All articles - Biophysics

Subjects of research: sorts of winter wheat, rust fungi, Pyrausta nubilalis Hb., Eury-gaster integricps Put., GK, TGK, Baileton, Tilt, Titul, DKM-1, PhOC.
Purpose of work: a methodology of the mechanism “green technology” in the development of bio and agrobiodiversity in the soil salinity conditions, studying simulating properties of GK and TGK, creation of preparations stimulating growth and development of the wheat containing fungicide, creation of synergetic mixtures of well-known insecticides.
Methods of research: methods of physiology and biotechnology of plants as well as chromatography, extracts, enzymology, toxicology, bioorganic chemistry.
The results obtained and their novelty: The reasons of accumulation in the root of licorice are studied. Stimulating properties of GK and TGK are revealed. New “green technology” for ecological restoration and greenery of saline soils is created. A new experimental preparation DKM-1 from local production stimulating growth and development of wheat containing fungicides is created.
On the basis of using DKM-1 in the salinity condition, inoculation of fungi rust in the growth of wheat, increase of quantity of phenol connections was defined and shown one of its influence mechanisms.
The influence of DKM-1 on wheat infected rust, higher effectiveness of the action than that of fungicides such as Tilt, Baileton and Titul. On the basis of the influence of FOS on activity of esterase ferments of insects, specific inhibitors were revealed.
On the basis of studying toxicological features of inhibitors, synergetic mixture was created which effectively influences on a small amount of dose on maize columbine borer.
Practical value: methods of “green technology” have innovative significance, and serve as an important source in learning new regularities of ecological restoration of saline soils. Created preparation DKM-1 is recommended as a qualitative stimulator containing fim-gi-toxic effects against wheat rust. With the help of using of the created synergetic mixture, it might be reached to the economic effectiveness, decrease of quantity of pesticides and increase of effects of influence.
Degree of embed and economic Effectivity: In extension of “green technology” methods, an increase of harvest of wheat in the conditions of salinity is observed. Using of DKM-1 preparation in farming culture brings into increase of productivity on 4-5 c/hec. A Laboratory regalement in preparing synergetic mixture is developed.
Field of application: Bioorganic Chemistry, Physiology and Nature Defense Science

Subjects of research: White not purebred rats: offspring, transferred chronic intrauterine hypoxia; newborn children with a cerebral ischemia of a various degree and their mothers.
Purpose of work: studying molecular mechanisms of biomembranes destruction under the action of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at hypoxia and effects of water - and fat-soluble antioxidants in ultra low doses on ROS generation in the brain tissues, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of liver at postnatal period after intrauterine hypoxia.
Methods of research: thin layer chromatography, biochemical, immuno-hystochcmical, clinical, ultrasound and cerebral blood flow evaluation, statistical.
The results obtained and their novelty: it is established the interrelation of a brain and liver, its contribution to aggravation of consequences of a cerebral ischemia at last terms after intrauterine hypoxia. It is established positive effect of phenazan in ultra low doses on the ROS overproduction and phospholipids composition misbalancc in the mitochondrial fraction of the liver and on the liver cells apoptosis too at last terms after intrauterine hypoxia. It is shown modulate effect of tocopherol on the ROS scavenger enzymes activity at early period after intrauterine hypoxia in liver microsomal fraction. It is established strong positive effect of synthetic water-soluble antioