quickly be spread for larger lands and bring to dramatic impact for crop yield. The effective means of control is to creation of resistance varieties. However, plant breeding to select reactance cultivars must be carried out continually because of appearance new fungi races that tolerates to resistant varieties. To keep crop resistance to rust disease it is required to be used different rust fungi races in crop breeding programs.
Creation and introduction to production high-yield wheat varieties resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses of environment is considered as one of the topical tasks for plant breeders and seed producers guaranteeing food security of growing world population.
Currently, at the same time with growing grain productivity that is occurring necessity in creation of wheat varieties with high measures of flour quality possessing enriched with microelements which necessary for human health. It is well known that microelements play important roles in metabolism and its deficiency causes various diseases.
Biofortification is biologic mean of enrichment food cultivars with microelements that important for human health. It can supply agricultural producers with varieties possessing properties with high contents of microelements which favours decreasing of range of linked to microelement deficiency. Seed enrichment with nutritional and microelements supposes first of all finding wheat genotypes with high content of microelements such as iron and zinc for the plant breeding and possibly for biotechnological manipulations in order to transfer this traits to others. In this regard, the study of local landraces and wheat germplasm to find genotypes is essential to solve the problem biofortification of wheat varieties grown in Uzbekistan.
The demand for scientific and research work within the framework of this thesis derives from the tasks set out in the regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of 29 December 1994 "On the measures to improve the breeding and seed production of cereal crops," the law of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated 31.08.2000 №116 -II "On protection of agricultural plants against pests, diseases and weeds," the decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan on August 11, 2005 N PP-153 "On measures for realization of the project" National program on flour fortification.
Purpose of researches is studying of regularities of inheritance of quantitative traits and resistance to a yellow rust of wheat and creation plastic varieties with improved bred making qualities and also collecting and studying of local wheat landraces.
Scientific novelty of dissertation work. For the first time in Uzbekistan by electrophoresis (PAGE) analyzed the storage proteins of grain varieties of local wheat breeding cultivated in the country. Compiled polymorphism of gliadin from grains, which allowed identify biotypes of polymorphic local varieties of wheat by electrophoretic spectra.
Based on the hybrids, a new variety of wheat Pahlavon adapted to local conditions.
on an artificial infectious background to yellow rust screened accessions world collection and selected for stable line to yellow rust, which was created based on a new variety of Bardosh, introduced into production;
identified intrapopulation structure yellow wheat rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis West.sp.tritici in Uzbekistan with varieties differentiators identified patotipny part of the fungus, selected donors of resistance to yellow rust, having nonspecific resistance, control of which is carried by several genes with small effect.
Revealed the possibility of using landracc of wheat biofortification.
Conclusions
1. Described polymorphism of gliadin electrophoretic spectra cultivated species of diploid wheat species Triticum monococcum and 6 local varieties of hcxaploid wheat of Triticum aestivum cultivated in Uzbekistan. Obtained biotypes of gliadin spectra and studied comparatively economically useful traits of the identified genotypes.
2. By the method of intraspecific hybridization by following of individual selection is released high-yielding wheat variety with good bread baking qualities and submitted to the SVT under the name Pakhlavon.
3. Revealed instability manifestations of wheat resistance genes to the yellow rust damage, due to the natural variability of the pathogen. Monitoring of wheat fields and the assessment of differentiator varieties s on artificial infectious background has shown that many varieties that were previously resistant to yellow rust, become susceptible after cpiphytotic years. This is due to the fact that the Uzbek populations of the pathogen mutations occur post cpifhytotic years.
4. Many promising varieties and lines in their genotypes have susceptibility genes and in the case cpiphytotics they can greatly damaged with significant yield losses. It was revealed that most varieties damaged by races virulent to the resistance genes Yr2, Yr7 and Yr9. Studied 80 samples from five regional nurseries CAC showed that many varieties, although differs by their high grain size and grain in a spike, they have not resistance to the local races of the yellow rust.
5. Analysis of a large number of hybrid combinations and their parents on in artificial infectious background has shown that the resistance trait is complex and not always inherits monogenic. Revealed polygenic inheritance of the resistance trait with minor genes effect.
6. While using of resistant forms as a maternal parent resistance inherits as a recessive trait with one or two recessive genes, and when they arc used as paternal form, resistance trait can be inherited as a dominant trait with one or two dominant complementary genes.
7. On the basis of the data, released bread wheat variety Bardosh resistant to yellow rust with good bread making qualities, which registered in the State Variety Testing Commission in 2015 year for the areas in the Republic.
8. Using of the GPS-navigation device, determined basic place of cultivation and area of old wheat accessions in remote regions of the Republic. On the results of these studies and numerous interviewing of local people created maps of distribution and catalog of the wheat landraces cultivating in Uzbekistan.
9. Morphological analysis of these varieties by spikes and grains revealed that many collected old wheat accessions belongs to the Graecum species with white spikes and grains and to the species Erithrospermum with white spikes and red grains, although there arc red spike forms relating to species Ferrugineum as well as a mixed found compact forms relating to the species T.compactum L.
10. Created a special nursery of the local wheat landraces of Uzbekistan, which has an important role in the releasing of new local wheat varieties with improved bread making qualities. The collection, study and cultivation of old varieties of Uzbekistan arc of great importance in the conservation of the wheat gene pool in natural conditions. Among them have varieties with high bread making qualities, it is important that this trait in the revealed varieties genetically determined. This will allow the use of old wheat accessions as donors of high quality in the breeding process.
Practical recommendations and application of the results in the production.
1. As a result of the investigations released and introduced bread wheat variety Bardosh with resistance to yellow rust and the plastic variety Pakhlovon with high productivity and bread making qualities in the production.
2. Variety Bardosh registered in several regions of the Republic in 2015 year, variety Pakhlovon registered in 2014 year as a promising variety in the State Variety Testing
3. Created nursery of old wheat accessions is recommended as an initial material for breeding processes in the releasing of new varieties, and selected samples by us can be used for biofortification of wheat flour in Uzbekistan.

Topicality and demand of the theme of dissertation. The importance of physiologically active substances in the management of growth and development? and also in the enhance mens of resistance of agricultural crops to unfavorable climatic conditions, diseases and pests, in the production of bumper and quality crop in our Republic is high.
The development of agriculture on the basis of intensification, radically improving of the soil’s melioration state, the deepening of selection activities, the introduction of up to date agro-technologies and rational use of water resources is the solely correct way at the instigating of speaking about the future of agricultural development on the account of land and water resources limitation3.
The physiological active growth regulators has positive influence on photosynthesis activity, respiration, enzyme activity, amino acids, nuclein acids and protein bio-synthesis, phytoharmons’ exchange, accumulation of nutrients and distribution, growth, development, formation of generative organs, productivity and its quality and also adds the solid share in the getting of profitable and quality crop.
In the last years the germination of the early and healthy seedlings of cotton and wheat, security of active growth and development, production of high and quality crop has became as the priority problem because of water deficit, unfavorable climatic conditions, the salinization of soil, reduction of fertility, inaccuracy in the application of mineral fertilizers’ rates, crop decreasing of cotton and wheat by the affect of diseases and pests in divers climatic conditions of our republic.
The demand in the fulfillment of the dissertation is explained by the ensuring of the execution of the resolution of 604, December 23, 2004 of the Department of the Ministries on “About the measurements in the improvement of cotton seed production” and the accelerating of the new and introduced cotton varieties’ seed sprouting in order to the purpose in the rational usage of land and water resources, getting of healthy seedlings and evaluation of the new regulators’ efficiency in the securing of bumper and quality crop getting and the efficiency of the effect on the getting the healthy seedlings and vigor growth, the determination of the proper rate and dates, the accelerating of winter wheat’s sprouting, the enhancing of seedlings’ growth and development, the reduction of stables’ laying down, working out the application technologies of growth regulating substances in the increasing of grain productivity and its quality and the introduction of resource saving technologies into the practice.
Purpose of research involves the perfection, elaboration and extension of the technologies on the application of substances to the regulation of growth, producing early, high and quality yield, providing of prompt growth and development, attaining of healthy seedlings’ stand, accelerating of cotton and winter wheat’s germination. 
Scientific novelty of dissertational study. In the first time, the adequate rates of application and dates of the growth regulatory substances of T-86, Tj-85, XS-2, Nitrolin, Vitavax 200FF, Unum, Oxygumat, Gumimax, Pics, Ustics, Dalpicsi, Sojean, Entojean, Kampozan, Etefon in diverse natural climates and typical meadow, meadow, grey meadow, meadow alluvial, takir- meadow soils on the cotton varieties of: Bukhara-6, Akdaria-5, Akdaria-6, S-6524, Namanghan-77, Khorezm-127, Turakurghan-2, Andijan-37 and winter wheat’s Ulugbek 600, Sanzar-8, Yonbosh, Kroshka, Moskvich have been worked out in our republic.
Growth regulatory substances have made possible the activity of the enzymes, the seeds’ prompt sprouting took place on the account of albumin and nucleus acids’ enhanced biosynthesis, the root violently developed, by the Vitavax 200FF has been decreased the fuzzy seeds’ planting rate, the stimulator of Unum increases resistance of cotton to the wilt disease, the superiority of stimulants than treatment of seeds by the fungicides and physical treatment, the application efficiency of the retardments on the different seedlings amount and cotton grown under the oil paper, technologies on the application of stimulants before winter wheat planting and at the period of shooting, worked out the theoretical and practical basis of the decreasing of stems’ falling down.
CONCLUSIONS
1. It was determined that getting early and healthy seed sprouting, intensifying of their growth and development in spite of the rainy spring, cool and hot, and dried, diverse soil and natural climatic conditions of our country in the result of the global climatic changes, take in of the cotton’s crop until autumn’s cold days, producing of high yield and fiber, seed of high quality, the increasing of winter wheat’s grain yield and quality and also alongside at the rational using of land, water and other resources, application technologies of growth regulatory substances on cotton and winter wheat have a considered importance.
2. Owing to the application of T-86, 10 g/ton; Nitrolin, 6-8 1/ton; Tj-85, 20-30 g/ton; XS-2, 15-20 g/ton; Vitavax 200FF, 5,0 1/ton; Unum, 1,5-2,0 ml/ton; Oxygumat, 0,5-1,0 1/ton on the cotton varieties of Bukhara-6, Namanghan-77, S-6524, Akdaria-5, Akdaria-6, Khorezm-127 and Turakurghan-2 in the typical meadow soils of the Tashkent region, in the meadow alluvial of the Khorezm region and grey meadow soils of the Andijan region the germination has been accelerated by 10-15%, has been taken 1-3 days earlier and healthy seedlings and has been enhanced resistance of seedlings to the diseases of bacterial blight, root rot and wilt.
3. At the application of the stimulants strongly developed the root system, intensified plant’s growth and development, increased the amount of fruit elements and bolls by 1-3 pieces, accelerated blooming and bolls’ dehisces by 15-20% in the various soil climatic conditions and on the different cotton varieties.
4. Treatment with Unum and Oxygumat stimulants of cotton at the vegetation period has boasted the dried mass of vegetative and generative organs at the periods of budding, blooming, fruit setting and ripening, the amount of leaf by 1,5-3,0 pieces and area by 200-300 cm2, improved the process of photosynthesis activity, the net productivity of photosynthesis was high by 0,2-1,2 g/m2.
5. At the treatment of seeds and cotton at the vegetation period by stimulators has been intensified the assimilation of nutrient substances (NPK) by the plants, increased the amount of potassium by 0,300-0,400% in the structure of pod and fiber, in the result of that improved quality indexes of fiber, the weight of 1000 pieces of seeds by 2-13 g, oil content by 0,7-1,6% and under the later influence of stimulator increased the sprouting vigor and germination of the successive generation’s seeds by 1,0-4,0%.
6. Treatment of cotton by Pics, Ustics, Dalpicsi, Sojean, Entojean at the periods of blooming and fruit setting has retarded of growth to height, prevents excessive growing, bush will have a proper state, hay and length between nodes of fruiting branches decreased by 0,5-1,0 cm, bolls’ amount by 1,0-2,0 pieces, weight by 0,1-0,3 g, dehiscing accelerated by 15-16% and the share of the first harvest up to 30 percent and raw cotton yield raised by 10-20 percent.
7. At the treatment of winter wheat’s grain with Oxygumat, 7,5-10 ml/ton and Vitavax 200FF, 2,0-2,5 1/ton, Unum on the planting grain, 1,0 ml/ton, at the period of shooting 10-12 ml/ha, Gumimax before wheat’s planting 0,6 1/ton, at the shooting 0,3+0,3 1/ha accelerated sprouting, intensified growth and development, spiking, blooming and ripening periods intensity was earlier of 3-8 days, increased grain yield by 5-7 c/ha, amount of gluten by 1,0-2,0 percent in the soil-climatic conditions of the Tashkent, Namanghan and Ferghana regions.
8. Treating of winter wheat at its shooting period by Kampozan and Etefon has retarded hays’ growth, has increased tolerability to the lodging, with increasing of productive stems amount decreased the amount of the fruitless stems, were highest the grain yield by 2,1-6,5 c/ha, mass of 1000 grain pieces by 0,5-3,0 g, grain amount per one ear by 1,7-2,1 pieces and mass by 0,2 g.
9. In the application of the stimulators on cotton and winter wheat were identified intensively developing of root, stabilizing the physiological processes, increasing of tolerability to the drought and greater assimilation of moisture and nutrient substances from the soil in the water deficit years of our republic.
10. It was identified that the application of growth regulatory substances on cotton and winter wheat is the efficiency in the point of economy. At the treatment of the seeds before their planting with Vitavax 200FF at the rate of 5 1/ton has been taken 92022,8-155890,5 sums profit more per hectare, hence the profitability degree increased by 11,0-12,8%.
At the application of Pics 1,5 1/ha on cotton at its 12-13 fruit branch period has been obtained 132920,8 sums more profit per hectare, economy of hand job, oil and resources.
At the treatment of winter wheat with Gumimax stimulator prior to planting at the rate of 0,6 1/ton and at the period of bushing-shooting at the rate of 0,3+0,3 1/ha has been taken 149100 sums more profit, profitability was 11,0-12,1 percent high.
11. Registration of growth regulatory substances permitted to use in agriculture by the state chemistry commission of the rebublic of Uzbekistan and is recommended widely introduction of application: T-86, 10 g/ton; Nitrolin, 6-8 1/ton; Tj-85, 20-30 g/ton; XS-2, 15-20 g/ton; Vitavax 200FF, 5 1/ton; Unum, 1,5-2,0 ml/ton; Oxygumat, 0,75-1,0 1/ton prior to planting of seed for accelerating the seed’s germination, to get healthy and proper stand , and Unum stimulator at the period of budding by 15-20 ml/ha in order to intensify of development to get high yield, Oxygumat at the periods of budding and blooming with the rate of 0,5 1/ha, for accelerating of winter wheat’s sprouting, grain yield and quality to treat the grains by Vitavax 200FF, 2,0-2,5 1/ton; Oxygumat, 0,75-1,0 1/ton; Unum, 1,0 ml/ton; Gumimax, 0,6 1/ton prior to sowing.
12. Planting of the fuzzy seeds at the rate of 30-45 kg/ha, delinted seeds at the rate of 25-30 kg/ha by the treating of planting seed stocks with the stimulants is expedient in the diverse soil-climate conditions of the republic in order to obtain early, healthy seedling, to produce high raw cotton yield of high quality.
13. The application of Unum stimulator at the rate of 1,5-2,0 ml/ton on seed and 15-20 ml/ha at the period of budding is recommended for the securing of vigorous growth of cotton, development and high, quality yield.
14. The treatment of cotton at its period of 12-13 fruit woods by Pics, 1,5 1/ha; Ustics 1,5 1/ha; Dalpicsi, 1,5-2,0 1/ha; Sojeam, 90-100 g/ha; Entojean, 90-105 g/ha in the rates is recommended. Treatment of cotton at the periods of budding, blooming and 12-13 fruit branches with Sojean and Entojean, 15+45+90 g/ha in the rates does not let cotton’s excessive growing, produces early, high and quality yield.
15. Treatment with Unum stimulator at the rate of 1,0 ml/ton before planting and at the shooting 10-12 ml/ha in order to accelerating of winter wheat’s germination, growth and development and with Gumimax stimulator before planting 0,6 1/ton, at the period of bushing and shooting 0,3+0,3 1/ha and Kampozan, 0,5-1.0 1/ha; Etefon, 1,0-1,5 1/ha in order to the enhancing of winter wheat’s resistance to the lodging is recommended.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Intensification of the economic reforms in agriculture of Uzbekistan during the independence years, development of farming forms of land management and creation of convenient conditions and benefits to the farmers, breeding of the short-duration cotton varieties adapted to the various soil and climatic conditions as well as carrying out all agrotechnical activities, including cotton defoliation in the large agricultural areas of Uzbekistan, allows to complete the cotton harvest in October.
It is known that provision of cotton defoliation works in the right time and of highly quality accelerates the natural physiological processes, in particular activates enzymes, thus causing abscission of ca. 90-95% of cotton leaves, opening of bolls increases by 15-20%. At the same time, the portion of the primary cotton harvest increases by 20-25% of the general yield, thus creating the possibility to deliver from 80 to 90% of the high-quality raw cotton to the State, while the economic benefits of the farmers increase on a per hectare basis. The necessity for conducting defoliation activities is also dictated by the need to cultivate the second main agricultural crop, winter wheat, in its optimal dates, in the area of more than 800 thousand ha in the cotton fields of the country.
It should be noted that, in spite of the previous research findings on the topic and the development of scientific recommendations for defoliation, because of incomplete compliance with these recommendations, the cotton defoliation in some areas does not provide the expected effects. At the same time, ill-timed and frequently incorrect implementation of the agrotechnical activities (crop planting, thinning, inter-row cultivation, fertilizer application, irrigation, topping), leads to reduced potential for achieving the cotton growth and development. As a result, carrying out defoliation on such areas without prior assessment of the conditions of each cotton field leads to a considerable reduction of the work quality and thus, to increased non-beneficial expenses. As was confirmed by many scientists, the high efficiency of the cotton defoliation can be achieved only under a full and qualitative compliance with all the agrotechnical measures.
From this point of view, implementation of effective forms and optimal application rates of defoliants, including the locally produced ones, for artificial abscission of cotton leaves related to the existing agro-technology of crop production is an important issue at present.
Therefore, the need for a high-quality execution of cotton defoliation works at the optimal dates, preparation of the fields for the cotton harvest and an effective use of cotton pickers, the implementation of the tasks defined in the decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the activities for the cotton defoliation in 2006”, № PU-443 of August 11, 2006, was the reason for the current studies, the results of which will serve to a successful implementation of these tasks.
Purpose of the study. To investigate the efficiency and optimal application rates and timing of defoliants depending on cotton growth and development stages under various agrotechnical activities in a wide variety of soil and climatic conditions and to develop recommendations for differentiation of their application rates.
Scientific novelty of the research. Assessment of the growth and development of the cotton varieties Bukhara-102 and Bukhara-8 in their growth stages, leaf area index as well as morpho-biological properties prior to the defoliation and optimal application rates of defoliants Sadaf and Auguron-extra under various fertilizer application rates (N150P100K75; N200P140K100; N250P175K125 kg ha-1) were defined. Assessment of the effect of defoliants on leaf abscission, boll opening, yields of the first harvest, mass of a boll, total seed-lint yield as well as estimation of correlation between these characteristics has been conducted for the first time. Thus, examination of the impact of the studied defoliants on the technological properties of the fiber, quality and chemical composition of the seeds as well as final impact on seed germination, growth, development and yield of cotton has been conducted for the first time;
having examined the growth and development, the leaf area index and morpho-biological characteristics of the cotton varieties Navruz and Bukhara-8, grown under various irrigation scheduling (65-65 -60 % and 75-75 -65% of Fc) and various norms of fertilizer application (N150P100K75; N200P140K100 kg ha-1) and plant density (90-100 and 110- 120 thousand plants ha), the optimal application rates of chemical defoliants UzDEF and Auguron-extra were developed for the first time, and in reviewing their effectiveness, correlation relationships between the agrotechnical activities and effectiveness of defoliant usage were estimated. Studies of the impact of defoliants on technological properties of cotton fiber, the quality and chemical composition of cotton seeds under the various agrotechnical activities were conducted;
correlation relationships as well as the economic efficiency of the optimal application rates of defoliants UzDEF, PolyDEF and FanDEF, applied for cotton varieties Andijan-36, Zarafshan and Khorezm-127 in the period of various boll opening dates were identified for the first time;
the detailed recommendations on the differentiated application rates of defoliants taking into account morpho-biological properties of the cotton plants were developed for the first time.
CONCLUSIONS
1. In order to improve the quality and yields of the cotton fiber produced in our country and apllying cotton pickers, as well as to ensure the timely and quality cultivation of the seed grain crops in the inter-row spacing, and taking into account morpho-biological cotton properties, it is necessary to differentiate the defoliants applications and with the optimal rates.
2. Increasing the application rates of the mineral fertilizers under the cotton varieties Bukhara-102 and Bukhara-8 cultivated in typical rainfed soils of the Tashkent province and takyr-like soils of the Kashkadarya province from N150P100K75 kg ha’1 to N200P140K100 and N250P175K125 kg ha-1, an increase in the height of the main stem by 8.9-10.9 and 4.9-11.3 cm, leaf area index by 470.3-703.8 and 390.0-839.9 cm2 and the number of bolls by 2.3-2.5 and 1.3-2.2, respectively. Also, correlation between the leaf area index and the number of bolls (r=0.89) was established.
3. In conditions of the typical rainfed soils of the Tashkent province and the meadow-alluvial soils of the Bukhara province, cultivation of the cotton varieties Navruz and Bukhara-8 with soil moisture within 65-65-60% and 75-75-65% from Fc, application of the mineral fertilizer rates of N150P100K75 and N200P140K100 kg ha-1 as well as under the plant density of 90-100 and 110-120 thousand plants ha’1, the differences of the biometric indicators were identified, with the leaf area index under different soil moisture of 7.1-19.1 cm2, under the influence of the mineral fertilizers 77.9-59.3 cm2 and plant density - 18.6-52.2 cm2.
4. During the defoliant application period, the relationship of differentiation of types and application rates of these defoliants was revealed. Consequently, under the treatment of application of mineral fertilizers for the cotton varieties Bukhara-102 and Bukhara-8 with the rates of N150P100K75 kg ha'1 and defoliants Sadaf with 7.0 1 ha-1 and Auguron-extra 0.15 1 ha'1 as well as the under the scheme of fertilizer application rates of N250P175K125 kg ha'1 and defoliants Sadaf 8.0 1 ha'1 and Auguron-extra 0.25 1 ha'1, defoliation of the cotton leaves, bolls opening and high yields have been established.
In the scheme of cultivation of the cotton varieties Navruz and Bukhara-8 with soil moisture within 65-65-60% from FC, mineral fertilizer application rates of N150P100K75 kg ha'1, high results were received on both plant density under the application rates of defoliants UzDEF 7.0 1 ha'1 and Auguron-extra 0.15 1 ha'1. In the scheme of mineral fertilizer application rates of N200P140K100 kg ha'1, theoretical plant density of 110-120 thousand plants ha'1 and application of defoliants UzDEF 8.0 1 ha'1 and Auguron-extra 0.20 1 ha'1 and in the scheme of plant density of 90-100 thousand plants ha'1 and application rates of UzDEF 7.0 1 ha'1 and Auguron-extra 0.15 1 ha'1, high results on cotton defoliation, bolls opening and high yields were received. The high results were obtained both in the scheme with the soil moisture of 75-75-65% from Fc, mineral fertilizer application rates of N200P140K100 kg ha'1 and under both plant density in the treatments of the application rates of the defoliants UzDEF 8.0 1 ha'1 and Auguron-extra 0.20 1 ha'1, and in the fertilizer application rate of N150P100K75 kg ha'1, theoretical plant density of 110-120 thousand plants ha'1 and application rates of UzDEF 7.0 1 ha'1 and Auguron-extra 0.15 1 ha'1.
5. During implementation of the various agrotechnical activities and differentiated application of defoliants, a correlation between defoliation and bolls opening was identified. In the Tashkent province, under the scheme of mineral fertilizer application rates of N150P100K75 kg ha-1 for cotton variety Bukhara-102 and defoliants Sadaf 7.0 1 ha-1 and Auguron-extra 0.15 1 ha-1, subsequent defoliation of 76.0-80.4% leaves and opening of 83.4-85.1% was established. In the scheme with fertilizer rates of N200P140K100 kg ha-1 and defoliants Sadaf 8.0 1 ha-1 and Auguron-extra 0.20 1 ha'1 subsequent defoliation of 75.5-81.8% leaves and opening of 85.6-88.2% was observed as well as in the scheme with fertilizer rates N250P175K125 kg ha'1 and defoliants Sadaf 8.0 1 ha-1 and Auguron-extra 0.25 1 ha-1 subsequent defoliation of 76.8-79.4%, bolls opening 84.2-86.2% were identified. The high positive correlation coefficient between these indicators was r=0.89±0.05.
Thus, under the different irrigation schemes and different application rates and plant densities, in the schemes with differentiated application of the defoliants UzDEF and Auguron-extra, the correlation coefficient between defoliation and bolls opening was r=0.93, which indicates a high positive level of the relationship between these indicators.
6. Under the influence of various agrotechnical activities applied in this study, the changes of the biometric indicators of cotton varieties as well as bolls opening and increase in mass of 1000 seeds because of the differentiated application of defoliants has led to an increase in cotton yields. In turn, there was a correlation between these factors and cotton yields. For example, under the various rates of fertilizer application under the cotton varieties Bukhara-102 and Bukhara-8, the correlation coefficient between the leaf area index and cotton yields was r=0.89 and between the number of bolls and cotton yield 0.935. It is clear that an increase in the mass of 1000 seeds also contributed to the increase of the crop yields: the correlation between these indicators of 0.753 indicates a high positive relationship. Thus, an increase of the degree of boll opening under the influence of the defoliants Sadaf and Auguron-extra also has led to an increase in cotton yield, with between these indicators r=0.94-0.98.
During the cultivation of the cotton varieties Navruz and Bukhara-8 under various irrigation scheduling, application rates of the mineral fertilizers and plant density, the influence of the differentiated application of defoliants UzDEF and Auguron-extra the average positive relationship between the degree of bolls opening and yields have been identified, with the coefficient r=0.40.
7. Under 30-40% of bolls opening of cotton varieties Andijan-36, Zarafshan and Khorezm-127 and application rates of UzDEF 7.0 1 ha-1 and PolyDEF and FanDEF 6.0 1 ha'1, subsequent defoliation was 81.9-87.4, 82.3-87.8 и 82.9-85.3%, respectively, boll opening 83.2-88.9, 83.1-88.4 и 83.4-89.2%. Under bolls opening at 50-60% with application of UzDEF 8.0 1 ha'1 and PolyDEF and FanDEF 7.0 1 ha'1, the above-mentioned indicators of defoliation were respectively, 82.5-88.5, 82.8-90.2 и 82.2-86.9%, boll opening 90.9-92.0, 90.7-92.3 и 91.2-91.8%. Good positive results have also been achieved under the bolls opening at 70-80% and application rates of UzDEF 8.0 1 ha'1 and PolyDEF and FanDEF 7.0 1 ha'1, after the first harvest. The relationship between the defoliation and bolls opening was high and positive (r=0.73).
8. Under 30-40% of bolls opening, as a result of application of UzDEF with the rate of 7.0 1 ha-1 and PolyDEF and FanDEF 6.0 1 ha-1, the level of boll opening was high, with yields of 3.16-4.62, 3.14-4.57 and 3.42-4.59 t ha-1, respectively. The best results were obtained under the 50-60% of bolls opening and because of application of UzDEF 8.0 1 ha'1 and PolyDEF and FanDEF 7.0 1 ha-1. The yield of the cotton varieties amounted to 3.23-4.69, 3.21-4.62 and 3.44-4.67 t ha-1, respectively. In the treatment with the first cotton harvest high results were received under application of UzDEF with the rate of 8.0 1 ha'1, PolyDEF and FanDEF 7.0 1 ha'1. The yield was 3.17-4.51, 3.16-4.46 and 3.27-4.50 t ha'1. In this study, a correlation between bolls opening and yield was r=0.73±0.11.
9. Under the various agricultural activities and taking into account the dates of bolls opening, the differentiated application rates of the defoliants does not have a negative impact on the quality of the cotton yield, and vice versa, with under optimal application of the defoliants, these values increase even more. Thus, the excessive mineral fertilizer rates cause higher output of the cotton fiber.
10. During implementation of the various agrotechnical activities and taking into account the dates of bolls opening, the optimal defoliants application rates have a positive impact on the chemical composition of the seeds. In particular, there has been an increased mass of 1000 seeds of the cotton varieties Bukhara-102 and Andijan-36 respectively by 1.8-3.0 g., kernel output by 0.7-1.3% and fatness by 0.2-0.3 %. In turn, there is a correlation between these indicators. For example, the correlation between the fiber output and mass of 1000 seeds was 0.272, between the mass of 1000 seeds and the kernel output 0.686 and between the mass of 1000 seeds and fatness 0.739. Thus, there has been an increased mass of 1000 seeds by 0.8-3.0 g., kernel output by 0.3-1.4% and fatness by 0.1-0.4 % in the transition from fertilizer application rates from N150P100K75 kg ha'1 to N200P140K100 and N250P175K125 kg ha'1.
11. Application of the mineral fertilizers as well as various types and rates of defoliants has had a positive impact on the energy and rate of seed germination in the laboratory conditions: owing to optimal fertilizer application rates, the seed germination has increased by 1.6-2.3 %, germination rate by 0.1-0.7% and owing to the defoliant optimal application rate, the seed germination increased by 0.2-2.0%, germination rate by 0.6-1.3%. During the research process, no adverse impact of the use of defoliants on the subsequent generation of the seeds, morphological properties of the cotton varieties have been observed. On the contrary, application of defoliants, which exert a mild impact on various cotton varieties caused rising seed germination rate by 1.0-4.2% compared to the control treatment.
12. Under the various agricultural activities and taking into account the dates of bolls opening, and also optimal rates of the defoliant application, the cotton yield increased by 0.15 and 0.25 t ha-1, especially during the first harvest by 20-25% under the influence defoliants. Therefore, the economic efficiency of the defoliant application is increased compared with the options without the defoliation. At the same time, conditional net profit is increased by 67099.6-130656.7, 148160.0-282033.0 Uzbek soum, respectively, and the degree of cost-effectiveness by 3.7-6.0, 3.5-7.0%, correlation between the degree of cost-effectiveness and increased yields of the first harvest has proved to be positive and high (0.574 and 0.677, respectively).
13. Based on the results of this study, the following recommendations have been suggested: In the areas with a relatively low and retarded growth and development of cotton, to apply the defoliants Sadaf, UzDEF with a rate of 7.0 1 ha-1 and Auguron-extra 0.15 1 ha1;
In the areas with a normal growth and development of cotton, to apply the defoliants Sadaf, UzDEF with a rate of 8.0 1 ha-1 and Auguron-extra 0.20 1 ha-1;
In the areas with excessive growth and development of cotton, to apply the defoliants Sadaf, UzDEF with a rate of 8.0 1 ha-1 and Auguron-extra 0.25 1 ha-1;
Also, in the period of 30-40% of bolls opening, to apply the defoliants UzDEF 7.0 1 ha1, PolyDEF and FanDEF 6.0 1 ha'1;
During the opening period of 50-60%, to apply the defoliants UzDEF 8.0 1 ha-1, PolyDEF and FanDEF 7.0 1 ha1;
In some areas with the early sowing of the cotton seeds, after opening of 70-80% bolls after the first harvest, application of the defoliants UzDEF 8.0 1 ha-1 as well as FanDEF and PolyDEF 7.0 1 ha-1 will contribute to the early opening of the remaining bolls.

Urgency and relevance of dissertation subject. The deepening of the processes of globalization leads to a sharp increase in demand for highly qualified personnel.
In the years of Independence due to the implementation of program activities and measurements, radical reform of the education system of our country became the result of international recognition. In particular, national development model allowed creating an integrated system of continuing education that meets international standards.
In the socio-economic development of the country, in the preparation of the spiritual and mature and competitive specialists undoubtedly plays an important role the activity of manager of education. In this regard, preparation for innovative activity of managers of education in higher education occupies a special place. The effectiveness of their activities to a certain extent is connected with the social and psychological factors that are essential for the development of socio-psychological technologies of training managers of education for innovative activity.
Improvement of the socio-psychological technologies of training the manager of education for innovative activity is actualized as follows: direct dependence of socio-economic development and improvement of all other types of education on the level of development of higher education, because the quality of staff determines the current state and future development of the state; leading role in shaping the education managers into competitive specialists; dependence on the development of science in general, and in particular psychological quality of training of education managers, because at this stage the scientific potential of the Republic of Uzbekistan is mainly concentrated in the universities; the fact that the socio-psychological portrait of the manager of education in each country has its own ethnoregional and ethnopsychological features, without the knowledge and consideration of which it is impossible to achieve the effectiveness of the manager;
explicit dependence of the socio-economic impact in all sectors of society including the economic development of quality of training of manager of education, as well as its efficiency in innovation; the absence of specific socio-psychological research on the problem of improving the social and psychological development of technology of training the education manager for innovative activity at such an important form of education, as the highest school.
It should be noted that in modern scientific organization, basing on the quality of high school education in the framework of this dissertation research, here occupies an important place the identification of socio-psychological barriers for managers of education, adversely affecting their growth and innovation activities, the definition of evaluation criteria of innovational operations of manager of education in higher education institution, the identification of significant social and psychological components of fitness of education manager for innovative activity. Nowadays are important socio-psychological tasks of the development of standardized psycho-diagnostic tools to the study of social and psychological features of manager of education, a profound study of the methodological characteristics of the process of preparation of manager of education for innovative, as well as developed technology of training of manager of education.
Therefore, this dissertation research is addressing a number of problems with the reflection in the legal documents of the higher school, in particular, to improve the quality of education, improve the regulations into line with modern requirements, the preparation of competitive highly qualified personnel.
Purpose of the research is to improve the social and psychological technology of the development of preparation process of the education manager for innovative activity in terms of higher education establishments.
Scientific novelty of dissertation research. According to the results of the dissertation research for the first time was revealed the essence and the concept of innovative activity of manager of education in higher education establishments, defined the role of training managers of education for innovative activity, given its socio-psychological aspects.
were justified significant social and psychological components of preparedness manager for innovation of higher education institutions;
were identified and reasoned socio-psychological barriers of managers of education, which have a negative impact on innovation;
were developed criteria for evaluating innovative activity manager of education;
were proposed methodological features of training manager of education to innovative activity in higher education institutions;
were developed and tested psychodiagnostic methods for the study of innovation management education in Uzbekistan;
were proposed a model of education for training managers to innovate in a higher educational institution;
CONCLUSION
1. Innovative activity of education manager is a special activity, that requires extra preparation and is essentially a result of the creative, creative searchof original, unconventional solutions to pedagogical problems, both by education managers, and jointly with the team. The innovation process consists of formation and development of the content and organization of a new and effective ways in the professional activity of the person. Mostly recognized and generalized criteria used for evaluation of the innovative activity in education, are novelty, optimality, efficiency, the possibility of creative applications in mass practice.
2. One of the effective tools for solving problems of quality training is a system of preparation of education managers in the course of professional activities.
3. Readiness of education manger to innovative activity is defined as the integral education, special personal status, which assumes presence at the the subject of the image structure of actions and constant focus on the consciousness of his execution.
4. There is a negative impact of the teaching activities on personality of education manager, which in its essence is a specific socio-psychological manifestation and prevents a manager from taking a proactive stance in implementation of the effective innovation activity. These manifestations rightfully can be interpreted as socio-psychological barriers that are considered as state experiences, stop or break, and even collision with an obstacle.
5. The results of the survey (with the help of the developed standardized Questionnaire on study of socio-psychological barriers of education manager in the context of innovative activity by modifying the «test questionnaire severity of psychological barriers in teaching activities», interviews (n=293) indicate that the managers regardless of experience of administrative activity experiences different socio-psychological barriers that have a negative impact on the effectiveness of innovative activity. Thus, with the increase of experience of management activities, education managers social barriers do not disappear, they appear to be even more intense at the managers, in this case, the education managers who are experiencing socio psychological barriers, do not realize enough the grounds or contradictions causing them, can not see the most appropriate ways to overcome them, underestimate the most effective ways of working on themselves. In this regard, special procedures are required during the preparation of education managers.
6. Conducting of expert evaluation by a specially designed questionnaire followed by factor analysis allowed us to determine the of twenty conditionally (theoretically) allocated eleven statistically significant criterion for assessing innovative activity of education manager in modern context of higher education institutions.
7. In order to reliably determine efficiency of innovative activity of education manager in modern conditions, selected on the basis of eleven statistically significant criteria was developed standardized diagnostic technique.
8. According to the obtained results of the study (n=293) using a standardized methodology was found that the prevalent number of (32.4%) education managers have an average level of innovation performance.
9. To determine the reliability of the statistical influence of theoretically selected components of preparedness of education manager for innovation performance in a higher educational institution, we performed appropriate peer review (n=187) on a pre-designed questionnaire. According to the results was conducted factor analysis, which allowed us to identify five factors that combine statistically significant components of readiness of education manager to innovative activity in terms of higher education institutions: motivational, communicative; co-creative, contact and organizational. In its composition and content these factors are interrelated, have mainly socio-psychological character, and in this connection, they can be interpreted as a socio-psychological characteristics of education manager.
10. On the basis of the results of the factor analysis, we have developed a standardized questionnaire with relevant (factors) diagnostic scale. According to the study (n=198) with the help of the developed questionnaire an analysis on frequency of encountered socio-psychological characteristics, taking into account groups of effective and less efficient education managers which allowed to state that the socio-psychological characteristics of less efficient education managers have significant differences from the socio-psychological characteristics of effective. So the managers effectively carrying out innovative activity in terms of higher education institutions, are characterized by high motivation, communicative capacity, exercising in professional activities co-creation, possess developed contact, organizational skills, enjoy a well-deserved reputation in the team, they know how to tactfully resolve conflict situations.
11. For the purpose of socio-psychological training education managers to innovative activity, we developed a special model which focuses on the creation of effective integrated treatment (activation, improvement) for socio-psychological characteristics within the allocated previously significant factors of effective education manager in terms of innovative activity. In its content, designed model includes three main parts and related occupations in which are conducted surveys, workshops, mini-lectures, etc.
Conducted research before and after preparation followed by analysis on frequency of occurring features, as well as study of the outcomes of observation and interviews (feedback) during the preparation, allowed us to allocate dynamic changes in socio-psychological characteristics of education managers in the experimental group, positively affecting on innovative activity as a result of the undertaken measures.

The topicality and significance of the subject of dissertation. The rapid growth of the information world rates inextricably leads to increasing levels of complexity while processing information. Insufficiency and lack of the traditional mathematical tools while solving problems of analysis, selecting, classifing and predicting according to data which describe the processes of global social and economic development is becoming obvious. Demand for accuracy and responsiveness of information processing is reinforced in connection with daily increasing information needs of mankind. This encourages scientists to create new approaches to processing large amounts of data with complex structure.
Numerous research works arc implemented to ensure the integration of the republic into the global information space besides implementation of modem information and communication technologies within the demands for the development of social and economic sphere.
Complex integrated systems arc characterized as a large amount of input and output of dates and elements, which have heterogeneous and non-lincar relationships among each other. Information about the system is presented in numerical, qualitative and quantitative forms. As a result, the output of the distribution mechanism of parameters impacting on the system becomes complicated. In some cases, for instance, when severe restrictions on time arc imposed it is impossible to figure out the regularity of relationships.
The rapid development of modem information and communication technologies has led to more effective management of production processes. Due to it material, financial, time and labor costs can be saved. It is one of the reasons which increased scientific and practical interest to data mining in support to decision making. The methods of mining information resources arc the fuzzy inference models, neural networks and hybrid neural, immune, genetic and imitating animal behavior, algorithms of optimization, and generally which embodies the combined model means "Soft Computing" all of which arc based on approximate solutions.
Expanding the scope of the problem in controlling processes, and the development and complexity of the function structure performed by the management requires achieving supporting results in making decision at the level of human opinion. In their turn fuzzy models allow us to describe processes and events of the real world in linguistic terms in natural languages, and the mechanism of fuzzy-decisions is transparent and understandable for people. These obvious advantages extend the capabilities of solving problems in various application fields of science, technology and economics connected with the tasks of analysis, choice, decision-making, classification and prediction in automatic control and monitoring.
The above mentioned statements and highlighted problems justify the actuality of the problem which is the aim of the research meets the challenges of creating systems of data mining models based on the theory of fuzzy sets and reduce errors in alternatives to support decision making by proper selection and configuration of fuzzy model.
This research work is fulfilled to ensure the implementation of that objectives mentioned in the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan «On Informatization», «On electronic document circulation», the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan DP-1989 «On measures for further development of national information and communication system of the Republic of Uzbekistan» dated June 27, 2013 as well as the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers №355 «On measures of implementation of assess of development state of information and communication technologies in the Republic of Uzbekistan» dated December 31, 2013 to enhance the effectiveness of information in society and the widespread introduction of it in social and economic sectors.
The relevance of the dissertation is characterized by the fact that while managing social and economic processes it is very important to pay a special attention to the development of algorithmic means with powerful mathematical tool that implements the elements of artificial intelligence in solving problems of processing and analysis of dates in the formation of alternatives for decision support with minimum errors.
Purpose of the research is to develop methods, models and algorithmic software of data mining on the basis of mechanism of mathematical tools, for the theory of fuzzy sets for decision-making support of management tasks also the implementation of research results into systems of decision-making for semistructured decisions.
Scientific novelty.
A method of constructing database rules to implement fuzzy model in creating systems mining decision support is established;
A mathematical model of constructing a strategy decision making in semi-logical-linguistic mapping systems to create a system of target monitoring and data mining is developed;
A method of setting the parameters of fuzzy knowledge bases on a modified gradient method and the Markov model to improve the efficiency of the mechanism to support management decision-making system of target monitoring and data mining is formulated;
A description of the methods and data mining models on the basis of fuzzy approach in weakly formalized problems is proposed;
The recurrent equations on the basis of the fuzzy sets theory to find the optimal strategy in fuzzy models in target monitoring arc advanced;
The principles, criteria and requirements for constructing intelligent systems management decision-making based on methods and algorithms of data mining arc established;
Models and algorithms for solving classification and forecasting problems based on data mining in management decisions arc developed
Conclusion
In the dissertation work the system analysis is carried out. Methods, models and algorithms of data mining, realizing an integrated approach to creation of support systems of decision-making arc developed.
The main results of researches arc the following:
1. The analysis of scientific literature, revealing the current state of the problems of building Data Mining systems based on fuzzy-set approach will allow to generate and validate a conceptual framework, design approaches, methods, models and algorithms for constructing decision support systems in targetmonitoring.
2. The mathematical formulation of the problems of decision-making and semi-structured governing of finding optimal solutions to the complex structured tasks thereby provide effictive alternative solutions for the decision support systems.
3. A method of constructing fuzzy inference of model identification in the construction of target monitoring systems and data mining where the model of parametric and structural identification arc implemented. Singleton and Mamdani models have been developed for parametric identification. Model structure identification is implemented on the basis of the algorithms of cluster analysis and subjective methods of separation, the main function of which is to identify the structural characteristics of the fuzzy model in the construction of fuzzy rule base, which serves as a methodological framework for the development of models based on the theory approaches of fuzzy sets.
4. This very method and algorithm of solving the problem of constructing a fuzzy model with the effective implementation of fuzzy rule base justifies the possibility of creating a well-functioning system of data mining.
5. To increase the efficiency of targetmonitoring and data mining while working with a large sets of input data by applying the settings with the fuzzy approach developed gradient method of parametric identification. Implementation of such approaches increases the reliability of decisions of the semistructured tasks by models of fuzzy approach and elements of the fuzzy rule base.
6. Five models of decision- making with the description of fuzzy sets and events for the allowed states of the environment in implementing intelligent systems are proposed. The methods and models display the source data semistructured problems in fuzzy-plural form, evaluating alternatives, searching and finding optimal strategies. A Markov model with fuzzy approach for solving the problem of classification in decision support systems is developed. The given methods and models determine the nature of ill-structured problems, and can improve the accuracy and efficiency of the formation of alternative solutions in systems support decisions.
7. On the basis of the proposed methods and models developed algorithm for problem solving of forecasting the cotton and its application is implemented . The results of prediction of proposed ten step algorithm to construct a fuzzy model arc 0.5-3% more efficient than the existing algorithms. In particular, the accuracy of  the results achieved 96,5-99,8% in problem solving of predicting the yield and cost of raw cotton.
8. An algorithm based on the methods settings fuzzy model for the implementation of decision support is developed and positive results arc justified. Accuracy of objects classification in model problems (IRIS, WINE, «dog-wolf», the diagnosis of cancer) comprises 97-100% in applied problems (forecast yield of raw cotton, cotton varieties selection of conformity, classification workflow system) - 92-98%.
9. The software-oriented to the implementation of decision support systems based on the developed fuzzy set theory approaches have been introduced in the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Department of Agriculture and Water Resources of Dzhizak region, which received acts of implementation and confirms economic benefit from the results of the research done in this dissertation.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. According to the data of World Health organization 95-98% of population in the age of 35-44 has periodontal diseases1. Recent years increase of periodontal disease was seen especially among young population. Epidemiological studies showed that the prevalence of periodontal diseases was 97% in schoolchildren in Italy. In UK and USA gingivitis is seen in 36-90% children aged 17, in Poland schoolchildren 65%, in Germany inflammatory disease of gingiva is registered up to 80%5. In addition periodontal disease in young population of Lithuania is seen up to 83%, inBelarus 83.9, Kazakhstan 82.3% and in Turkmenistan up to 84.8%6.
According to the dental status in the world nowadays medical organizational condition of dental prevention and periodontology should be improved. There is lack of measures on primary prevention of main dental diseases and improvement of oral health literacy and healthy living7.
In this respect, effective diagnosis, treatment and rational dental service organization is one of the urgent problems in the practice and science of dentistry.
During the years of independence in the Republic of Uzbekistan, including the provision of quality health services to the population on the prevention and treatment of diseases of peridontium was performed. Children, particularly maternal and child health programs as a result of these actions to strengthen disease early detection, and prevention achieved positive results.
Dissertation priority measures to be implemented in this direction to improve the quality of medical services provided to decrease the periodontal diseases, based on the epidemiological description of the regional distribution of feature detection, prevention diseases periodontium, effective organizational and external reorganization of its key medical and medical social connections, effective medical and organizational models developed by the scientific issues. In addition, a comprehensive approach to this disease at various levels to create effective prevention of the disease, dispensary work with groups controlled and public-health research to improve the practice of their disease prevention periodontium, based on the development of the concept and its application to explain the relevance of this study.
This research work will serve as a solution to be performed within performance of the tasks set in the Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan "About measures for a further excavation of reforming of health system" dated 28.11.2011 for No.PP-1652, i.e. ensuring wide availability and quality primary medico sanitary help to the population, rising of overall performance of diagnostic and outpatient and preventive establishments on prophylaxis of diseases and protection of public health.
Research objective: to develop the concept and the program of prophylaxis of periodontal diseases and to improve the principles of the organization of the periodontal help to the population of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Scientific novelty of dissertation research consists in the following:
On the basis of complex study of periodontal problem regional characteristics of the spread of the disease was revealed and dental health service for the treatment of patients with medical, social, psychological, and other enhancement opportunities identified;
periodontal service quality in specialized dental policlinics was identified;
on the basis of complex studying of the problem from medical-social, medical-organisational, medical standard and medical psychological preferred medical-organisational model of periodontal dental service;
according to the model of organization of healthcare service primary, secondary and tertiary effective prevention of periodontal disease directions were developed;
targeted norm of dental service efficiency was developed that was directed to increase the efficiency of dental service and targeted organization;
on the basis of complex studying organization of prevention in 3 levels, improving working of dispenser group and on the basis of social-hygienic research concept of periodontal disease prevention and its program was developed.
CONCLUSION
1. The object of the dissertation research on the epidemiological investigation carried out on the basis of the spread of diseases periodontium, 1991 - 98%, 2000 -85%, 2010 - 80% 2014 - there was a reduction of 72.9 percent. The index of the same period in the range of Spitz on the need of medical assistance sextant 27 units fell.
2. In accordance with the results, the periodontium a high level of health literacy causes of the spread of diseases to administer a wide range of measures to implement the requirements of modem medical-social and socio-sanitary measures is explained by the need to go further improved on the basis of (patients with periodontitis only 22.4-31.0 medical information about the disease dentist percent).
3. Dentistry Dental medical service in the rational organization of time to optimize the structure of the diseases periodontium, and surgical methods of treatment in accordance with the purpose of increasing the consumption of time (time dentist main business is 78.1% in the treatment of caries and its complications).
4. The regular coverage of rehabilitation and hygienic procedures dentist periodontist dental hygienist with the state in accordance with the purpose of optimization of the unit by separating the unity of the state.
5. Periodontist the implementation of the health care priorities of improving the efficiency of preventive measures necessary to ensure that (according to the results of the research, disease prevention periodontium, the average efficiency of 29.82% and the effect of dispensaries increased by 38.3%).
6. Organizational, social, medical and hygiene, and medical and social activities in order to increase the effectiveness of measures for the systematic identification and monitoring them "dental service efficiency target quotas" and he developed a full opportunity to engage in the practice of health factors specified in the planning, implementation and allows integral to reflect the results of the monitoring.
7. Study of the conceptual diseases periodontium, patients with primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention approach determines the direction and out of the dispensary observation groups: healthy, practical, compensation, sub compensation decompensation and define the goals and objectives of the patients in each stage.
8. The concept of the program of prevention and prevention of diseases periodontium high efficiency and practical importance in addressing the problems. Primary 28.12% of the effectiveness of primary prevention, secondary prevention in the average efficiency of 30.47 percent, and tertiary prevention in the average efficiency of 26.45%, all the preventive measures the overall efficiency of 29.82%. The effectiveness of dispensaries increased by 38.30 percent.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Design engineering of high quality structures and reliability while saving materials and other financial and human resources, as well as shortening the design terms are impossible without the use of modem methods of optimization and design automation based on the use of modem computer technology. Development of new mathematical models of efficient algorithms, software packages and systems for solving various classes of problems, is one of the central areas in modem science.
The market strategy of social development in a competitive environment imposes severe restrictions demanded of the design period. In such circumstances, the use of CAD is becoming a necessity.Dcvelopmcnt of the national economy and the increasing role of science in this sector more acutely pose scientific and technical personnel problems to improve production efficiency, saving materials, improve the quality of the final product, reducing design time and putting it into operation. The task of providing theoretical, methodological and applied bases efforts to the successful solution of these problems by experts faces in front of the Science. The complexity of the problem requires the use of sound and practically proven mathematical models and methods to provide a solution to control applications process of building design in market conditions, including through the use of CAD technology and automated control systems (ACS). The practical significance of the problem lies in the use of guidelines and recommendations of the study in practice in the production of design and technological documentation for tasks aimed at the efficiency of the design process, including the use of CAD and ACS for different purposes.
Comprehensive measures taken by the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan for the development of CAD, on the basis of the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan PP-1730 "On measures to further the implementation and development of modem information and communication technologies" on 21 March 2012, aimed at wide dissemination and implementation of software products developed based on modem information technology. In this regard, the creation of complex software tools for analysis and optimization of engineering structures is of particular relevance and, at the same time is a topical theoretical and applied problem of great national economic significance.
CAD arc now one of the most effective means of improving the performance of engineering work and scientific activity, reduce the time and improve the quality of technical developments. The modem approach to design automation is not limited to the use of the computer during the time-consuming calculations, information retrieval and production of technical documentation. Today we arc talking about the creation of so-called intelligent human-machine systems, in which is possible to perform the entire cycle of design work, ranging from scientific research to manufacturing design and technological documentation, and in some cases - models or prototypes.
Demand is characterized by the thesis that the entire cycle of design work, ranging from scientific research to manufacturing design and technological documentation, and the need for the widespread introduction of methods and algorithms for computer-aided design into production, determine necessary and appropriate for automation of process of designing the optimum engineering designs.
The purpose of the study is to develop a scientific and methodological foundations, mathematical models, algorithms, methods and practices for the implementation of computer-aided design engineering structures, integrating the stages of design and technological design based on unified principles of information exchange.
In order to achieve the intended objectives formulated the following research objectives:
development of the concepts and principles of CAD optimum engineering designs;
analysis of scientific and applied research in the field of the variant and optimal design of engineering structures;
development of the mathematical models, the creation of efficient algorithms and a set of software tools for solving optimization problems of thin-walled structures;
research of convergence algorithms design of engineering structures and their parametric optimization;
development of algorithmic optimization system simulation analysis, synthesis and optimization of design and technological solutions in the CAD engineering designs;
carrying out of computational experiments to study the models and algorithms for optimization of engineering structures;
realization of a neural network approach to solve the problems of the dynamics of plates;
application of the development specific recommendations of the thesis to the practice aided variant design of engineering structures.
Conclusion
For the further improving the efficiency of production, material savings, improving the quality of designed objects, shortening design of engineering structures it is necessary to improve the existing computer-aided design and creation of complex algorithms, the operation of which is mainly based on the use of optimization techniques, systems analysis and mathematical modeling.
The object structure-attribute models arc developed which at the level of information thumbnail representations include design and technological aspects of engineering design that allows formalizing the description of the tasks at the level of technological design sketch coordinates, and provides a high degree of automation of operations during the transition to executive coordinates. Conception of concomitance has been substantiated modeling of interconnected set of heterogeneous design information that allows for the integration of computer-aided design and control systems design work.
The main results of the thesis dedicated to solving one of the most important and urgent problems of optimal design of engineering structures are as follows:
1. On the basis of a systematic approach, taking into account the specificity of the optimal design of engineering structures has been formulated the basic conceptual approaches and positions to address scientific problems implementing methods and algorithms for analysis and synthesis of design and technological solutions in the CAD engineering structures based on common principles of unified information exchange.
2. It is proved that for effective solution of a broad class of optimization problems it is advisable to use optimizing systems, including a set of search algorithms.
3. Theoretical bases of optimization of engineering structures based on mathematical models for optimization in terms of the efficiency criterion as the weight of the object of the study. The construction of such models required of both theoretical and computational experiments. Great amount of material on models and algorithms widely used in the project business, allowed for the first time in the design practice to develop the most reliable (adequate) systems of optimization algorithms engineering designs.
4. The algorithms of local and global search (GP-3) arc proposed, which allow solving multiextrcmal problems, and providing time reduction of the computational process. On the basis of the algorithm GP-3 there is created its modification, problem-solving abilities in the presence of integer variables.
5. The method of determining the optimal sequence of application of optimization algorithms, that have a top speed of convergence arc offered. A method for parametric identification of models and the actual identification problem is reduced to an extreme and then applying the algorithm GP-3.
6. A system for solving algorithmic classes of optimization problems, based on the work of algorithmic banks (B), is proposed and each of which has a well-defined function. Algorithmic system works automatically and statements of: unification productions optimization problems; control of the correct formulation of a specific task; research and identification of models; selection algorithms of the conditions of admissibility to solve this problem and optimality; conduct parametric identification in order to achieve the desired convergence rate for the class of problems in this subject area: A method of optimal sequence of application of the developed algorithms is offered.
7. The results of the calculation to optimize the type of underground facilities. Existing design vaults vault stations arc not rational in the sense of the materials flow. The possibility of designing sets of constant curvature with a more rational use of material than existing plants arc also shown. The feasibility of the design of arch design methods of mathematical programming and computer capable to find the optimal, the chosen criterion, arch design has been proved.
8. On the proposal of recommendations for the design of optimal engineering designs for weight optimization and algorithmic algorithmization there is created a system protected by the copyright certificate and implemented in the design practice.
9. The method of approximation and the simulation algorithm for neural networks systems of equations of the dynamics of a plate freely supported or rigidly fixed on the edges is developed, and the results of numerical computational experiments confirmed a better convergence of the iterative process for solving systems of equations of biharmonic vibrations homogeneous plates of constant thickness with an indefinite matrix using the principle polutransformatsii Gaussian transformation compared with the original system of equations actual vibration structures.
10. The results of the research can be successfully applied by research institutes, research and design centers and institutions associated with the solution of various optimization problems in the design and construction of engineering structures.
The economic effect from the implementation of the results of research consists of the following components:
computing from the results of the experiment arc defined structure, having a similar safety margin differ in weight by almost 20 times, structures of membranes of varying thickness can, in some cases, reduce the weight by 14% (for cylindrical shells) and 27% (for the conical shells) compared with the structures of the shells of constant thickness.
as a result of structural optimization by weight considered identical design margin of safety, the values were significantly different weights blocked almost 20 times, to realize structures of variable thickness shells reduce weight by 14% (for cylindrical shells) and 27% (for the conical shells) in comparison with the structures of the shells of constant thickness, made in such a way to save material and labor resources.
Thus, on the basis of theoretical generalization and implementation set out in the provisions of the new scientific resolved a major problem of development of methods and algorithms for analysis and synthesis of design and technological solutions in CAD engineering structures and facilities, as well as a result of optimization of engineering structures and constructions by weight , saving materials, improve the quality of the final product, shortening the design and putting into operation has an important national economic significance.

Actuality and demand of the theme of dissertation. Present stage of social and economic development of the Republic of Uzbekistan reflects the nature and the depth of economic reforms in economic complex of the country, the state and prospects of formation of the structure of market relations objects, diversity of property forms, including agricultural sector.
Engineering provision of agro-industrial complex (AIC) presents a principal growth factor in agriculture. At the same time in transition period from planned economy to a market one the activity of farm producers was hampered by negative factors, occurring in technical maintenance and services. In addition, maintenance of electrical installations in agro-industrial complex is at a low level; certain forms of maintenance and repair works were lost due to the lack of spare parts and elements and high-quality professionals. For example, Association "Agropromcncrgo", being previously a reliable energy supplier for villages, for various reasons, has ceased its activities on repair and maintenance of complex electrical equipment and electrical installations.
Under these conditions of undergoing restructuring of some branches of economy, effective organization of energy service in agriculture would allow to reduce: - material consumption, necessary for repair and operation works; - energy intensity of production process due to organizational and technical measures; - and to ensure high-productive utilization of energy equipment and hence - effective use of labor resources.
All this gives us the grounds to consider scientific study in organization of energy service in conditions of restructuring and improvement of activity of AIC enterprises as actual and urgent one.
The demand in dissertational investigation is connected with the development of energy service enterprises which would carry out the works on repair and modernization with efficient use of electrical equipment in conditions of development of farming in Uzbekistan and organization of local small enterprises, private and other companies and firms with different forms of property. The system of energy service, regardless of the form of property and the type of activity of enterprise-consumer, provides design, installation, assembly and startup of energy equipment and realization of all necessary processes of its operation, beginning from the stage of equipment introduction into operation. This is expressed in fulfillment of reliable operation of electrical equipment, provision of its long-term exploitation and realization of the complex of organizational and technical measures to render technical maintenance and eliminate refusals in equipment operation as quick as possible.
This investigation has great importance in connection to the Guidelines and Recommendations of I.A.Karimov - the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, stated by him while visiting on 25th of October, 2006 an exhibition «Uzbekistan Agrominitech - 2006» in Uzexpocenter, specialized in mini-technologies and equipment for agriculture, and to the Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan № ПП 2343 on 5th of May, 2015 «On program of measures to reduce energy intensity, to implement energy-saving technologies in the areas of economy and social sphere in 2015-2019».
The aim of research - is to develop scientific and methodological practically important bases to improve efficiency and operational reliability of electrical equipment, methods and forms of organization of energy services in agricultural sector of AIC.
Scientific novelty of the research consists in the following:
features of energy service enterprises have been analyzed;
scientific methods and practically important bases to improve the efficiency and operational reliability of electrical equipment, energy services organization in AIC have been worked out;
advanced scientific and methodological bases of energy services in conditions of AIC restructuring have been developed;
location points and the structure of energy service enterprises have been substantiated
new results of experimental studies and estimation of financial efficiency of energy service enterprises in AIC sphere have been obtained;
financial problems of realization of worked out principles of energy service organization have been substantiated.
Conclusion
Theoretical generalizations and practical solutions of actual scientific-technical problem to substantiate organization bases of development of energy in agriculture and energy service in conditions of AIC restructuring arc fulfilled in the dissertation. On the basis of carried out complex of scientific investigations the following results have been obtained:
1. By analysis of functioning of fuel-energy complex and system of agricultural electrification it was stated that power supply of rural energy consumers has its specific features, namely: rural consumers have relatively small but different characteristics in capacity, load, they arc located from each other over long distances.
In conditions of market planning with diversity of ownership forms and management one of the most important reserve of higher efficiency of AIC is an organization of proper maintenance service in this sphere.
It is also shown that one of the most important reserve of AIC efficiency is an organization of proper energy supply service which should be complex and include technical, technological, economic, organization and staff components.
2. It is shown that theoretical and practical problems of electric equipment operation should cover its use, maintenance and repair, as well as organization of high productivity and mobile electric technical service. Here the most important issue is the choice of the form of organization of energy service in AIC, structure principles and the level of technical equipment of its enterprises, organized with consideration of world and domestic experience.
An original program of mathematical and computer modeling of energy service has been worked out, a certificate of the Republic of Uzbekistan № DGU 02848 on 20.11.2014 was received, which facilitated solution of practically important problems of modeling of energy service system.
3. Investigation of refusal occurrence in electrical system of AIC has shown that the need for a more thorough supervision of each element, and constant monitoring of its mode of operation is necessary. During normal operation the regularity of electric equipment cannot be violated as this is increasing the intensity of refusals and wear probability. Electric equipment should be directed for capital repair or taken out from operation at initial period of failure of wear detection.
4. It is stated that concentration of available means and staff in the system of energy service leads to reduction of maintenance duration; production capacity of energy service enterprises should correspond to load amount, which is proportional to a number of equipment units in maintenance zone and intensity of maintenance requests flow.
Efficiency of implementation of measures on energy service depends on reduction in cost prices due to true rate setting, provision of optimal modes of equipment operation.
5. It is shown that to account expenses in cost prices of energy service it is necessary to consider average distance of transportation and configuration of energy equipment, by introducing correction coefficient -r|T.
6. Optimal location of all sectors of energy service enterprises is defined; it should strictly correspond to technological process of service by accepted scheme of movements, including electric repair shops.
7. Parameters of functioning of energy service enterprises arc optimized in conditions of transition to market economic relations; this includes: - process and tariffs instability, - dimensions of farmer’s peasant’s and shirkat households, -characteristics of electric equipment operation in conditions of breaking up of large farms, - number and state of obsolete electric equipment, - occurrence of once-only cutoffs in the system of centralized power supply.
8. Worked out pilot project of organization of energy service enterprises is implemented into the management of agriculture and water resources in Tashkent region of the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2013), and in machine-tractor fleet (MTF) of Karmanin, Kiziltepa, Navbakhor and Khatirchi districts of Navoi region (2009).
9. Carried out calculation of economic efficiency of investment project of organization of energy service has shown that in net discount profit (NDP) and in profitability index (PI) this project is profitable. Here profitability index is 4,278, the value of internal norm of profitability - 2,651 or 265,1%, payback time - 42 monds.
10. Worked out scientific methodical bases of energy service in AIC arc recommended for: the use in elaboration of scientific bases of prediction of power consumption; realization of organizational technical measures to increase an efficiency of utilization of energy resources, including renewable ones; development of scientific principles of application of automated systems of complex management by energy resources (ASCMER) in AIC spheres.
Total annual economic profit from implementation of study results, algorithms of software product and 9% increase in coefficient of readiness , 33% elimination of shutdowns due to two times limitation in duration of damaged equipment repair and due to increase in labor efficiency and labor resources economy is 142 million 91 thousand soum.
So, on the basis of theoretical generalization and practical realization, given in the dissertation, a major problem on efficiency increase in electric equipment operation has been solved; this problem has a considerable economic importance.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Until 1992, in the country standardization, metrology, quality control and other systems were based on the administrative - command principles.
Upon gaining of Independence, Uzbekistan has faced with the need to create its own economic management model based on own experience and experience of industrialized countries at the shortest period.
One of the most important means of streamlining work in all aspects of society is to standardize, designed first and foremost, to ensure the safety of life, health, property of people and the environment.
During the early years of independence (1992 - 1995 yy.) normative documents of State Standardization System (GSS Uz), State System for Ensuring Uniformity of Measurements (GSI Uz), and Certification System of Uzbekistan (NCS Uz) were developed based on mainly preceding principles with partial consideration on rules of market economy.
Uzbekistan's integration into the world community of producers, has established need for a comprehensive solution at the modem organizational and methodological level on issues concerning reliability of testing and measurement results of product properties.
A mechanism for ensuring uniformity of measurements in the country is metrological control and surveillance. Therefore, development of new guidelines for implementation of these activities and improvement of existing types of metrological control and the forms of metrological supervision is a priority for research in the area of traceability, which is necessary to comply with international and interstate rules and regulations, which facilitate interaction between the metrological services of different countries.
Other important focal points in the area of traceability arc measuring techniques and methods of non-dcstructive testing, their current condition and the use, of which until 1998 required an immediate reform and to bring the system in line with current requirements.
The first legal step towards protection of consumer market from dangerous poor quality products was the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Certification of Products and Services", adopted in 1993.This law has introduced one of the forms of conformity assessment - a mandatory certification; it was one of the mechanisms to protect consumers from poor quality and dangerous products.
Until 1998, in the country mainly certification system has been developed as only the existing form of conformity assessment and verification scheme created over the expansion of such existing form. Similarly, the structure of an accreditation system was built under the certification system.
Based on international practice, by 1999, grew a need to reform existing conformity assessment system, and bringing it closer to the rules and structure of international standards.
Development and improvement of GSS Uz, GSI Uz, NCS and accreditation system of Uzbekistan which arc inter - sector systems designed to provide a comprehensive system support quality and competitiveness of products and services, transition to market mechanisms in the economy, preparation of Uzbekistan’s accession to the WTO, all have an enormous scientific and undeviating practical interest, and therefore, they poise significant issue to focus on.
The purpose of the study is to provide scientific and practical bases to improve standardization, uniformity of measurements and conformity assessment systems of the Republic of Uzbekistan, harmonized with international systems to fit with the global system of standardization, measurement and conformity assessment.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consist in the following:
Demonstrated the need for and ways of reformation GSS Uz and formation Technical Regulations System (GSTR Uz);
Proposed reformation of GSS Uz carried out by creating of fundamental organizational and methodical and general - technical system standards;
Drafted Laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan "on Technical Regulation", adopted in April 2009 and "On Conformity Assessment", adopted in October 2013;
Justified and approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rcpubllic of Uzbekistan: additional measures to simplify certification procedure; improve structure and organization of the Uzbek Agency for Standardization, Metrology and Certification; measures to improve system for standardization, metrology and certification of products and services;
Substantiated necessity for integration of GSS Uz, GSTR Uz, GSI Uz, NCS Uz and CA Uz with the global standardization, measurement and conformity assessment systems currently built on the platform of international and regional organizations;
Formulated the concept of scientific and methodological foundations for the development and improvement of national standardization, measurement uniformity, technical regulations and conformity assessment systems in line with international practices in the Republic of Uzbekistan for a prospective term, as well as a program of measures to implement them.
Conclusion
Summary of results of the research to improve standardization, measurement traceability and conformity assessment systems of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the conditions of a market economy have produced following, the most important and significant findings of the thesis, as well as formulated recommendations on application and implementation of its results:
1. The need to reform GSS Uz and form technical regulations system of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
2. Reform of the GSS Uz to be carried out by creating a set of fundamental organizational and methodical and general technical standards for the system.
3. Ensure implementation of drafted and adopted Laws "On Technical Regulation" and "On Conformity Assessment".
4. Ensure implementation of measures to improve systems for standardization, metrology and certification of products and services, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
5. Formulated concept of scientific and methodological foundations for the development and improvement of national standardization, technical regulation, measurement traceability and conformity assessment systems based on international practice in the Republic of Uzbekistan for a further term and program of measures for their implementation.
6. The first time a national regulatory framework in the field of nondestructive testing, which currently includes 10 state-level regulations (including -5 state standards), allowed to organize relationship between subjects of these activities and strengthen functioning of entire NDT system in Uzbekistan as a whole.
7. Research and teaching and learning materials, written under the leadership and personal involvement of the author, have been used in the educational process of the Tashkent State Technical University named after Abu Rayhan Biruni, Tashkent Automobile and Road Institute, Tashkent Agrarian University, Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology, Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Land Reclamation, Tashkent Institute of Railway Engineers in bachelors and masters programs and Research Institute of Standardization, Metrology and Certification of Uzstandard agency during professional training process of specialists in various sectors of the economy.
8. Determined structure of the conformity assessment system based on the current and expected legislative acts, taking into the account of international experience in this field.
9. It is necessary to develop a regulatory framework GSTR Uz implement them in practice. This ensures the unity and common rules of the system for all concerned.
10. It is necessary to approve the State program development and implementation of technical regulations covering strategically important kinds of products, mainly export-oriented products. Development and implementation in sectors harmonized with the international requirements of technical regulations to ensure the quality, safety and competitiveness of domestic goods (services).
11. It is necessary to ensure the improvement of the regulatory framework of the declaration and the wider introduction of conformity assessment of products by declaration. This, in turn, will create an opportunity to develop testing facilities accredited laboratories and laboratories of industrial enterprises, improve product competitiveness.
12. It is necessary to ensure complete harmonization of the procedures and rules of the standardization system in Uzbekistan with the international standards adopted in the republic of advanced international and national standards of developed countries. The adoption in Uzbekistan of international, regional and national standards of developed countries as national standards to ensure the implementation of high technology and the competitiveness of domestic products in the international market.
13. Ensure the introduction of GSI Uz requirements of technical regulation system, the development and improvement of forms and methods SMCS and the introduction of new forms of MCS.
14. Extension of MCS of the metrological services of legal entities, with the redistribution of functions between SMS and legal entities.
15. It is necessary to ensure the continued development and improvement of the regulatory and institutional foundations ND, the integration of the national system of ND in international and inter-state system.
Key findings of the research included in the basic regulations of GSS Uz, GSI Uz , GSTR Uz, NCS Uz, CA Uz, Uz SC, systems for product testing operating in the Republic of Uzbekistan, and characterized by mandatory application.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. According to the world statistics data each year there is an increase the rates among of the blood diseases exactly of allergic vasculitis. According to data of many authors the incidence of allergic vasculitis per 100,000 capita is 13-20 people suffer more children between 4 to 7 years, the ratio of the disease among men and women equal to 2:1.
In the Republic of Uzbekistan the incidence rate of allergic vasculitis has increased. According to the data of National Scientific and Practical Center of Dermatology and Venereology in the past 10 years the incidence of disease per 100 000 population representing 18.3%. Increasing the number of of disease is due to climate change, ecological degradation and higher insolation.
Today, diagnostics based on the pathogenetic mechanisms the development of allergic vasculitis, improvement of existing treatment approaches as well as the elaboration of effective methods is an actual scientific problem.
It is therefore necessary to develop proposals based on scientific investigation the status of hemostasis according to the type and severity of the of allergic vasculitis, depending on the type as well as the characteristics of the clinical manifestations of the disease.
It should be noted that the diagnosis of these diseases and the development of effective treatments severity of the condition in patients with allergic vasculitis and accordingly the form composition of peripheral blood, hemostasis, changes in vascular endothelium, NO-system and assessment of endogenous intoxication, as well as the identification in patients with allergic vasculitis degree of violation of the immune system, the role of immunoglobulins in violation of microcirculation, the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of inflammatory vasculitis is one of the important tasks.
In the complex treatment of allergic vasculitis of skin scientific developed proposals based on the degree of violation of of the immune system as well as the evaluation of the effectiveness of complex treatment of superficial and deep forms and development of conclusions based on morphological changes in the forms of erythrocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with vasculitis is of particular importance.
According to OP №1652 of President of the Republic of Uzbekistan for November 28, 2011 "Measures to deepening the reform of the health system" provide the same goals. This research work, allowing to identify patients with allergic vasculitis in the early stages, treat and conduct prevention and as a result, reduce the mortality rate, disability, as well as improve the quality of life and the prognosis and all this ultimately determines the significance and necessity of the thesis.
Purpose of research: study of pathogenic mechanisms of allergic vasculitis and development of the modem approach to their diagnosis and treatment based on immunological, biochemical and morphological studies of the results.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research. For the first time found an association degrees of severity of allergic vasculitis with changes of the hemostatic system, the state of lipid peroxidation - antioxidant protection, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection, endogenous intoxication based on a comprehensive study of its pathogenesis;
revealed violations of the balance of T-hclpcr and T-supprcssor, which was accompanied by a sharp stimulation of helper subpopulations in both forms of dermatosis and against this background there was a significant increase in T-suppressor for superficial vasculitis and decrease for deep vasculitis;
in patients with superficial form of allergic vasculitis was defined formula disorders of the immune system which allows to identify key indicators of hypoand hyperfunction of the immune system components of immunity: CD43 +, CD33 +, IgA3 + V13 +, CD83 +, Limf3 +, IgM 1 +, IgG 1 +;
formula disorders of the immune system in patients with profound form of allergic vasculitis has the form: CD43 +, B-lim.3 +, IgA3 +, IgM3 +, CD83 +, CD33 +, Limf.3 +, IgGl +;
for the first time revealed that violations of structural and metabolic status of peripheral blood erythrocytes in the acute phase of allergic vasculitis caused by intensification of lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defense systems failure of red blood cells and arc characterized by a modification of the lipid bi layer of erythrocyte membranes with changes in their surface architectonics and rheological characteristics. In turn, the destructive-modified red blood cells circulating in the blood stream in large amounts, increase the degree of thrombophilia and exacerbate the severity of intravascular microcirculatory disorders in allergic vasculitis;
Have been developed algorithms of an estimation the general condition and the extent of disease activity and complex treatment of patients with allergic vasculitis.
Conclusion
1. Injury of the capillaries arc noted at allergic vasculitis of surface skin, arterioles and venules of the skin, while deep skin allergic vasculitis affects medium and large caliber vessels, located on the border of the dermis and hypodermis, and in hypodermis only. Local skin manifestations arc primarily arising from common vascular disorders.
2. Activation of vascular-platelet hemostasis is expressed in allergic vasculitis, which is manifested in the increase of spontaneous and induced platelet aggregation and enhanced activity of von Willebrand factor by 2.5 times compared to the control. This testifies on connection of endothelial dysfunction and disorders of hemostasis (strong correlation r = -0,73), and is one of the major factors of occurrence and pathogenesis of allergic vasculitis.
3. Increased MDA and decreased SOD activity in the scrum of patients with deep skin vasculitis, was in direct proportion of the allergic vasculitis lesion depth. The level of NO in the scrum of patients with superficial form of allergic vasculitis, increased by 43.2% and in patients with deep form - by 50.4% relative to the control group data.
4. In patients with superficial and deep skin vasculitis arc formed the same type of immune responses in the form of activation of cellular and humoral units of immunity under leukopenia and lymphocytosis and was revealed impaired balance of T-helper and T-suppressor accompanied by sharp stimulation of helper subpopulations in both forms of dermatosis and in this background there was a significant increase in T-suppressor for superficial vasculitis and decrease at deep forms of vasculitis.
5. In patients with superficial form of allergic vasculitis defined formula of disorders of the immune system allows to identify key indicators of hypo- and hyperfunction of the immune system along the links Immunities: CD43 + CD33 + IgA3 + V13 + CD83 + Limf3 + IgMl + IgGl +, and in patients with profound form of allergic vasculitis has the form: CD43 + В -lim.3 + IgA3 + IgM3 + CD83 + CD33 + Limf.3 + IgGl+.
6. The destructive-modified erythrocytes before treatment, circulating in the blood flow in large amounts, increase the degree of thrombophilia and exacerbate the severity of intravascular microcirculatory disorders in allergic vasculitis. Under the action the complex treatment in preclinical was observed increasing share of discocytes in the affected area by 50.9%, and the finger - by 23.7%, which leads to normalization of the microvasculaturc, which in turn provides a more pronounced recovery and physiological parameters of blood .
7. Combined therapy has a positive effect on the immune reactivity of patients with allergic vasculitis, improvement of peripheral blood indexes, normalize hemostasis, POL-AOP, adequate nitric oxide (NO) production with vascular endothelium, thereby increasing of therapeutic effect.
8. In 92,2% of patients with superficial and deep vasculitis treated with combined therapy, was received a positive therapeutic effect, allowing for 3-4 days to reduce the length of stay in a hospital bed. The monitoring of patients for three years showed that the method of treatment would prevent relapses of the disease and lengthen the remission.

Topicality and relevance of the dissertation theme. Currently, the share of medicinal products derived from plant raw materials is more than 40% of the amount of the medicines used in medical practice. The main part of drugs based on natural compounds are created from biologically active substances extracted from plant raw materials - from alkaloids, flavonoids, ecdysteroidals, proteins, glycosides, essential oils, high molecular carbohydrates and others. In the pharmaceutical industry the bulk of medicaments prepared from the alkaloids which are derived from plant raw materials is produced by the technology developed on the basis of physicochemical properties of the active substance of the created medicament. These causes have some inconveniences to producers of substances. In pharmaceutical factories the production lines producing substances throughout the year can be idle for a while because of the inability of reorientation of the production line to the production of other substances. In particular, at Tashkent Chemical-Pharmaceutical Factory the production line of glaucine works for 3-4 months, cytosine - for 5-6 months. Tashkent Chemical-Pharmaceutical Plant on the liquid-liquid technology produces the substance of galantamine hydrobromide for 3-4 months. In the Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances on the liquid-liquid technology, the substance of deoxypeganine hydrochloride is produced for 5-6 months. During the rest of time these production lines are idle. Naturally, this leads to poor performance of these lines. It was possible to improve the performance of these lines with the possible production of other substances. This requires creating unified manufacturing techniques of existing and new drug substances.
Another important issue of the pharmaceutical industry of our country is the need to create new medications from local plant raw materials which are not conceding to imported drugs and their implementation into medical practice. So, despite the great achievements of the pharmaceutical industry of the Republic, the plants producing finished dosage forms of drugs still work using imported substances and intermediates.
From the above issues, it is clear that in modern pharmaceutical industry urgent tasks are creating new medicines based on alkaloids from plant raw materials, the development of production technology of substances of these medicines, the improvement of existing technologies and unification of their production technologies.
This research work devoted to the development of production technologies of biologically active substances from plant raw materials is aimed to the development of the pharmaceutical industry of the Republic in accordance with the Decree of Ministry Cabinet of the Republic of Uzbekistan № 283 from 14 august, 1996 «On measures of the state support for the development of medical and pharmaceutical industry in the Republic of Uzbekistan» and the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan № PD-731 from 19 November, 2007 «On the program of modernization of the pharmaceutical industry, technical and technological reequipment until 2011».
Purpose of the research is to create unified production technologies of substances of the medicines and bioreagents based on (diterpenoid, isoquinoline, indole, pyrrolizidine, and steroidal classes) alkaloids of various basicities.
Scientific novelty of the dissertational research consists of the following:
The strength of basicity (рНь.ь) of 11 diterpenoid, isoquinoline, indole, pyrrolizidine and steroidal alkaloids (protopine рНь.ь=3.6, licorine рНь.ь=7.5, galantamine рНь.ь=5.8, geliotrine рНь.ь=7.3, bicuculine рНь.ь=3.2, d-P-hydrastine pHb.b=2.2, aconitine рНь.ь=3.6, donaxine рНь.ь=6.2, imperialine рНь.ь=4.8, lappaconitine рНь.ь=3.4, N-desacetyllappaconitine рНь.ь=3.7) was for the first time identified in order to use this indicator in the study of heterophasic processes of their production;
for the first time it was established that all the 11 examined alkaloids in salt form, irrespective of their basicity strength, are readily soluble in aqueous alcohol with the concentration of 75-85% and with the maximum solubility in 55% alcohol, and it was proved that this figure could be the basis for the creation of the unified technology of alkaloids;
it was experimentally determined that regardless of a chemical structure the alkaloids can be selectively extracted from plant raw material with 75-85% ethanol solution with the lowest content of other extractive substances;
the optimal conditions of the extraction process of plant raw materials were found by optimization using method of mathematical planning of experiments;
for the first time the unified industrial production technology of 7 medicines and 6 bioreagents was developed by using 75-85% solution of ethyl alcohol as an extractant for diterpenoid, isoquinoline, indole, pyrrolizidine and steroidal alkaloids.
CONCLUSION
1. For the first time, for use in heterophase technological processes, we defined the basicity strength (рНЬь) of 11 alkaloids: protopine, licorine, galantamine, lappaconitine, N-desacetyllappaconitine, geliotrine, bicuculine, d-P-hydrastine, aconitine, donaxine, imperialine and found out that 2 alkaloids - bicuculine and d-P-hydrastine are weakly basic; 7 alkaloids - lappaconitine, N- desacetyllappaconitine, galantamine, aconitine, protopine, donaxine, imperialine are the alkaloids of the medium basicity strength; 2 alkaloids - geliotrine and licorine are strong basic.
2. For the first time it was established that the vast majority of the studied alkaloids in the form of salts, regardless of the strength of basicity, are readily soluble in alcohol-water system with a maximum dissolution at 55% by volume. It was experimentally determined that for the selective extraction of alkaloids from plant raw materials, use of ethyl alcohol with the strength of 75-85% by volume is rationale.
3. Industrial production technology of substances of the medicines and bioreagents - protopine hydrochloride, licorine hydrochloride, galantamine hydrobromide, allapinin, aklezin, aksaritmin, antiaritmin, geliotrine, bicuculine, d-P-hydrastine, aconitine, donaxine and imperialine was developed by using as extractant 75-85% ethanol solutions.
4. Economically profitable and ecologically safe production technology of substance of allapinin from the rhizomes with roots of Aconitum septentrionale and Aconitum leucostomum was developed, which eliminates using toxic substances, such as sulfuric acid, methanol and chloroform from technological cycles.
4. Economically profitable and ecologically safe production technology of substance of allapinin from the rhizomes with roots of Aconitum septentrionale and Aconitum leucostomum was developed, which eliminates using toxic substances, such as sulfuric acid, methanol and chloroform from technological cycles.
5. Production technology of substance of the new drug antiaritmin, which possesses an antiarrhytmic action, from waste of industrial production of substance of allapinin developed.
6. For the created medicinal preparations and bioreagents an appropriate regulatory and technical documentation - experimental industrial or industrial regulations, pharmacopoeia articles on plant raw materials, substances and ready dosage forms, technical specifications for bioreagents were developed.
7. Technology of alkaloids with a method of aqueous-alcoholic extraction from plant raw materials was introduced into production on the PM of ICPS AS RUz and the serial production of substances of 5 drugs (protopine hydrochloride, licorine hydrochloride, galantamine hydrobromide, allapinin, aklezin,) and 6 bioreagents (geliotrine, bicuculine, d-0-hydrastine, aconitine, donaxine and imperialine) is organized. The volume of production of the above preparations and bioreagents fully meets the needs of our country and allows export them abroad (Russia, France).
8. On the technological line created on the base of PM of ICPS for the production of alkaloids, a sufficient amount of substances of the preparations aksaritmin and antiaritmin is produced for the pharmacological, toxicological and clinical trials and for the development of dosage forms of the drugs.
9. Technology for the production of alkaloids from plant raw materials with the method of extraction of plant raw materials with water, weak solutions of mineral or organic acids with subsequent ultrafiltration was developed. The technology is tested in the production of substances of allapinin, galantamine gidrobomida, licorine hydrochloride and bioreagent aconitine. It was established that it is possible to remove high molecular surfactants with a molecular mass of over 10,000 (proteins, pectin, polysaccharides, lipids, and others) by ultrafiltration, and thereby prevent the formation of emulsions and increase the yield of desired products. Stable examples of the above drugs were obtained.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Obstructive jaundice (OJ) and its complications remain one of the most essential issues in modem surgery. According WHO data, about 10% of adult population worldwide suffer from gall-stone disease (GSD), and this ratio duplicates each decade. It is more significant in the age over 40, when morbidity risk rises 4-10 times more. Moreover, with the aging of patients the number of exacerbations of the disease increases, patients are significantly more likely to develop complications, primarily c ho ledo c ho lithias is.
The rates are much worse, if OJ is associated with suppurative cholangitis or acute pancreatitis, as well as in elderly or old age patients. Postoperative mortality consists 5.6-6.3%, in patients with purulent cholangitis this rate reaches 33%.
Two-stage treatment method is the key to solving the problems associated with OJ in the existing variety of therapeutic tactics.
However, performing endoscopic papillosphincterotomy (EPST) at the first stage is not always possible, and microcholecystostomy has several disadvantages. Recently, the use of percutaneous pcrhepatic therapeutic and diagnostic procedures in patients with OJ is of growing interest. Percutaneous perhepatic cholangiography (PPCG) not only solves diagnostic tasks, but also helps to conduct external drainage of bile that, in some cases, allows avoiding urgent open surgical intervention, eliminating clinical and inflammatory manifestations of the disease, preparing the patient and performing the second main stage of surgical treatment in a safe period.
However, to date such treatment issues for OJ as stages, sequence of application of minimally invasive and traditional open methods, as well as effectiveness in case of their combination therefore continue to be contentious. Therefore, the topic of dissertation is relevant and requires further investigation.
According the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan reg. No 2107 from 10 Nov 1998, the new Republican Service of Emergency medicine has been created. Taking this to account, current research devoted to optimizing of one of the most essential problems in Emergency medicine.
The purpose of the study: was to improve results of surgical treatment of patients with obstructive jaundice of benign genesis through optimization approaches to staged use of minimally invasive and reconstructive interventions.
The scientific novelty of the dissertation is as follows:
it was scientifically assessed the informativeness of modem methods of X-ray non-invasive imaging and minimally invasive methods of direct contrasting of BD to clarify the etiological causes, nature and level of lesion in OJ of BG. The characteristic sonographic, magnetic-resonance, endoscopy, X-ray
cholangiographic semiotics of OJ ofBG.
the algorithm of therapeutic measures in various variants of OJ of BG, based on wide use of minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic endobiliary interventions and staged performing of open surgeries.
for the first time were offered the original classification of paravattcral diverticula and appropriate technical solutions for overcoming the difficulties of conducting endobiliary transpapillary interventions arising from anatomical abnormalities of the structure of LDP zone.
indications for antegrade endobiliary interventions were precised, diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities were greatly expanded and methods of minimally invasive decompression of the biliary system in cholcdocholithiasis and scar strictures of extrahepatic biliary ducts were improved.
it was proposed and introduced into clinical practice the original method of plasty of vesico-cholcdochal fistula in Mirizzi syndrome by forming the cystic duct with flap from the wall of gallbladder that helps to eliminate defect of choledochus; pathognomic cholangiographic symptoms characteristic for Mirizzi syndrome were identified.
for the first time was developed and introduced into clinical practice a fundamentally new way of forming bilio-biliary and bilio-digestive anastomoses with the use of external metal carcass that allows to prevent the development of stenosis of anastomosis at late postoperative period.
for the first time was developed a universal tool for transhepatic drainage of the common bile duct by Pradcry-Smith that allows to quickly impose cholangioscopy and to minimize injury of liver parenchyma.
Conclusions
1. On the modem stage of the development of biliary surgery, we can consider endoscopic transpapillar and antegrade percutaneous endobiliary procedures are methods of choice for decompression of bile ducts decompression in patients with OJ of BO. They are obligatory to provide adequate urgent aid for these patients.
2. The number of patients hospitalized with acute forms of GSD has been continued to increase (on 37.5%) for over a 10-year observation period. The number of patients with choledocholithiasis during this period increased more than 4.5-fold, its frequency among patients with acute forms of GSD increased from 7.2% to 20.1%.
3. Cholcdocholithiasis (in 67.5% of cases) and LDPstenosis (21.2%) are the dominating reasons of OJ of BG. 34.5% of patients with mechanical jaundice of benign genesis refer to clinic with complicated course of disease (suppurative cholangitis, liver abscesses, hepatic failure, acute ulcers of stomach and duodenum and their combination). There is a direct correlation between complication rate and jaundice duration (%2=667.95; p<0.0001).
4. Among X-ray non-invasive imaging techniques, ultrasound examination shows high sensitivity and informativeness in assessing the diameter of intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts. Together with availability and ease of its use, this allows using it as a primary screening diagnostic method. Opportunities of MSCT in patients with mechanical jaundice of benign genesis are limited by expansion of intra- and/or extrahepatic bile ducts and visualization of proximal level of stricture. In good sensitivity of MSCT in detecting CTS and LDP stenosis (88.0%), the specificity and overall accuracy of this method remain very low (46.2% and 69.7%, respectively).
5. By diagnostic value, MRCPG is not inferior methods of direct roentgenocholangiography. Use it at choosing the method of endobiliary diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in patients with mechanical jaundice allows reducing the number of «vain» RPCG and EPST. Diagnostic values of methods of BD direct contrasting (RPCG and PPCG) in mechanical jaundice of benign origin are 98.2% and 99.1%, respectively.
6. The presence of paravattcral diverticula is not a contraindication for performing diagnostic and therapeutic transpapillary interventions. Compliance with the technical protocols of performing papillosphincterotomy with regard to our proposed classification of diverticula provides higher efficiency (89.1% vs. 75.0%) and safety (the frequency of complications is reduced from 16.7% to 6.5%) of endoscopic endobiliary procedures.
7. Active and combined use of endoscopic methods of staged wide dissection of the Vater papilla, LDP balloon dilatation, mechanical lithotripsy, nasobiliary drainage with spiral probe in patients with large stones of choledochus three-fold reduces the frequency of inefficient procedures.
8. Use of PPCS (authors inventory certificates # 1572562 and # 1454400, invention # IDP 2001 0255|DF), expansion of indications for additional roentgenoendovascular therapeutic procedures could improve BD external drainage in 100% of cases, significantly improve indicators of successful externalinternal drainage of bile ducts, according to the method of our clinic from 45.8% to 82.2%, excrete stones into duodenum from 18.3% to 61.1%, and balloon dilation of narrowing parts from 16.6% to 72.8%. Proposed approaches to PPCS technique could reduce the overall frequency of complications from 53.3% to 40.4%. The increase of intervention of therapeutic procedures has no effect in terms of mortality (6.7-6.6%).
9. Characteristic X-ray signs of Mirizzi syndrome are localization of blocking stone at the level of the middle third of hepaticocholcdochus, absence of CTS extension, absence of shadow of cystic duct at contrasting gallbladder, «disappearance» of catheter retrogradely introduced into gallbladder.
10. In Mirizzi syndrome the proposed method of plasty of fistulous opening with formation of cystic duct (optimizing invention # 00004 from 20.12.2012) allows to drain the common bile duct by Pikovsky that contributes to decrease in the frequency of failure of cholcdochus sutures from 12.5% to 7.7%. In patients with Mirizzi syndrome, who had operated without prior endobiliary BD decompression, postoperative mortality reached 30.8%, and after two-stage surgical treatment this rate reduced to 5.9%.
11. When performing reconstructive-restoration interventions in patients with iatrogenic injuries of BD, the formation of bilio-biliary and bilio-digestive anastomoses on metal carcass (patent # IAP 04332 from 13.04.2011) reduce the invasiveness and complexity of operation, increase the reliability of anastomosis, contribute to significantly reduction of the frequency of early and late postoperative complications (from 20.0% to 9.5% and from 25.0% to 14.3%, respectively).
12. In performing of transhepatic bile duct draining by Pradery-Smith for decompression of bile tree, the usage of original device can reduce surgical injury, diminish the time for CBD draining in 7-8 times.

Urgency and relevance of dissertation topic. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), the prevalence of cerebrovascular diseases is increasing worldwide. By consequences acute cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is the worst of them. It is known that 85% of strokes arc ischemic in nature, while others arc hemorrhagic. Annually, more than half a million people have cases of first-ever stroke in the world. Of them, 75% arc survived and 10-12% develop the second stroke. Now, number of disabled after the second stroke reaches 2 million, 15% of them need in healthcare, 30-40% cannot live without help of tutors.
In Uzbekistan, annual number of stroke cases is 148,1 per 100,000 of population. Female arc more likely to develop stroke (52,2%) than male (47,8%). Disability amounts more than 83,8% (in cities - to 94,7%, in the countryside - to 72,9%). In our Republic for chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency (CCVI) about 500 operations have been performed annually, of them more than half (58%) in patients, who had already suffered from ischemic stroke.
The social significance of this problem increases because of enhancing life expectancy, the number of elderly people, and, thus, the incidence of stroke.
Moreover, along with the development of modem medicine and technology, the tactics of treatment and preventive measures of such a severe pathology is changing that increases the interest of clinicians and scientists.
This research work was carried out within the framework of the tasks of the Order of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About measures for further deepening reforms in the healthcare system» dated from 28.11.2011, No.PR-1652, i.e. providing available and high-quality medical care. Necessity of development of algorithms of diagnosis and improvement of methods of treatment of patients with CCVI is the important criteria in demand of dissertation topic.
The purpose of study was to improve the results of treatment of patients with CCVI by improving the diagnosis and optimization of methods of surgical treatment.
The scientific novelty of dissertation is as follows:
- Based on comparative evaluation of diagnostic methods and results of surgical treatment, a rational scheme of diagnosis and principles of surgical treatment of patients with PD of CA has been developed;
- There was developed clear diagnostic and treatment algorithm of patients with combined lesions of aortic arch, CA, renal arteries and LLA in multifocal atherosclerosis (MA);
- On the basis of studying early and late outcomes of surgical treatment of patients with bilateral CA lesions, there were developed criteria to determine indications for primary reconstruction of vessels and treatment of patients;
- Statistically significant correlation between regression of neurological deficit (ND) and time of reconstructive interventions after suffering stroke was revealed; measures for reduction of number of restenosis, CN lesions, and aneurisms were established;
- For the first time was improved and implemented ECA operation with endarterectomy cither from the mouth of ECA and its branches with imposition of a broad patch to engage ECA branches in the bloodstream and to prevent embolism through ECA. On the basis of our materials methodical recommendation for students and doctors of the Republic was developed.
Conclusions
1. Duplex scanning (DS) is a “gold standart” of diagnosis for CA lesions of different etiologies. Based on only DS, reconstructive surgery is indicated at identification of local ASP at the mouth of ICA with unchanged blood flow in the ophthalmic and middle cerebral arteries.
2. In patients with PD of CA and hypertension DS should be performed without lowering blood pressure that allows more adequately assessing hemodynamic changes in the extra- and intracranial vessels. At the same time, DS should be supplemented by angiographic methods of study, as 4,8% cases of high deformations cannot be visualized by DS.
3. Intraoperative artificial hypertension should not be used for hcmodynamically significant bilateral PD of CA. This approach to surgical treatment for PD of CA reduced the risk of intraoperative contralateral stroke from 3,6% to 0%, «strokc+mortality» index from 2,4% to 0,5% without affecting the rate of intraoperative stroke on the ipsilateral side.
4. In patients with PD associated with atherosclerotic hcmodynamically insignificant stenosis, but with ASP of II and III type in the late postoperative period the risk of restenosis is 7,3%. In this case, ICA redressation and reimplantation should be supplemented with endarterectomy from CCA bifurcation, which will reduce the incidence of restenosis by 3,7%.
5. Our improved approach and the use of interventional procedures in patients with combined atherosclerotic lesions of CA and other arterial pools can reduce the incidence of IS in the early postoperative period from 4,2% to 2,1%, the incidence of AMI from 4,2% to 1,05%. The total mortality rate decreased from 4,2% to 1,6%.
6. For prioritization of surgery in hcmodynamically significant lesions of CA, brain tolerance to ischemia, condition of intracranial vessels must be considered, and, if necessary, temporary intra-arterial shunt should be used. This approach to surgical treatment reduced the intraoperative risk of ipsilateral stroke from 3,4% to 2,3%, in the contralateral side from 2,3% to 0,5%. «Stroke+mortality» index decreased from 3,4% to 1,6%.
7. In patients with ischemic stroke vascular reconstruction should be carry out not earlier 4 weeks after onset of acute episode of cerebral circulation insufficiency.
8. Dilated ECA plasty for ICA occlusion improves cerebral blood flow on 8%, in comparison with standard plasty (11,7% - standard ECA plasty, 19,7% - dilated ECA plasty).

Topicality and demand of the theme of dissertation. As a result of acceleration of wind and water erosion, soil productivity all over the world is dramatically reducing. Its restoration is a very hard and long-term global environmental problem. At present, at the period of agriculture intensification around «the world nearly two billion hectares of land area became unfit for agriculture. About 31% of soil is subjected to water, and 34% - to wind erosion. Each year, more than 60 billion tons of topsoil is washed out into seas and oceans»1.
Systematic plowing of soil and the change in the system of agriculture, especially on slopes, leads to an increase of the part of areas subjected to erosion. The problem of water erosion and soil moisture deficit is particularly acute on dry farming slope lands. In our republic, soils, suitable for dry farming, come to 2 million 130 thousand hectares, including 756,82 thousand hectares of plowed up soil, «10.1% of land is subjected to water erosion, 76.6% - to wind erosion and 7.5% - to water and wind erosion»3.
According to analysis of scientific research and practical work in our country, machines used on land areas subjected to erosion for subsurface and moldboard tillage, do not provide quality tillage at required level: power consumption is high, and productivity is low.
In this connection, the studies, aimed at improving the system of tillage, reduction of energy consumption, improvement of accumulation and retention of moisture, which protect soil from wind and water erosion, development of technologies and technical means which enhance the fertility, arc very acute and important ones.
This dissertation work is devoted to performing such tasks as improving of soil fertility, increase of crop yield, high-quality processing of plants, protection from wind and water erosion, providing with resource-saving technologies and technical means defined by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No UP-3932 “On measures on radical improvement of the system of land reclamation" dated 29 October, 2007 and the Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No PP-1958 "On measures for further improvement of irrigated lands and water resources management for the period 2013-2017".
Purpose of research. Development of mechanical and technological bases of processing of eroded soils and creation on this basis of new techniques that protect soil from wind and water erosion, reduction of energy consumption for processing, improvement of accumulation and retention of soil moisture, increase in unit productivity.
Scientific novelty of dissertational study consists in development of:
Technology of processing of eroded soils, principal schemes and design of two-tier ripper and a plow for crested-stepped plowing;
Mechanical and mathematical models of turnover of a layer combined with lateral shift and without lateral shift of its center of gravity;
Mechanical and mathematical models of the effect on soil of working elements of two-tier ripper and directing plate of a plow;
Analytical dependences, allowing us to determine rational parameters of working elements of developed instruments;
Analytical dependences, allowing us to analyze the stability of operation of developed instruments;
Regularities of changes of quality and energy performance of two-tier ripper and a plow for crested-stepped plowing, depending on parameters of their working elements and motion velocity;
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
Data analysis has shown that the problem of preservation of fertility and soil moisture-content, elimination of wind and water erosion during primary tillage is not solved yet. As a result, existing machines for primary tillage in the process of operation impair physical, mechanical and technological properties of soil, increase the sensitivity of tilled soil to wind and water erosion, decrease soil fertility and crop yields. Structural, technological and kinematic parameters of machines arc selected for one mode of primary tillage only - full and deep overturning of the layer, which is one of the main causes of increased power consumption and material intensity of the process of plowing
Soil protection from wind and water erosion, improvement of the quality of tillage, reduction of energy and material intensity of agro-method due to development and implementation of differentiated system of tillage; technological and technical provision of this processing present an actual scientific problems.
Worked out mechanical-mathematical and computational experimental models, reflecting the relationship of quantitative and qualitative indicators of soil saving tillage systems, energy and materials consumption of this agro-method with rational parameters of two-tier ripper-plow and a plow for crested-stepped plowing, soil response on their working elements compose scientific foundations of the problem and allow to solve practical problems of the latter.
As a result of the study, the following scientific research results have been obtained.
1. On the basis of analysis of the mechanics of tillage process the problem of development of scientific bases for improved differentiated systems of tillage has been formulated; this system, studying the causes and ways to reduce wind and water erosion during primary tillage, is implemented in the form of alternating of technologies of crested-stepped and subsurface two-tier processing of soil (on the slopes) with their scientific and technical provision.
2. On the basis of studies of the types of working elements, interacting location, modes of operation and stability of ripper motion with upper and lower working bodies it was stated that the most rational design scheme of two-tier ripper with inclined props is a plow scheme with alternating upper and lower working elements with the lower bending of the prop; qualitative soil loosening with the least energy consumption is provided at longitudinal and transverse distances between working elements 50-60 cm and 35-40 cm, respectively; width and length of the landsidc arc 7cm and 16 cm, respectively.
3. Regularities of the change in soil resistance to the shift of working element with inclined prop have been stated, depending on its structural parameters, operating modes and soil properties. Rational values of parameters of working element arc within the following limits: the sharpening angle of the cutter is 16-20°, sharpening angle of the prop - 18-22°, the height from inclined working part of lower working element up to bearing surface of the chisel is 25 cm, of the upper working element - 15 cm, chisel width - 6,0-7,0 cm, angle of chisel lifting is 20-25°, the angle of inclination of the prop in transverse-vertical plane - 45°, maximum angle of installation of loosening plate to the surface of the prop is 25°, length and width of the plate - 12-15 cm and 9-12 cm, respectively.
4. An effective way of crested-stepped plowing of slopes is an alternation of partial turnover of a layer with complete turnover within its furrows at 180° in combination with belt subsurface tillage. To form a water-retaining crest partial overturn of the layer should be realized as follows: turnover of a layer from 0 to (л/2+y) without lateral shift of the center of gravity; further complete turnover of the layer with transverse shift of its center of gravity.
5. Worked out model of technological process of crested-stepped plowing with simultaneous subsurface belt loosening and research of interacting location of bases and subsoilers, bases and guiding plate, operation modes and stability of motion of a plow have shown that rational structural scheme of a plow for crested-stepped plowing is a stepped schemes with alternating of equal in sizes bases with short and long directing plates and subsoil plows set behind even bases. When longitudinal distance between the bases is 50 cm, required quality partial turnover of a layer with the least energy consumption is provided at the following parameters of directing plate of odd bases: length of directing plate - 75 cm, width of directing plate - 25 cm, height of stabilizing plate -15 cm, minimal distance from plowshare point to stabilizing plate -25 cm.
6. Physical-mechanical and technological properties of soils prone to erosion, allow us to set the reasons of wind and water erosion and identify the ways to prevent them.
Based on research results a number of technical solutions on technological and layout schemes, instruments structure, their working elements have been developed and recommended for implementation; these solution arc protected by patents of the Republic of Uzbekistan for the invention:
- Means and apparatus for implementation of technologies of subsurface tillage (№FAP 00701, №FAP 00656, №FAP 00669, №FAP 00787, №FAP 00850);
- Means and apparatus for implementation of technologies of crested-stepped plowing (№FAP 00719, №FAP 00863);
- Means and apparatus for implementation of combined soil-saving tillage (№FAP 00672, №FAP 00657, №IAP04832, №FAP 00864).
7. One of perspective ways of soil preservation from wind and water erosion is a development and building of combined machines, capable to produce simultaneously subsurface and subsurface and moldboard tillage, belt subsurface tillage, fertilization, soil preparation for sowing in a single pass of the unit.
8. Technological processes of tier loosening of soil and crested-steppcd plowing, two-tier ripper and a plow for crested-steppcd plowing have been validated.
Results of studies have been accepted by "BMKB-Agromash" and used in development of initial requirements to structure of two-tier ripper and a plow for crested-steppcd plowing.
9. Results of field trial tests of worked out instruments have shown that they excel serial machines in all characteristics, prevent soils from wind and water erosion, improve the quality of tillage, reduce energy and fuel consumption, increase productivity of units.
Economic effect of application of research results consists of the following components:
- application of two-tier ripper with inclined props reduces labor costs by 18,75%, fuel consumption - by 19,12%, labor productivity increases by 18,96%;
- application of a plow for crested-steppcd plowing reduces labor costs by 14,4%, fuel consumption - by 14,25%, labor productivity increases by 14,28%.
Annual economic effect of two-tier plow-ripper implementation is 7,17 million soums and a plow for crested-steppcd plowing - 5,35 million soums (in prices of 2014).
Thus, on the basis of theoretical generalization and implementation of new scientific concepts stated in the dissertation a major problem of development of bases of the theory of differentiated and soil-saving tillage system has been solved; it has an important economic significance.

Urgency and relevance of dissertational subject. According to the data presented by the WHO, purulent-inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract occupy 70-80% in the structure of pathology of upper respiratory tract organs (ETN). According to the data the morbidity with sinusitis have increased by 2 times for the last 10 years and the number of patients who were admitted to special hospitals increased by 1,5 - 2 %.
In spite of the causes and conditions of the development of any disease starts with injuring of cells, tissues and organs and then it spread to the whole organism. The damage of different degree lead to the disturbances of structure and function of living organism and they impede the normal life complicate its adaptability to surroundings. Generally all diseases have their clinical features of clinical course which is associated with individuality of organism and the conditions of affecting of pathogenic factor. In clinical course and outcome of the treatment of purulent-inflammatory diseases of nose and paranasal sinuses (DN&PS) and their complications has their affect of modified reactivity of the patient, on the one hand, and increasing the stability of microbial agents to antibiotics, on the other hand, especially in the blood system diseases. Pathological processes which were complicated by these diseases contribute with disturbance of reparation processes and regeneration of mucous membranes of upper respiratory tract and reduce their resistance to infections.
To study the etiology, pathogenesis, clarification of immunological, genetic and pharmacological factors in prophylaxis, improvement and development of effective treatment methods of upper respiratory diseases in blood system pathology, in particular leukemia, aplastic anemia, and thrombocytopathy is considered one of the significant scientific tasks.
According to the statistic data presented by WHO, thrombocytopathy arc revealed in 5-10% and leucosis among - in 3 % of the population. In the last years these diseases were observed among children as well. Among patients aged from 1 year old up to 18 years old with this pathology of initial bleeding signs were revealed in 73% of cases.
In patients with blood system pathology the period of inflammatory diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses and its development study problem is considered to be one of the insufficiently studied aspects of otorhinolaryngology. The causes of poor outcomes arc due to the lack of a diagnostic algorithm, which includes the most informative methods of research, which determines the order of interaction and sequence of doctors in various specialties in pathologies of the upper respiratory tract in hematological patients. And it, in its turn, plays an important role in improving of increasing of scientific and methodical bases of prophylactics and treatment efficiency of the diseases.
The present research serves in the framework of the objectives set out in the Decree PD-1652 by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Measures to Further Deepening the Reform of the Healthcare System" from November 28, 2011, i.e.to reveal the initial diagnostics and pathogenesis of nose and paranasal diseases in the blood system pathology ,to develop the invasive methods of treatment , to provide the high-quality care to the hematologic patients increase the medical service efficiency and specialized medical institutions activity .
CONCLUSION
1. Diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses revealed a whole at 66.9% of patients with diseases of the blood. In patients with severe anemia, diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses revealed 68.9%, 72.8% hemostasis disorders and hematological malignancies 59.4%. All patients diagnosed with two or more diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Of all the diseases significantly more often identified nasal bleeding, atrophic rhinitis, chronic ctmoidity, and chronic maxillary sinusitis.
2. Diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses and their clinical manifestations arc varied depending on the pathology of blood. In patients with aplastic anemia, especially in childhood is mainly observed nosebleeds, in severe forms of iron deficiency anemia and anemia of mixed - chronic purulent-inflammatory diseases of the paranasal sinuses. In the pathology of hemostasis, especially trombotsitopaty and thrombocytopenia had more frequent nosebleeds significantly. Acute hematological malignancies especially in childhood generally accompanied by epistaxis (42.4%), and chronic nosebleeds combined with purulent-inflammatory diseases of the paranasal sinuses.
3. In patients with severe anemia, pathology of hemostasis, hcmo-blastosis in the presence of concomitant diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses is marked more severe intoxication, which is manifested by increased performance LII, LI index, the ratio of neutrophils and monocytes, the index ratio of lymphocytes and eosinophils.
4. In the experimental bone marrow aplasia noted thinning of mucosa of all parts of the nasal cavity, the development of destructive and degenerative changes, reduced metabolism extra- and intracellular mucopolysaccharides, which indicates the development of chronic atrophic rhinitis.
5. In the experimental chronic leukemia morphological changes began with the defeat of the walls of blood vessels, especially the microvasculaturc, then other large vessels in the form of increasing the permeability of the wall due to damage alterative infiltration of leukemic cells through the vessel walls into the surrounding tissue. Leukemic infiltrates and dyscirculatory phenomenon led to the development of secondary changes in the form of dystrophy protein in the cytoplasm of surface epithelium and mucoid, fibrinoid swelling, and fibrinoid necrosis in all of the fibrous structure of the connective tissue of the lamina propria and submucosa predominantly nasal mucosa compared to those of the paranasal sinuses.
6. Treatment of diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses should be carried out taking into account the differentiated forms of pathology of blood (anemia, coagulopathy, and hematological malignancies), using gentle methods and longterm dynamic monitoring of the ENT organs.

Topicality and demand of the theme of dissertation. The establishment of regularities of fragmentation of relativistic nuclei in interactions with hadrons and nuclei is one of the fundamental problems of relativistic nuclear physics. Herewith, the experimental and phenomenological investigations of the processes of fragmentation of relativistic nuclei in hadron- and nucleus-nucleus collisions, allowing one to obtain the important information about cluster structure of the fragmenting nuclei (especially the light ones), its influence on cross-section of formation and content of fragments, as well as about contributions of different processes in their yield, play an important role. At collision energies of several GeV/nucleon, the fragmentation of nuclei is a dominant process accounting for about 80% of the reaction total cross-section. It is of special interest to study experimentally the processes of fragmentation of light relativistic even-even nuclei, such as l2C, l6O, and 20 Ne, because we expect the dominant manifestation of an а-cluster structure in these nuclei.
We still do not have the answer to the question whether the a-cluster structure is stationary or dynamic one manifesting itself at some definite levels of excitation of the fragmenting light nucleus, especially of the even-even nucleus. The effective method of testing the а-cluster structure of the fragmenting nucleus is the study of formation of a-particles at different levels of excitation of the projectile nucleus.
Also, it is of some definite interest to discover the strongly correlated few nucleon associations and multibaryon clusters in nuclei, existence of which was predicted by several models based on the quark-parton structure of hadrons. The solution of this problem is directly related with the experimental investigation of the processes of formation of particles in the kinematical region, forbidden for the particles formed in collisions of free nucleons, in hadron- and nucleus-nucleus collisions at high energies.
Due to above, it is of topical interest to conduct the systematic and complex study of nucleus fragmentation with identification of all possible fragments and secondary produced particles, and to measure precisely and determine their kinematical characteristics in wide ranges of collision energies and mass numbers of colliding nuclei on statistically rich experimental material to allow one to extract the new regularities of nucleus fragmentation.
It is of demand to obtain the precise data on cross-sections of formation of all possible isotopes of fragmenting nuclei, necessary for working out and testing the theoretical models and approaches for description of the phenomenon of nucleus fragmentation, and also for modeling the interaction of the primary cosmic radiation with nuclei of atmosphere. Besides, the experimental data on the mean multiplicity (inclusive cross-sections) of light fragments - protons, deuterons, tritium and helium-3 nuclei, formed in interactions of relativistic nuclei with hydrogen are of extreme demand for solution of one of the important problems of astrophysics - the passage of flux of particles through the interstellar medium.
The aim of research is to obtain a qualitatively new and quantitative information about the process of fragmentation of oxygen nuclei in interactions with protons at 3.25 A GeV/с and the establishment of the basic mechanisms of formation of protons, including cumulative in n’,p,a,C(C) and p(16O,2(>Ne) collisions in the range of primary energies 3-300 GeV.
Scientific novelty of the dissertational research is as following results done for the first time:
for the first time, stable and non-stable isotopes formation cross-sections were precisely measured for isotopes with Z = 1-8 in I6Op-collisions at 3.25 A GeV/c, and it was shown that mirror nuclei formation cross-sections coincide within statistical errors; 
in л C-, p20Ne- 16Op-collisions at 40 GeV/c, 300 GeV/с and 3.25 A GeV/c, respectively, contribution from major proton production mechanisms was estimated by means of semi-empirical method. It was demonstrated that these contributions do not depend on the energies and mass numbers of fragmenting light nucleus and are sensitive to the type of incident particle (pion or proton);
it was established that the mechanisms of formation of fast protons (p > 0.25 GeV/c) in l6Op, p12C, л l2C, p20Ne collisions at 3.25 A GeV/c, 9.9 GeV/c, 40 GeV/c, and 300 GeV/c, respectively, do not depend on the primary energy, type of the impinging particle or the light fragmenting nucleus, as well as the degree of excitation of the fragmenting nuclei (nuclear scaling);
the main mechanisms of deuteron formation, connected with the fusion of the cascade nucleons, Fermi breakup of the excited remnant nucleus, breakups of the comparatively fast light fragments and direct quasi-elastic knocking out the deuterons from oxygen nuclei by protons, in I6Op collisions at 3.25 A GeV/c were established;
the cross-sections of formation of the intermediate states of (sBe, 9B, l2C*) nuclei in l6Op collisions at 3.25 A GeV/c and their contributions along with 5He, ’Li nuclei to the inclusive cross-section of formation of a-particles were determined. The contribution of the breakup of the excited l2C* nuclei to the channel of formation of three a-particles was determined to be (38 ± 3)% of the cross-section of this channel;
it was proved that the formation of cumulative protons in l6Op, p'2C, л-12С, p20Ne, a12C, and 12CI2C collisions at 3.25 A GeV/c, 4.2 GeV/c, 9.9 GeV/c, 40 GeV/c, 300 GeV/c, and 4.2 A GeV/c, respectively, occurs through the collision of the impinging hadron with “fluctons”, formed as a result of fluctuation of the nucleon density of a nucleus in its ground state.
CONCLUSION
1. For the first time, under 4л acceptance conditions, a systematic analysis for the formation of proton fragments was carried out in l6Op collisions at 3.25 A GeV/c and it was shown that:
• shape of momentum spectrum of protons at p>0.25 GeV/c (except «evaporated» ones), emitted into the front hemisphere in the system of rest of the fragmenting nucleus, does not depend on the degree of the nucleus excitation;
• shape of momentum spectrum of protons, moving into the back hemisphere in the system of rest of the fragmenting nucleus, is strongly correlated with its degree of excitation;
• an irregularity observed in the spectrum of kinetic energy of fast protons in the region of T=70~90 MeV in the oxygen rest frame is shown to be due to the decay of two nucleon system after absorbing the slow pion;
• the basic mechanisms for the proton formation (“evaporation” mechanism, mechanism of Fermi decay of the excited remnant nucleus, and mechanism of direct knock out of protons at the process of cascading) were identified and their statistical weights (contributions) estimated to be (27.4±0.5)%, (32.0±0.6)%, and (40.6±0.7)%, respectively.
2. Based on an analysis of the normalized invariant inclusive differential cross-section of the proton formation in l6Op interactions at 3.25 A GeV/c, pl2C collisions at 9,9 GeV/c, n-12C interactions at 40 GeV/c, and p2<)Ne collisions at 300 GeV/c the conclusion was made that the mechanism of fast proton formation, especially those moving forward, have an universal character, expressed in its independence on the primary energy and type of impinging particle or the light fragmenting nucleus.
3. For the first time, a three stage phenomenological model for the analytical description of distribution of proton multiplicities in n C collisions at 40 GeV/c, p2()Ne collisions at 300 GeV/c and l6Op collisions at 3.25 A GeV/c was developed and the contributions for the main mechanisms of proton formation -«evaporation», Fermi decay and direct knocking out of by the primary proton and secondary particles were determined. It was established that these contributions are independent from the energy and mass number of light fragmentation nucleus, but are sensitive to the type of projectile particle (pion or proton), i.e. to the number of its valent quarks. It is necessary to point out that the values of these contributions (fractions) for p20Ne-collisions at 300 GeV/c and 16Op collisions at 3.25 A GeV/c coincide within uncertainties with the values determined from an analysis of the invariant structure function of protons, formed in l6Op interactions at 3.25 A GeV/c.
4. In the momentum spectrum of “forward deuterons” in the system of rest of the oxygen nucleus in the region of 0.40 < p < 0.55 GeV/c a shoulder was observed, which could be due to the fusion mechanism of fast cascade nucleons, decays of the relatively fast light fragments, and also due to the direct quasi elastic knocking out of deuteron from the oxygen nucleus by the primary proton. Average multiplicities of fragments correlate with availability of a deuteron in an event, but are independent from mechanism of deuteron formation. Coalescence model describes successfully the momentum spectrum of fast deuterons and a-particles.
5. A systematic comparison of experimental data on oxygen nucleus fragmentation in 16Op collisions at 3.25 A GeV/c with the CFEM model predictions was made. It was shown that for the realistic description of a nucleus fragmentation processes in hadron-nucleus collisions at high energies it is necessary to take into account the contribution of “evaporation” mechanism (even for such light nuclei as l6O), mechanism of fusion of fast cascade nucleons, and also an а-cluster structure of light nuclei in the CFEM model. The necessity for taking into account the small angular moment acquired by the fragmenting nucleus was proved.
6. Formation of a-particles in l6Op reactions and in different topological channels of oxygen nucleus disintegration was investigated, and their momentum and angular spectra were analyzed. Phenomenological models of formation of a-particles through breakup of intermediate nuclei xBe, 9B and excited nucleus 12C* were worked out and tested. In particular, it was established that:
• dominant channel of multifragmentation was a disintegration of oxygen nucleus with emission of helium nuclei, part of them being the products of decay of short - lived 5Li, 5He, xBe, 9B, and l2C* nuclei;
• in the channels of formation of 3 and 4 a-particles, a collinearity caused by decays of the instable xBe and 9B nuclei was revealed;
• for the first time, the contributions of the channels of decays of xBe and 9B nuclei and that of the excited 12C* nucleus into the inclusive channel of formation of a-particles were established quantitatively;
• contribution of the excited nucleus I2C* decays into the channel of formation of 3 a-particles was proved to be about 38% of the cross-section of this channel, and the remaining part of the cross-section of this channel was realized through the direct Fermi decay or quasi elastic knocking out of a single а-cluster from the weakly bound remnant nucleus, containing three a-particles;
• from the analysis of the angular spectrum of two-, three-, and four-nucleon fragments, the hint on the existence of an angular moment of the fragmenting remnant nucleus was obtained; the effect became more intensive at the transition from the lighter to the heavier fragments.
7. For the first time, under the conditions of 4л: acceptance, cross-sections of formation of stable and instable isotopes with charges Z=l-8 in l6Op collisions at 3.25 A GeV/c were measured. It was shown that cros sections for the formation of “mirror” nuclei with mass numbers, differing on AA = ± 1 from the basic mass number defined as A = 2Z, coincided within statistical errors. The cross-sections for the yields of instable isotope 9B and its “mirror” stable isotope 9Be also coincided within statistical uncerainties. A regularity observed can also be extended to the mirror nuclei (l5N, l5O), formed as a result of a loss of one nucleon by initial l6O nucleus in the peripheral collisions with target protons.
8. For the first time, the formation of cumulative protons in I6Op interactions at 3.25 A GeV/c, pl2C collisions at 4.2 GeV/c and 9,9 GeV/c, n-l2C- interactions at 40 GeV/c, p20Ne collisions at 300 GeV/c, and in a12C and 12C12C collisions at 4.2 A GeV/c was studied in detail and it was shown that:
• the values of a slope parameter for the distributions of invariant inclusive cross-sections of formation of the cumulative protons depending on the cumulative number [3 showed the universal character («nuclear scaling »), expressed by their independence from the type of projectile or target and the primary energy;
• an independence of the mean multiplicity of the cumulative protons in cumulative events from the same target nucleus on the primary energy and type of a projectile was established. It was shown that formation of cumulative protons proceeds predominantly through the «cold» model scenario. The argument for this version of scenario is based on the independence of the fraction of cumulative events on the mass number of a projectile nucleus or particle.
• an absence of correlations between mechanisms of formation of cumulative protons and secondary particles and fragments was revealed;
9. An independence of mechanisms of formation of light fragments was established. The correlation phenomena observed in experiment are the consequences of conservation laws for energy - momentum, electrical and baryon charges in the processes of fragmentation of nuclei.
The main framework of the researches conducted in the dissertation is the systematic and complex study of the processes of fragmentation of light nuclei in a wide range of primary energies with the use of a single methodology. The overwhelming majority of the results, included in this thesis, were obtained for the first time, and these data allow for a deeper and more detailed understanding of characteristics and properties of nuclei, fragmenting under an action of high energy particles and relativistic nuclei.
The problems, set in the dissertation, on complex experimental and phenomenological study of fragmentation processes and establishement of the dominant processes in formation of protons and light fragments in the л", p, a, C (C) and p (16O, 20Ne) collisions in a range of primary energies 3-300 GeV were fully solved.
Results of the dissertation work give a wide practical material for the test of theoretical models and approaches at investigation of problems of fragmentation of nuclei in hadron- and nucleus-nucleus collisions at high energies and can be used for the development of the theory of strong interactions, and can also be used for planning and carriying out the new experiments on the ion accelerators.
Data on cross-sections of formation of stable and unstable isotopes produced in interactions of oxygen nuclei with protons at high energies, obtained in the present thesis, can find their application in space physics and cosmochemical studies for determination of characteristics of the processes of cosmogenic nucleosynthesis.

Urgency and demand of work theme. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), in particular the ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains the most widespread disease around the world, including in Uzbekistan. Among our population CVD arc the most frequent reason of mortality in 56%, of invalidizations in 25% and do notable harm to health of the nation and to the budget of the state.The special alarm is caused by that fact that along with IHD increase and a mortality of persons from them young and able-bodied age considerably grew.
The majority of IHD FR arc bound to a way of life of the patient, one of which principal components is a delivery, it influences change of a lipidc range of blood, processes of an atherosclerosis of coronary vessels and a thrombogenesis. Their combination to an inactive way of life is bound to the increased risk of development and to mortality from IHD. The risk of development of IHD increases with increase in quantity of the smoked cigarettes. Communication of smoking with increase in risk of development is proved to myocardial infarction (MI) and sudden death, especially at persons of young age without clinical manifestations of a disease. The depression, worsens the forecast at IHD patients (the increased level of catccholamins in blood increases risk of activation and aggregation of thrombocytes) and is one of the main reasons for low commitment of patients to treatment and implementation of recommendations of secondary prevention.
From these positions, the low awareness of the doctor and patient concerning this problem cannot motivate the patient on fight against RF that results in lack of commitment to the appointed therapy. The modern strategy of primary diagnostics of IHD, its early demonstration and deterioration of the forecast of a disease - is a searching of genetic risk factors of development of IHD. Difficulty of carrying out primary and secondary prevention of IHD consists in a choice of the most modem, expedient and effective remedies of the prevention and treatment of diseases, and also emergence of its complications. Scientific researches of the presented research provide continuation of development of complex methods of fight against the leading operated and uncontrollable FR.
Thanks to scientific researches, carried out in the world, a large number of preventive programs in recent years is created, the assessment of their efficiency and economic feasibility is studied, predictive criteria. Nevertheless, questions of creation of organizational models and technologies of introduction of preventive programs in real practice taking into account features of mentality of the population remain not solved. Separately it should be noted that ripened need of optimization of the treatment and prophylactic help to the population new opportunities, development of algorithm taking into account features of their life where the general practitioners (GP) become the most important conductors of this idea. It in turn separately indicates importance of scientifically based optimization of primary, secondary prophylaxis and effectiveness of drug, non-drug treatment of the presented disease.
Dissertation study is oriented at solving of above mentioned scientific degree, in particular, the presence of certain nonmodifiable risk factors and modifiable coronary heart disease requires long-term monitoring and treatment with prevention programs created for rural medical points (RMP) and family clinics (FC), which indicates the relevance of the theme of the dissertation.
Realization of prophylactic program in the given scientific work is carried out in accordance with the decree of the President of Republic of Uzbekistan No. 3214 "About Measures for Further Reforming of Health System" dated 26th of February, 2003, and also, the decree of the President Republic of Uzbekistan No.3923 "About the Main Directions of Further Deepening of Reforms and Realization of the State Program of Development of Health Care" dated 19th of September, 2007.
Purpose of the research is development of methods of multifactorial prevention of IHD in the conditions of primary link of health care based on correction of risk factors taking into account a polymorphism of genes in Uzbek population.
Scientific novelty of dissertation research includes the following:
degree of detectability of the operated and uncontrollable FR of a disease is shown (including, coagulative factors of a polymorphism of genes);
it is revealed that insufficiently adequate diagnostics and imperfection of methods and level of scheduled maintenance, decline in quality of life of patients, and also their low awareness on ischemic heart disease FR takes place;
high diagnostic significance of a polymorphism of genes of coagulative factors (MTHFR (Ala222Val), FII (G20210A), FV (Arg506Gln)) at healthy faces (with a genetic predisposition to IHD) and patients with an ischemic heart disease of SAP of the Uzbek nationality is for the first time revealed;
communication of hctcrozygotic genotypes with severity of SAE, frequency of hospitalization and operated by FR is shown;
the program of multifactorial prophylaxis of an ischemic heart disease in the form of the structured practical training at SCHOOL of health which revealed essential decrease in risk of secondary finishing points (decrease in attacks of SAE, transition from high FC to low FC), upgrading of life of patients is developed;
the assessment of commitment of patients to treatment at SCHOOLS of health through creation of motivation at patients and maintaining of its GP during the long time is carried out;
model values of multifactorial prophylaxis on the basis of clinical, datas of laboratory and indexes of quality of life of the patient concerning an outcome and the course of a disease allowed to develop the express quoted card of inspection of patients.
CONCLUSION
1. Among the surveyed IHD patients (SAP) such RF, as an obesity and high IMT (37,5%), smoking (43,1%), a dislipidemiya (72,2%), hereditary burdcncss (61,1%), a hypodynamia (40,2%), errors in eating, ADS (68%) often meet. However, the condition of their correction (according to the analysis of out-patient cards) is in an unsatisfactory condition and in a certain degree, is explained by low awareness of patients on FR IHD (SAP) and low level of their prevention.
2. Rather most part of IHD patients (SAP) doesn't address to doctors (42,9%), and among persons at whom this disease was taped at the independent request of patients for a medical care (58,1%) the late address to the doctor and untimely diagnostics takes place. As a result of it between emergence of the first symptoms of a disease and diagnosing of an IHD (SAP) passes 6,8±0,2 years. The surveyed contingent is characterized by primary appeal ability in connection with disease exacerbations (48,5±3,5%), than for the purpose of prevention (10,3±2,2%).
3. Incomplete and late diagnostics of an IHD (SAP), and also insufficient coverage of patients by a dispensary observation it is bound to two main reasons. On the one hand is an ignoring by patients of symptoms of a disease available for them, and with another - insufficiently high-quality work of doctors. Such situation in a certain degree is bound to that at a capture on the dispensary account on IHD (SAP) doctors more pay attention of gravity of a condition of the patient and to age, and FR existence including anxiodepressive syndrome remain without attention.
4. Among IHD patients (SAP) insufficient level of a dispensary observation (only 67,6% of the patients consisting on the dispensary account, arc observed regularly and carry out medical appointments, and 32,4% don't carry out completely or implement partially references of doctors and receive treatment only at an exacerbation of pathological process) takes place. Among such patients 9 times more often negative dynamics of pathological process takes place, to them ambulance crews 3,7 times more often cause. Thus, the frequency of emergency and planned hospitalization among them makes in a year 33,4% and 41,3% respectively.
5. Insufficient coverage of an IHD (SAP) by regular mcdicamcntal treatment is taped: only 23,5% of patients arc long and regularly accept medicinal preparations, and 76,5% of IHD patients arc treated irregularly and, as a rule, only at an exacerbation of pathological process.
6. The lowest knowledge of GP of RF and the modem principles of prevention of an IHD (only in 10,4% of out-patient cards RF of a basic disease arc specified) is established, and references on prevention of RF don't meet modem demands (restriction with only verbal references on smoking made 54,8%, by definition of IMT and an obesity of 2%, on keeping of dietary references of 29,1%, definition of level of a dislipidemiya in 11%). Together with it, standards of medicinal therapy at a painful attack of stenocardia aren't kept by GP: for its cupping, prescribe Validolum (46,8%), Corvalolum (10%), various analgesics (25,3%).
7. Carrying out genotyping (MTHFR, FII, FV) of coagulative factors of SAP, taped high occurrence of a gene ofMTHFR (Ala222Val)at 77,7% of IHD patients and 35,7% of healthy faces. At IHD patients of persons with hetcrozygotic genotypes ofMTHFR (Ala222Val), FII (G20210A), FV (Arg506Gln) existence of high occurrence of controlled risk factors is noted: ADS in 59,8%; obesities in 56,3%; GHS in 36,2% of cases, and also directly proportional dependence of genetic deviations with high frequency hospitalization (1,6 times a year) and higher FC (III and IV) stenocardia in 61,3% of cases.
8. Training at SCHOOL of health and professional development of doctors led to depression of frequency and potential of the major modified factors at IHD patients (SAP), namely - to depression of level of leading RF: ADS from 71,6% to 57%, not keepings of dietary references from 79% to 53,7%, an obesity from 58,2% to 56,3%, to depression of indicators of a lipidc range, in particular at reception of the statines, XC, TG, LPONP on 34,1; 69,5; 15,6 mg/dl, and atcrogcnnost coefficient on 2,7 (P<0,05) respectively, in comparison with indicators before treatment.
9. Correction of modified RF at IHD patients (SAP), led to reliable depression of frequency of planned and emergency hospitalization and need of calls of ambulance with 1,4 to 0,7 times and with 2,1 to 0,5 times, the frequency of attacks of stenocardia on a scale about 1,0 points to 0,7 on the average on group decreased and led to positive dynamics of FC of stenocardia, i.e. transition of sick SAP from high FC in low in 27% of cases.
10. The assessment of degree of commitment of patients to carricd-out treatment showed that full (the admission less than 25% of appointments) is found at 135 (65,2%) IHD patients (SAP), partial (the admission of 25-65% of appointments) at 30 (14,5%) and lack of commitment (the admission more than 65% of appointments) at 42 (20,3%) respondents. At IHD patients (SAP) with full commitment rising compliance for 45% through motivation creation to treatment at SCHOOLS of health and maintenance of its GP during the long time in the conditions of primary link of health care is reached.
11. Implementation of the program of multifactorial prevention of an IHD of SAP led to improvement of 17 indicators of quality of life of patients and taped existence of reliable correlation dependence of quality of life with age, with duration of SAP advanced in years, hereditary burdeness, with heart pains, stenocardia FC, frequency of hospitalization, the DBP level and drug intake frequency.
12. Compliance of model values with expert estimates at creation of mathematical model, indicates the need of introduction of the computer program for an assessment of gravity of an IHD for all out-patient links of the Republic. This will allow GPs with the least amount of reliable indicators, to optimize methods of correction of IHD risk factors, reduce the reception and consultation of GPs time, to effectively assess the dynamics of clinical and laboratory parameters of patients with coronary artery disease.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Acute diarrheal diseases nowadays remain as one of the most important problem of pediatric infectious pathology due to high morbidity, high frequency of moderate and severe forms, potential complications and high mortality, especially among infants. According to World Health Organization (WHO), there are 2.5 billion of diarrhea cases are registered annually worldwide, up to 70% are children before 14 years. In 2008 acute diarrhea was a cause of 15% of all deaths in age <5 year in the globe, with only pneumonia leading (18%).
Etiologic patterns of acute diarrhea in recent years have significantly changed worldwide. If in earlier year’s bacteria, currently 50-80% of all cases of acute diarrhea are caused by viruses. The incidence of acute gastroenteritis caused by astroviruses and caliciviruses have sufficiently grown, and it becomes obvious that viral diarrhea is no longer pediatric problem only.
The level of incidence in children of different age groups varies (from 10% to 90%). The highest incidence is reported in children before 2 year of age. In opinion of pediatricians and neonatologists, the rotovirus infection is number one cause in acute diarrhea in children of first year of age, consisting up to 50-80% of all cases.
In recent years in Europe there were annually, 72 to 77 thousands children <5 у admitted to hospitals with rotovirus diarrhea, so for every thousand children there were 3 cases of hospitalization. 21% of children had nosocomial route of infection. Mcanwile, the real incidence of rotovirus infection is still not clear. 30-55% of children with acute intestinal infection, the rotovirus infection is a cause of hospitalization.
It is worth to mention, several patterns and mechanisms are not fully investigated. The data on clinical features of viral diarrhea of varying etiology is still lacking in literature. Along with that, investigation of features, specific for each form of viral diarrhea, allows to define differential-diagnostic criteria that help early diagnosis and timely treatment. At the moment the diagnostics of viral gastroenteritis is sufficient enough, so high proportion of acute intestinal infections remain unidentified. Also, the data on prevalence genotype patterns of viral diarrhea in children in Uzbekistan and its clinical significance is lacking. There is no data in literature, on specific therapy of viral diarrhea that calls for appropriateness of development of early cthiotropic therapy with use of most effective medications. In the Republic of Uzbekistan, the issues of introduction and improvement of diagnosis of viral diarrhea, clinical-laboratory and epidemiological features remain actual, as well as development of therapy of viral diarrhea.
The presented data indicate to actuality of problem, in general, and in particular for Uzbekistan, that is the justification the current study.
Purpose of research is to detect incidence of viral diarrhea in the structure of viral diarrhea, to detect clinical features of viral diarrhea, to outline molecular-genetic charachteristics of roto-, noroviruses and to identify social-econonic aspects of diarrhea in children. To develop diagnostic algorithm and scientifically based, differentiated treatment approaches for children with viral diarrhea.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
for the first time we have identified prevalence of acute viral diarrhea in children in Uzbekistan, which in turn suggests optimization of diagnostic search to specify etiology of acute diarrheal diseases;
we detected proportional distribution of rota-, noro-, adeno- and astroviral infection in etiological structure of diarrhea in children and proved leading role of rotaviruses in morbidity of younger age children;
we detected seasonality of viral diarrheas, and that in each season has its specific leading viral diarrheal disease;
we identified factors that affect progress of diarrheal disease in children;
for the first time we identified regional peculiarities of clinical course of rota-, noro-, adeno- and astroviral monoinfections in children of different age groups;
for the first we provided comparative characteristics and detected differential diagnostic differences of rota-, noro-, adeno- and astroviral diarrhea in children;
for the first time we detected molecular-genetic structure of rota- and norovirus diarrhea cases in children in Uzbekistan;
we developed diagnostic algorithm of viral diarrhea in children;
we have proven effectiveness of antiviral Anaferon Pediatric in children with viral diarrhea. 
CONCLUSION
1. Acute diarrhea in Uzbekistan in 77.5% of cases has viral origin. In 62.1% of cases it is monoifection. Etiologic structure of monovirus diarrhea in children: rotovirus infection consists consists - 21.0%, norovirus infection - 17.0%, adenovirus infection - 14.0% and astrovirus infection - 10.0%.
2.Seasonality is typical for viral diarrhea and it is more common for colder seasons. The different viruses dominate in different seasons throughout the year. The morbidity spike of rotovirus infection is observed in winter and spring (January-May), norovirus infection - December through March, adenovirus infection - September through February (autumn-winter), and astrovirus infection - from October through December.
3. Thc prevalence of viral diarrhea varies by age groups. In the age group <1 year, rotovirus infection prevails among identified viruses (32,1%). Rotovirus and adenovurs infection is the most frequent among children of 1-3 year (56.1% and 62.6% respectively), astrovirus and norovirus infection - children above 3 year (53.3% and 59.2% respectively).
4. Clinical presentation of viral diarrhea has age-specific features. Children <1 year of age suffer from more sever acute viral intestinal infections. The younger the child, the more intense and long are the clinical symptoms. The viral diarrhea of children >3 year are mild with shorter duration of fever and diarrheal syndrome.
5.In majority of cases the roto-, noro-, adeno- and astrovirus infections are moderate severity (73.8%, 75.4%, 74.8% and 82.8% respectively). Acute intestinal infections of viral etiology have similar clinical features but can be distinguished from each other by prevalence, severity and lengths of general infectious syndrome and damage of gastro-intestinal tract. In this case PCR and immunoenzyme diagnostics can be crucial.
6.1n the territory of Uzbekistan norovirus genotype GII is the most spread. The clinical presentation of the norovirus infection does not depend on virus genotype. Phylogenic analysis had shown that the norovirus strains that were circulating in the territory of Uzbekistan have South-Eastern origin. The detected strain has emerged due to recombination of Vietnamese and Japanese strains.
7. Among rotavirus infection cases the most common G genotype is GI (56.3%), GII is detected in 21.7% and Gill in 10.8% cases. Among P genotypes, the most frequent is P8 (69.8%). In combination of rotavirus genotypes, in 49.8% of cases G1P8 was identified.
8. Administration of Anaferon pediatric in complex therapy of children with viral diarrhea improves virus elimination, reduce virus excretion time, enhance host sanation thus decreasing incidence rate of single cases and outbreaks of viral diarrhea in hospitals and childcare facilities.
9. Socio-hygienic, medico-biologic and medico-organizational factors have complex impact to the clinical course of acute diarrheal diseases and complications.
10. Use of preliminary testing in acute diarrhea in children according to Markov model decreases current burden of disease from 6.4% to 13.7%.

Urgency and relevance of dissertational subject. The prevelance of generalized periodontitis (GP) in people of above 50 years old constitutes from 50 to 100%. Of particular interest is the relationship of GP with other somatic diseases of the body, especially with osteoporosis which represents the systemic pathology of bones. Osteoporosis along with GP is characterized by mass occurrence in all population groups and especially in elderly and senile people.
Every third woman of postmenopausal period suffers from osteoporosis and almost 100% of postmenopausal women have GP. One of the features of these two diseases is the loss of bone mass which often occurs gradually and eventually in some cases leads to enhanced bone fragility and increased risk of fracture in one hand and premature loss of teeth in another.
The living standards influences on health conditions and especially on the severity of chronic GP and osteoporosis that have a close pathogenetic relationships .The problem of the relationship of quality of human life with the condition of the masticatory system has the high social and public significance. It is proved that the manifestation of GP in women is influenced by many factors such as way of living, time of menopause and the severity of its clinical picture.
Frequent pregnancies and deliveries with low integral period index have also negative influence on masticatory system and as well on. Many studies convincingly demonstrate that the number of pregnancies is one of the factors of severe GP, diseases of the oral mucosa and also one of the factors for development of osteoporosis. At present osteoporosis has the nature of a "hidden epidemic" due to the mass destruction of all layers of the population especially in people of elderly age. Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and disorders of bone’s microarchitectonics which leads to increasing fragility of bones. The diagnosis of osteoporosis is quite difficult in some cases. Because of a few clinical symptoms are not enough for diagnosis, especially in the early stages of the disease, it requires X-ray data or Ultrasonic echoosteometry examinations which unfortunately are carried out very seldom on a regular basis. Considering the fact that the X-ray examinations are performed by dentists moret frequently, the role of dentist in early detection of General Osteoporosis occurring as latent concomitant disease is very valuable. This is not just medical problem but also social issue because of enormous state funds is spent for the treatment of complications of osteoporosis. In the Republic of Uzbekistan the president I.A. Karimov declared the year 2015 as “The year of attention and caretaking of senior people”. The level of development of any society is determined firstly by attention and caretaking of elderly people. Difficulties of the clinical picture and particularities of clinical manifestation of GP in women of elderly and senile age are increased by general osteoporosis. All of these reasons led to the elaboration of new diagnostic algorithms and methods for the treatment and prevention of these two diseases and, in the same time, this is one of the most important criterions of nessessity of dissertation.
Purpose of the research was to study the clinical picture and pathogenetic mechanism of generalized periodontitis in women of elderly and senile age with primary and secondary osteoporosis and integration of improved preventive and comprehensive treatment algorithms of the disease into routine dental practice.
Scientific novelty of disscrtational research consists of:
new solution for resolving of problem of treatment of general periodontitis with concomitant primary and secondary osteoporosis in women of elderly and senile age was proposed;
for the first time was performed comprehensive research and established association between the frequency of occurrence, clinical features and pathogenesis of generalized periodontitis in women of elderly and senile age with concomitant primary and secondary osteoporosis in accordance with the conditions of living area;
for the first time were determined correlations among the processes occurring in women with generalized periodontitis - age, number of pregnancies, time and severity of postmenopausal period, history of bone fractures, severity of the climacteric period, severity of clinical picture of GP and number of missed teeth;
the clinical, biochemical and x-ray densitometric status of periodontal tissues was assessed in women with GP and concomitant primary and secondary osteoporosis;
obtained new results on biochemical markers of bone remodeling with osteopenic disorders in women with GP and concomitant osteoporosis in blood and urine.
new comprehensive methods of improved efficiency of GP treatment with osteotropic orientation in women of elderly and senile age were presented in logical algorithms of the study.
CONCLUSION
1. The nature of the clinical course of CGP among women depends on various factors: age, living conditions, time of menopause and its severity, number of pregnancies, time of onset of postmenopausal period.
2. The clinical course of GP in women of elderly and senile age aggravated by increase of destructive processes of marginal parts of alveolar bones and marked reduction of their mineral density. The average total efficiency of reduction of alveolar bone mineral density in patients with osteoporosis exceeds the patients without disease on 68.72%.
3. In pathogenesis of GP in patients with primary and secondary osteoporosis disorders bone metabolism plays an important role and determines the severity of local inflammatory and destructive periodontal lesions. In mechanisms of disorders of bone metabolism the suppression of bone remodeling is dominated, exceeding the dynamics in patients with no osteoporosis and chronic GP on 41.76%; and increase of level of bone resorption on 9.05% respectively.
4. Inclusion into a comprehensive treatment of local and systemic use of sesame oil and lovastatin allows to maximize bone remodeling and reduce resorption of alveolar bone. In this case, the total efficiency of activation of bone remodeling was higher than in case of conventional therapy on 3rd month of treatment on 69.31% and on 6th month - on 45.35%; inhibition of level of resorption -respectively on 55.57% and 30.10%.
5. Inclusion in complex therapy of patients with GP of osteotropic drugs has maximum clinical effect: reducing in indices of hygiene, inflammation and destruction of periodontal tissues exceeds the results of conventional treatment on 13.0%; duration of treatment is reduced on 3.96 days, and the duration of remission increased on 8.77 months.
6. Comparative assessment of efficacy of antiresorptive agents in the treatment of patients with GP showed that the most effective in women suffered from GP combined with primary osteoporosis is osteogenon, in case of secondary osteoporosis - lovastatin in combination with sesame oil. In patients with no osteoporosis administration of sesame oil is a preventive measure, which is confirmed by achievement of balance in bone remodeling processes and improvement of indices that reflect the intensity of bone resorption.
7. Use of combined therapy with inclusion of lovastatin for GP combined with secondary osteoporosis significantly reduces urinary level of products of degradation of collagen type-I, normalizes the Cross Laps scores, reduces the activity of acid phosphatase levels and demonstrates its antiresorptive effect.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. The major problem put by the state in front of the textile industry is achievement of a steady place of textile production in the international market and to bring the contribution to a gain of level of economically developed countries of the world. As the President of Republic Uzbekistan Islam Karimov has underlined: “Special attention should be turned on the further development of manufacture, first of all in apparel, textile and food-processing industry, on more profound processing of a cotton fiber, other agricultural production and a source of raw materials, the industry of building materials, the organization of release of the ready qualitative production using steady demand”1.
In Uzbekistan advancing rates manufacture of knitted products develops, new technologies arc applied and the assortment of knitwear extends.
In the industry, trade and sphere of services demand to manufacture of the knitted products combining high adaptability to manufacture and the low cost price with good consumer properties. Therefore the decision of the above-stated problems in technology of knitted manufacture gets special value and is necessary.
According to the Decision of the Cabinet Ministers of Republic Uzbekistan from August, 8th, 2012 №234 «About additional measures on expansion of assortment and increase in volume of manufacture non-food products in 2012-2015» for the textile industry in modern conditions of market economy there is a problem of expansion of assortment and increase in volume of manufacture qualitative, competitive in the internal and external markets non-food products.
Consumer’ requirements to quality and appearance of product are daily increasing. Therefore the attention to the question of replacement of a smooth cloth on wide assortment with pattern effect is sharply brought. Now at the knitting enterprises of Republic there is enough modem circular and flat knitting equipment. Knitting machines have wide technological possibilities for producing of new kind’s fabric assortment. For today necessity of use for full capacity of the given equipment and possibility of producing of various kinds of structures with use pattern elements is an actual problem to which decision the present dissertation is devoted.
Purpose of the research is the substantiation of technology of producing new kinds of fabric assortment at double weft machines, to create of new structures, and also expansion of technological possibilities of the equipment by development of interloopings with small rapport patterned effect.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists of the following:
it is offered the new method of producing piece knitting plush structure on double flat machines (IDP 2002 05204) and method of producing of plush knitting on double warp machines (IDP 2002 05205);
it is recommended the rational intcrlooping scheme by improvement intcrlooping systems of flat knitting machines and technology of producing patterned piece knitting by plush intcrlooping;
it is revealed influence of technological parameters and physical-mechanical properties of double knitted interloopings by using of pattern elements on decreasing of raw material expenditure (UZ FAP 00830);
it is theoretically proved parameters of yam feeding process on double weft flat and circular machines at various construction of yam feeder;
it is scientifically proved parameters of yam feeding in bending process and tension at enter and exit at yam moving on spire parts of the machine on the basis of Euler's law with using of Maple program;
it is developed the new method of definition of length of plush loop yam at calculation of technological parameters of knitting and it is recommended the new coefficient for definition of plush loop length;
it is worked out and projected the new way of the automated calculation of parameters of knitting structures with using of program Delphi 7.
THE CONCLUSION
In dissertational work on the basis of theoretical and experimental researches in the field of technology of producing of new kind’s fabric assortment with double weft machines, new methods and the technological workings out having essential value for increase of efficiency of processes of manufacture and quality of finished articles arc offered. As a result following results arc received:
1. It is revealed, that at the knitting enterprises of Uzbekistan basically arc developed unary and double weft intcrloopings from a class of the main, derivative and some patterned intcrloopings. But they arc not made difficult patterned and combined intcrloopings which would allow to improve quality, appearance, pattern effect and to satisfy consumer requirements, thereby effectively to use technological possibilities weft double knitting machines.
2. It is worked out and recommended on the basis of the analysis the features of development of plush knitting ways of development piece patterned plush knitting with a new design of yam feeding devices and with installation of pins and needles on double knitting machines (IDP 2002 05204, IDP 2002 05205).
3. On the basis of studying of technological possibilities double circular interlock machines TERROT and double flat knitting machines PROTTI arc developed a pattern ornament, a patron of needles, structure, graphic notice and the description of knitting process on courses for new on base interlock intcrloopings with application of an additional element - cardigan loops and double face jacquard intcrloopings with small rapport a pattern for creation of patterned effect on a fabric surface.
4. Mathematical descriptions of process arc recommended at change of each of parameters depending on quantity change of cardigan loops in intcrloopings rapport which arc one-factorial mathematical models. By results of experiment the size of reliability of approximation R2<1 also aspires to a minimum.
5. Variants of fabrics with the reduced expense of raw materials as structures with the improved indicators and properties which arc developed on weft double machines on the basis of results of researches of technological parameters and physical-mcchanical properties on base interlock and double face jacquard intcrloopings arc developed and recommended.
6. Considerable reduction of volume density of new structures derivative interlock knitting three rib, four rib and five rib intcrloopings in comparison with a base intcrlooping at the expense of an arrangement of elements of loopy structure is provcd:-in three rib knitting - 9,8 %;-in four rib knitting - 29,2 %; - in five rib knitting - 34,4 %.
7. It is established, that at constant depth bending the maximum values of a tension depend on an entrance tension, frictional properties of a superficial friction and, mainly from a comer bending, and ways of decrease in a tension of a thread in branches of bending threads arc theoretically proved.
8. Application of a way of counter movement of spire parts, i.e. use on circular machine mobile trick walls, rubber coverings of a surface of the rollers possessing damping properties is theoretically proved, possibility of reduction of comer of grasp and time bending is thus defined.
9. The mathematical model of process in which bending is considered in five stages is constructed. Thus depth bending needles and lifting trick walls arc considered as known functions of time and at these assumptions dependences between a tension of a thread and a corner of a grasp, speed of descent of a needle and lifting trick walls, and thus arc received, law of change a thread tension in the beginning and the end of each stage is established.
10. It is established, that at trick walls lifting simultaneously with lowering of a needle the thread tension decreases in comparison with usual bending process, depending on friction factor, for 20-40 %. For circular machines with concrete data the settlement it is by defined, that value of a tension of a thread at simultaneous lowering of a needle and lifting trick walls decreases for 37,9 % and at simultaneous use of rotating rollers in addition - on 5,6 %.
11. Interfaces of calculation of technological parameters of such intcrloopings, as plain, rib 1+1, interlock, plush and a new method of calculation of plush knitting which much more simplifies definition of technological parameters with introduction of the coefficient defined experimental for upwears, underwear knitting, and also for hosiery arc recommended.
12. Expected economic benefit of application of offered technology of development interlock patterned intcrloopings makes 486000 sum at processing of raw materials of 1000 kg and from application of offered technology of development jacquard intcrloopings makes 1590000 sum at processing of raw materials of 1000 kg in the prices 2013y.

Topicality and demand for the subject of the dissertation. The intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is one of the significant problems of pediatrics. According to the data of the World health organization in 5-20% of newborns IUGR is a reason for adaptation disorder in the neonatal period and development of children in the further life. From a position of the modem medical science the retardation of intrauterine neonate development is considered as disease accompanying by serious discnergetic disorders.
The state of cellular energy metabolism in the newborns with retardation of intrauterine development found all over the world, region and our republic provides promotes to performance of the researches on identification of adaptability of the cardio-vascular system as well as assessment of the value of risk factors for occurrence of retardation of intrauterine fetal and neonate development. Thus determination of the definitive characteristics of the day electrocardiographic monitoring in diagnosis of the cardiac rhythm and conductivity disorders, syndrome of disadaptation as well as identification of the enzymes of cellular energy metabolism has become actual investigations in the area of pediatrics.
Under the conditions of the syndrome of desadaptation of the cardiovascular system of newborns due to damage of the cerebral mechanisms regulating its activity in intrauterine or intranatal hypoxia, and about the risk of pathological states being out of frames of perinatal period is known considerably less. It should be noted that for determination of diagnostic criteria for desadaptation of the cardio-vascular system and mitochondrial dysfunction on the basis of comparison of the results of functional and cytochemical investigations with clinical symptoms there is required development of the scientifically grounded recommendations for improvement of diagnostic and therapeutic standards. Besides, it is necessary to background the complex of correcting therapeutic measures with use of critical analysis of the present approaches and the current scientific methods.
Realization of the above mentioned scientific investigations shows significance of the works performed for investigation of the cardio-vascular system with assessment of the cellular energy exchange in the neonates with retardation of the intrauterine development. The investigations directed to the development and practical usage of the methods of assessment of the associated changes in the central nervous and cardio-vascular system associated with small body mass in birth. This is important criteria of the significance of the dissertation work theme.
This dissertation directed to the realization of the tasks presented in the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan № DP-1096 «About additional measures for Maternal and Child Health protection, formation of the healthy generation» from 13 of April 2009 and Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan № DP-1144 «About Program of measures for further strengthening and increase efficacy of the work performed for improvement of  the reproductive health of the population, birth of the healthy child, formation of physically and mentally development generation for 2009-2013» from Г' of July 2009, implementation of which will improve the quality of the medical care rendered to children and to low infant mortality in the republic as whole.
The purpose of the research is to explore functional state of the cardiovascular system and to evaluate the level of activity of cellular energy exchange in infants with intrauterine growth retardation with subsequent optimization of therapies.
The scientific novelty of the dissertational research consists of the following:
for the first time on the basis of a comprehensive analysis there have been defined biochemical and ultrasound markers of intrauterine growth retardation, depending on the length of gestation;
determined that the hemodynamic disturbances in the mother-placenta system combined with changes of biochemical markers arc early signs of fetal growth retardation;
determined the effect of perinatal hypoxia on the severity of the central nervous system, depending on the form of IUGR;
found a disturbance of the adaptation of the cardiovascular system, depending on the severity of perinatal lesions of the nervous system. To evaluate the adaptive capacity of the cardiovascular system there was used daily Holter monitoring. There was determined the heart rate variability in newborns;
shown the features of arrhythmias and cardiac conduction, accompanied by clinical and electrocardiographic evidence of ischemia-hypoxia myocardial damage;
shown high information content of the test reports that reflect the mitochondrial function, allowing study the state of cellular energy exchange in this category of newborns. Established signs of mitochondrial insufficiency in children with various forms of growth retardation. It was revealed that changes in the activity of cellular cytochemical indicators of energy exchange reflect the depth of metabolic disorders in infants with growth retardation;
given pathogenetic rationale for the correction of mitochondrial failure in infants with growth retardation with drugs affecting different levels of metabolism;
evaluated the effectiveness of complex metabolic therapy with drugs that have a synergistic effect on the «target» organs. It is shown that on the background of metabolic therapy there was noted increased activity and the number of mitochondria, leading to increased growth-weights in newborns with intrauterine growth retardation. Score is possible to establish the nature and extent of the impact on the severity of the means of structural and functional disorders of the central nervous system in newborns surveyed;
use of cncrgotropic drugs in combination with ncuromctabolic means, contributed to the improvement of motor activity and correction of neuronal damage, the positive dynamics in the restoration of cardiac rhythm and conduction, the rate of increase in weight and growth indicators, which greatly increases the adaptive capacity of children with growth retardation.
CONCLUSION
1. Leading the strength of influence of risk factors for IUGR fetus are placental insufficiency, in excess of 5.46 times compared with the comparison group, perinatal infection - 4.67 times, gestosis - in 3.57 times, as well as signs of IUGR according to US research in the II and III trimester, respectively. Hemodynamic disturbances in fetoplacental system lead to lagging behind the main indicators fetometrieal 2-5 mm, which corresponds to the difference in 2-3 weeks gestation. The dependence of the fetal body weight on the ratio of biochemical markers: the smaller the weight of the fetus, the lower the rates of hCG and AFP higher values (p <0,05).
2. Adaptation opportunities of the cardiovascular system depended on the severity of hypoxia. Clinical manifestations of maladjustment syndrome of cardiovascular system accompanied by tachycardia in 62%, bradycardia in 38.6%, voiceless heart tones in 22.7%, systolic murmur of varying severity, 28.4%, fickle finely wheezing in 34.8% of cases. According to the standard ECG transient myocardial ischemia was detected in 43.6% of newborns main group and in 8.8% of children of the comparison group, accompanied by a significant increase in the activity of the enzyme cardiospccific MB-СК (p <0.01), depending on the size of the affected area of the heart muscle .
3. According to the results of Holter monitoring arc revealed the quantitative characteristics of the arrhythmia and its circadian rhythm disturbance type and during the day. In the structure of arrhythmias prevailed heterotopic disorders: supraventricular at 73.1% and the PVCs with day type distribution in 46.2%, and conduction disturbances in the form of pulse sinoatrial blockade II degree from 7,46%, III degree - 16.3 and atrioventricular block% - 59.7% of the children of the main group. Autonomic imbalance in newborns undergoing cerebral ischemia, reflecting a decrease of parasympathetic influences on heart rate level with a predominance of the sympathetic component of regulation, accompanied by an increase in the index LF / AF. According to the results of echocardiography hemodynamic abnormalities identified in the form of myocardial dysfunction with a decrease in stroke and minute volumes, the development of neonatal pulmonary hypertension and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.
4. Disturbances of the energy exchange in the newborn tissue depended on the form of IUGR. Indicators of enzyme activity with an asymmetric form showed a compensatory voltage of anaerobic processes of cellular energy exchange. At the symmetric form of developmental delay was observed deep mitochondrial dysfunction. Identified changes in the activity of enzymes of cellular energy, accompanied by a decrease in the activity SDH, LDH and GDH, (p <0,05). In symmetrical form IUGR their decline was more pronounced at the same time GPDH activity was higher as compared with the asymmetric shape of IUGR fetus, reflecting compensatory voltage anaerobic processes.
5. Disorders of the cellular energy exchange take place against the background of functional changes in the cardiovascular system, which indicates an insufficiency of the biocncrgy of myocardium accompanied by characteristic clinical manifestations. Heart rate variability avNN (r = + 0,896), SDNN (r = + 0,929), VLF (r = + 0,762) and average with rMSSD (r = + 0,614), pNN50 (r = + 0,685), LF (r = 0.312) and HF (r = + 0,410) correlated with the activity of the enzyme LDH.
7. Complex therapy with L-camitinc and cortexin: Elkar 0,075 3 times a day for 2 months and cortexin 0.5 mg intramuscularly for 10 days initially leads to weight gain, and then the length of the body. The most demonstrative these changes arc observed in the asymmetric form of growth retardation. There has been established correlation between SDH and the body mass (r =+0,96) and growth (r =+0,97). According to the ECG in 61.2% (49) of the main group of children decreased heart rate, decreased heart rate reactivity, improved myocardial rcpolarization processes, reduce arrhythmias and conduction were noted. In the neurological status "significant improvement" was observed in 56.1% "improvement" - 31.1%, slight - 13.8% of children in relation to the comparison group - 36.4%, 33.2% and 30.4% of children, respectively. Improving quality of life of children is integral criterion of health status, based on the subjective evaluation of physical, psychological and social well-being and effectiveness of medical technologies.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. The experience of advanced countries (USA, Japan, Spain, France and others.) shows that the most effective authority in the water and land management at the landowners level arc non-governmental, non-profit and community organizations. These organizations contribute to equitable sharing of water resources, regardless of location, type and size of farmlands, prevention of illegal water withdrawals, reduce the volume of irrigation water losses, improving the quality of maintenance of canals, drainage and other infrastructure.
Uzbekistan water consumers association (WCA) is situating in intermediate position between governmental structure of water management and directly main water consumers. WCAs must be equipped with modem water and land resources management methods and tools, for increasing the water using efficiency, as well as coordination of the association members.
"On measures to improve land reclamation and rational use of water resources” from April 19, 2013 and Cabinet Ministries Decree № KM-82 "Approval order of water use and consumption in the Republic of Uzbekistan" from March 19, 2013, contributed in the providing of these studies. These tasks arc designed to mitigate water shortages through the introduction of improved operational adjustment methods of water use plans and optimize areas of crops, improve the efficiency of agronomic and reclamation methods based on the methods of forecasting the dynamics of soil moisture, upgrade laser leveling design methods and technologies.
Subject of research - economic and mathematical model of water allocation and optimization crop areas, soil moisture-storage technology and its models, as well as the technology of laser land leveling with soil subsidence.
Scientific novelty of dissertation research is as follows:
developed water distribution and crop areas optimization method for increasing the irrigation water and land resources productivity;
developed method of forecasting the GWT dynamics with background of SHD;
for the first time developed method for determining evapotranspiration with the development of the plant root system, depth of arable layer and the GWT;
for the first time developed technique for forecasting soil moisture dynamics with background of SHD and applied technologies: traditional technology (root -arable - subsurface layers), stage by stage layer loosening (root - subsurface layers), deep loosening of the field in the vegetation period for the accumulation of moisture in soils (arable - subsurface layers);
developed technology for designing and land leveling works on subsiding soils.
CONCLUSION
Studies allow us to formulate the following conclusions, determined by theoretical and practical significance of the work:
1. An economic -mathematical model (equation 2) to adjust the water use plans in conditions of water scarcity was developed. Optimization problem of water distribution between crops in terms of WCAs and farmers can be solved by proposed model, which will minimize the loss of agricultural production under water scarcity. That allows to increase revenue 342 400 UZS/ha (WCA Sairam Kuyi Suvi -Chirchik district of Tashkent region) compared to the traditional methods of water distribution.
2. The economic -mathematical model (equation 3) for operational optimization of agricultural land with a deficit of irrigation water was developed. Experience of the crop area optimization indicate a need for diversification of species and varieties of crops. Only through proper diversification revenue can increase to the sum of 454 200 Uzb/ha (farm Mamatkul Jurakul ugli at WCA N.Mirzacv Kumkurgan District of Surkhondarya Region).
3. Created the economical-mathematical model (equation 4) to optimize areas of crops and volumes of water allocation under extention of water scarcity. Implementing the optimization of crops area and water distribution in the irrigation water shortage period minimized agriculture losses in dry years. For example, economic efficiency after the introduction of this method in the farm "Saodat" in WCA N.Mirzacv at Kumkurgan District of Surkhandarya Region was 821 500 UZS/ha higher than the control.
4. Until now, when modeling the moisture flow associated with the evaporation of the physical, not considered it’s changing to a limited extent. In this connection, in this work, is taken into account the change of volumetric humidity in the range of wilting moisture to field capacity. Based on the analytical solutions of moisture transfer in automorphic soils in the initial period of plant development and taking into account the development of the root system, by solving the inverse problem in physics (procedure Acad. Abutalieva FB) determined the physical parameters of soil in considered WCA.
5. An analytical dependence (equation 12) determines the moisture flow (physical evaporation) on the earth surface, based on agronomic parameters (tilth), the physical properties of soils and the development of plant root systems and soil humidity changes within a limited range (from wilting to field capacity).
6. The author suggests the analytical dependence (equation 15) of groundwater table dynamics at SHD background in space and time, which differs significantly from the results of P.Y. Polubarinova - Cochina, receiving an average depth of groundwater, the average value of the maximum and minimum water level.
Developed (transcendental) equation (equation 16) to determine the groundwater level to any fixed time period and is a function of the soil porosity, the soil percolation coefficient, the intensity of infiltration, the evaporation at the soil surface, drain spacing and critical depth.
7. The author created mathematical model (equation 17) which describes the SHD resistance coefficient and discharge in time. In contrast to acad. S.F. Averianov receiving SHD percolation resistance and discharge as constant value, the author proves the change SHD percolation resistance and its discharge.
8. Based on this formula the dynamics of the groundwater level, the author developed model (equation 23) and a software for solving the problem on the forecasting humidity for orchards, vineyards and perennial crops, i.e. humidity changes in a homogeneous soil. The results showed that the decrease in volumetric humidity near the drainage is faster than in the middle drainage space.
9. On the basis of theoretical studies, the dependence (equations 26 and 27) the change of humidity in a bilayer soil (vegetation period, arable and subsurface layers) allows to determine the dynamics of moisture in the aeration zone for collecting moisture from "artificial" winter floods caused by the transition to energetically management of transboundary waters.
10. The numerical solution of (equations 29 and 30) equations of the dynamics of moisture transfer in stage by stage layers loosening on the background of the SHD, consider having a two-layer medium (root and subsurface layers). Solution of the problem can optimize the depth and time of stage by stage layers loosening for increasing irrigation interval. The proposed simulation method of moisture transfer stage by stage layers loosening allowed to get accurate data on humidity changes in compared to the previously used method (F.A. Baraev and M. Abbaskhanov).
11. Mathematical models (equations 32, 33, 34), considering three-layer soil (root, arable and subsurface layers) allow to determine the dynamics of soil moisture on irrigated field under SHD background. Using the procedure by solving the inverse problem in physics (procedure Acad. Abutalieva FB) determined the physical parameters of soil in considered WCA.
12. Improved methods of laser leveling design (equations 35, 36) of irrigated land on subsiding soils, reduces the amount of cut/fill works to 12-16% (WCA Muhtarali Yusupov Kurgantepa district of Andijan Region). The developed method promotes creating a stable plane.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Modem equipment, machinery and mechanisms as well as technological equipment used in cotton industry should have a high efficiency and reliability in the process of their exploitation. That is why targeted application of new highly efficient composite polymer materials in ensuring operational reliability of cotton processing machinery, together with equipment construction improvement, is one of the topical scientific issues, pending to be resolved.
It is known that the working surfaces of traditionally used metallic materials have technological roughness and sub microroughness with sharp peaks, intensively damaging cotton fiber during the processing, and, by this, resulting in lower productivity and higher energy consumption because of relatively high friction forces on their surfaces due to high hydrophilicity. Therefore, targeted use of efficient composite polymer materials and coatings based on them on the working surfaces of technological machines and mechanisms for assuring reliability, increasing productivity and reducing energy intensity of technological machines and preservation of natural cotton fiber quality due to mechanical defectiveness is highly relevant.
The decision marked the problem is directly related to the development of new energy-saving and resource-saving technologies of coating formation on the basis of efficient polymer materials on working surfaces of large production technologic machines.
Fundamental studies of the structural adaptability process, which is one of the features of frictional interaction in engineering materials science, and which is not being paid appropriate attention, determine the prospects for further development of materials in the “cotton - polymer composite” tribo-system. High elasticity of micro-and submicro roughness’s of composite polymer materials and coatings from them provides a relatively lower friction with cotton allowing sufficiently reduce its mechanical defectiveness. Herewith conducting multidisciplinary studies with regards to the nature, composition, structure and size of filler particles, to assess the quantitative and qualitative impact of technological factors to the formation of nanocomplex compounds on the interphase layer using activation-hclio technological method arc essential.
The Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No.70 “On the program of modernization and reconstruction of the cotton industry plants for 2007-2011” dated 03.04.2007confirms the urgency and relevance of the dissertation topic, which is devoted to development of new compositions and energy and resource saving methodology for obtaining highly efficient composite polymer coatings for the working parts of the technological cotton processing equipment.
Purpose of research is to design the effective composite polymer coatings that arc capable adjust structurally while interaction with cotton and the technologies of obtaining them.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research. The scientific novelty of the thesis consists of:
determination of the improved mechanism of structural adjustability of the geometric and thermodynamics options while interaction of different in nature polymer materials as well as revealing the qualitative and quantitative effect of the improvement;
determination of unnoticed earlier effect of the structural adjustability of the composite materials with cotton that makes unavoidable the formation of electro conductive chains, ensuring the decrease of tribo electric charge density and, therefore the quantity of friction coefficient and the relative mechanical damage of cotton due to laminar structure of the filler;
exposing the effective structure forming modificator of gossypol epoxy while the hetero composite coatings formation with activation-helio technological method; 
offering a new method of structure forming with consideration of the gradient distribution of fillers particles over the coating thickness;
offering for the first time the mechanism of the nano complex compounds forming with mcchano-chcmical modification method for the obtaining of hetero composite coatings with activation and hclio-tcchnological method.
CONCLUSION
Based on the data analysis and held theoretical and experimental researches it was firstly theoretically substantiated the possibilities of managing components of frictional interaction forces of polymer materials with raw cotton and purposeful regulation of mechanical damage of the cotton fiber by optimizing the structure and properties of the construction materials for machines and mechanisms of the technological equipment was offered.
The results of the research not only widen the theoretical knowledge in the sphere of the designing highly effective composite engineering materials being exploited in the conditions of the frictional interaction with cotton but also define the prospects of composite materials science development when designing new engineering materials with a rational application of the local raw materials and power resources.
Direct solar irradiation in the natural conditions of 710-750 W/m2 during 10-20 hours ensures the necessary degree (95-98% relatively) of hardening of hctcro-compositc epoxy coatings that have enough efficiency in the frictional interaction with cotton.
As the main conclusions can be noted the following:
1. As it is shown, the steady-state values of the structural parameters of frictional interaction in particular of the surface roughness coatings regardless of its initial value arc commensurate with a transverse dimensions not only of cotton fibers but also the altitude stepper roughness parameters, the most increase is observed in coatings based on thermal and thermoplastic binder resulted from their low thermal and mechanical properties. The best options of the structural adaptability with the least mechanical damage of cotton is observed when the fillers with a laminate structure stipulated by the particle decomposition that form sub and micro unevenness of the coatings.
2. Improving the cotton fillers by water soluble compositions based on Na KMS, PVC, polyethylene glycol using as SAS OP-10, salts NjN- dcmythclamin-cthylmctacrylatc with bromide ethyl was theoretically grounded on the study of the mechanism of the frictional interaction of materials. It was found that water soluble polymer composites applied when improving the cotton fiber not only participate as the acceptor which improve strength, antistatic and other properties of the cotton fibers but also ensure the effective decrease of mechanic damage of it in spite of some increase of the molecular frictional forces interaction with the surface of the coating that can be explained by a screening and strengthening effect.
3. For the first time earlier unnoticed effect of burnishing of the composite coating under the frictional interaction with cotton lies in the fact of unavoidable formation of electro conductive chains still observed while at enough low content of 2-5 pts.wt. graphite, due to laminate structure as a consequence of a structure and power self-organization of tribo system. The activated atoms of metals present in the wollastonit and kaolin fillers content in the kind of oxides while the frictional interaction alongside with polarized macro molecules of the improved compositions or with atoms of water also ensure the formation of a firm electro conductive chains over the whole contour surface of the frictional interaction. This convincingly proves the peculiarity of the structural adaptability while the interaction with cotton.
4. It was ascertained that mechanical activated local minerals - Angren kaolin and Kuytash wollastonit arc the effective fillers and gossypol epoxy is the effective structure forming one while designing of antifrictional epoxy hetero composite coating with raw cotton that were formed by activation and solar-technological method. It was shown that an even distribution of mineral particles over the capacity of the hetero composite epoxy coatings with previously grated polyethylene with purpose in certain correlations in dependence of the binder viscosity.
5. It is found that ions of metals formed while mechanical activation can have a good structure forming property alongside with the functional groups of gossypol epoxy, while mechanical activation of the mineral on the disintegrating installation implementing shock-splitting-abrasive effect that ensures the increase of the adhesion between the filler and the binder not only thanks to the increase of specific surface of the mechanically activated mineral but also to the increase of ionized spots that can form nano-complex compounds with the functionally activated groups of gossypol epoxy.
6. The formation of nano-complex compounds was ascertained by the analysis of IR-spcctcr and the mechanism (structure formula) of the structure formation in hetero composite polymer materials obtained by activation and solar-technological method
7. For the first time a new activation and solar-technological method ensuring a rational use of the local raw materials and power resources, required structure fonnational and antifriction wear resistant properties for the composite coatings for the large scale working surfaces of the technological cotton processing machines was offered. The choice of the fillers for mechanical activation from the local raw mineral material of Angren kaolin and Kuytash wollastonit is stipulated by that fact that they have industrial production and have got a close chemical composition and differ by a structure of formation that is characteristic to a wide specter of local minerals and can be served as a model sample of the local natural raw material having a potential possibilities for the application as the fillers, composite materials for machine- building.
8. It was found out that effectively introducing kaolin to improve antifriction properties of epoxy hetero composite coatings with the use of the local minerals and decrease of mechanical damage of cotton, and to increase wear resistance by introducing wollastonit. The optimal implementation of a laminar structure of kaolin while getting antifriction coating with required wear resistant can be achieved with the application of wollastonit with fraction content of 50-100 micron and the anisotropy coefficient not less than 2 in the amount of 5-10 pts.wt.
9. The designed new composition contents protected with the patents of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. IAP 04645 and No. IAP 04774, considerably excel their typical analogues by the combinations of properties thus ensuring the less value of F and 50 while interacting with cotton. At the same time, nowadays, they can be obtained by cutting material and energy also financial expenses that satisfy a consumer needs and large scale implementation of the work results.
10. The organization of the research work while choosing the effective composition construction materials based on estimation of the minimal value of the offered complex factor fS according to the firstly designed State Standard of Uzbekistan O’zDSt2822:2014, with the use of No. DGU 01171, No. DGU 01172, and also to the methodic of evaluating indefiniteness of measuring tribo parameters considerably cut time and labor expenses from the conducting research to the implementing the results.

Topicality and demand of the theme of dissertation. During control of the processes of production, transmission, distribution and consumption of power energy determining importance is accuracy, sensitivity, linearity and commonality parameters of the elements end devices of control systems with primary facilities of transformationing current, because inaccurasy of the control of power and paramentrs will accompany with significant negative economical damage. The development of the complex approach, providing energy and resource saving on base of efficiently control sources of reactive power, expansion of the functional possibilities, simplification of designs, reduction of weight and volume factors, improvement of the technologies of fabrication, provision of the remote measuring processes, transformation of the current based on the usage of the modem primary measuring transdusers is actual problem of the control devices and elements of energy system. Herewith, the primary measuring current transdusers, being the main section information-measuring and controlling systems, completely define the technical and economical factors of energy system.
Development and application of the modem current transdusers follows principle and requirements of the standarts of system instrument and facilities of automations (GOST CIS 13109-97, EN-50160, МЕК 1000-3x 61000-2x and etc.), the mains from which arc follows:
block-module principle of construction, providing versatility of the transdusers of current, when using the rational minimum of constructive elements and devices of modem technologies;
a restriction of the primary transdusers of current, norm of modules, when ensuring their information, energetic, metrological, constructive and structured compatibility on the base of consequent unifications and standardizations.
At present cmplocmcnt of the electromagnetic transdusers of three-phase current with unified output value, expansion of the spectrum converted electric values is limited, because of the insufficient dcvclopcmcnt of the methods of calculation and research of portioned magnetic systems of the transdusers. The classical methods of research of the magnetic circuits do not provid necessary accuracy due to the asymmetries of the three-phase primary currents of electric network, which do not possess the sufficient generality, coverring herewith only main varieties of the circuits of electric and magnetic nature. The magnetic systems of the transformation with non linear parameters and features of the primary current of electric network of energy system during calculations has been taken as a object with concentrated parameters.
Besides, classical single-phase transformers of the current to current have complex transdusing part, weight and volume of the factors labour-consuming when designing and usages in combined control system, do not provide the commonality of the output value under joint work with microprocessors and electronics technology information systems. They do not take into account the nature of magnetic flow, created by current of the three-phase electric network of energy system.
This research work is oriented on practical realization of the Resolutions of the Cabinet Minister of the Republics of Uzbekistan number 245 from 22 of the September, 2008 - «Rules of the use of electric and heat energy» and in number 295 from 1 of the November, 2013 «About additional measure on improvement of the activity GSC «Uzbckcncrgo» and strengthening of the discipline calculation for consumed electric energy».
Coming there of decisions of the enumerated problems requires undertaking the special researchs and developments, in accordance with making the methods and algorithm, capable to realize checking of validity of information on value and parameter to electric energy of three-phase electric network ES based on modem elements and devices of the checking and combined control. Given circumstance conditions need for the development and introduction of reliable, unified, exact electromagnetic transdusers of the current to voltage, taking into account nonsymmetry of current to three-phase electric network, differring from them in size and on phase, than is explained urgency there arc research.
Purpose of research the development of theories and designing the electromagnetic transdusers one and multyphascs primary current to secondary voltage with flat measuring windings for multifunction control source of reactive power and creation of their base of energy and rcsoursc saving in energy systems.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
designed of technology of translation of primary current to voltage on base of the electromagnetic converters of the current with flat measuring winding and device for acceptance, processing and control of systems of multifunction control reactive power of energy systems;
designed of graph models, allowing graphically, effectively and with high formalization of research of problems of multifunction control reactive power of energy systems on base of the electromagnetic converters with flat measuring winding, as well as certain principles of their building, magnetic systems of the transformation, the main features and sources of inaccurasy;
designed of algorithms and methods of the building of the features of the electromagnetic converters with flat measuring winding: steady-state under lumpy and nonlinear parameter of the magnetic systems; dynamic under symmetrical and asymmetrical electric load;
designed of algorithms and models of the calculation of the influence of the sources of inaccuracy of the electromagnetic converters of the current to voltage with flat measuring winding, is realized by categorization of the sources of inaccuracy;
designed of algorithms and methods rational structured and parametric designing on base of the criterion: linearities of the steady state features, accuracy, sensitivity and reliability;
designed methods of the building design electromagnetic converters one- and three-phase primary current in secondary voltage of the electric network of the power systems under multifunction control source to reactive power, being up to quality rational cnergo- and resourccc saving systems, taking into account nonsymctricy when checking and control in size and phase current to three-phase electric network, providing adequacy of the factors quality and change primary and secondary values.
CONCLUSION
In dissertation for combined control of values and parameters of three-phase current of electric networks and reactive power ES, based on theoretical and experimental research is designed: principles of the building of the electromagnetic transdusers of the current to voltage with flat measuring winding; the corresponding to mathematical models; the algorithms of the research and designing; as well as methods of the calculation that has allowed to solve a problem development and construction efficient electromagnetic transdusers one- and poliphasc primary current topsecondary voltage.
Arc they in total received following main results:
1. Motivated that using flat measuring windings in electromagnetic trunsduser of the current to voltage as detector element, provides the reception unified out signal with parameter: voltage - 20 V, current - 100 mA and allows develop new in electromagnetic trunsduser of the current to voltage whith flat measuring windings, being up to quality combined autocontrol system of reactive power of energy systems.
2. Installed that value out voltages Ueout depends on degree of pcrpcndiculary and uniformities of the crossing the magnetic flow area flat measuring windings, optimal resistances and conductivities complex portioned area and structures of the magnetic system of the transformation of the electromagnetic trunsduser of the current to voltage.
3. The Best values out voltages Ueoill arc provided at value of the air clearance - S equal - 0,002 - 0,003 m and numbers whorl flat measuring windings - WFMW equal -3-4.
4. Designed graphic model, allowing analyse the principles of the building; distribution magnetic flow in hinge magnitwire; the main features, as well as the sources of error electromagnetic trunsduser of the current to voltage whith flat measuring windings.
5. It Is Installed that influence of the secondary current Icout flat measuring windings of the current to voltage transdusers of the forms 0,017 % from normalized importances in primary current lein. When change a temperature surrounding ambicnces, inaccuracy of the transformation increases 0,03 %, wrong fabrication form flat measuring windings - 0,07 %.
6. Accounting entropy inaccuracy of the transdusers of the current to voltage does not exceed 0,2%, but experimental importance of inaccuracy electromagnetic trunsduser of the current to voltage whith flat measuring windings forms 0,21%.
7. The Calculation is installed that total reliability combined autocontrol system source of reactive power of the power systems on the base of electromagnetic trunsduser of the current to voltage whith flat measuring windings forms the best value, equal 0,96.
8. Designed methods of the building design electromagnetic converters onc-and three-phase primary current in secondary voltage of the electric network of the power systems under multifunction control source to reactive power, being up to quality rational cnergo- and resourccc saving systems, taking into account nonsymctricy when checking and control in size and phase current to three-phase electric network, providing adequacy of the factors quality and change primary and secondary values.
9. Used automatically controlled of the sources of reactive power in electric sets and power devices with installed power 50 kVt and voltage till 500 kV, allowed increasing of capacitypower ecuipmcnt and электроприемников and energy- and resource saving rejime of electron elements of control voltage 61,8 V instead 57,5 V for 4,31 V (7,5%) more voltage of one phases line and on 1,73 * 7,5% = 12,9% on linear voltage of the power supply of control system.
10. Emplocd electromagnetic converters of the current to voltage in electric sets of the systems of power supply more than 20 enterprises shows of accuracy and automations of control source of reactive power, have allowed to reduce the loss to electric powers on 11,26% under normative importance 13,29% (have provided the reduction of the technological consuption to electric powers on 1,13 mlrd. kVtx hour)of account due to increasing of the class of accuracy of elements controle system of reactive power of the power systems from 1,0 to 0,5.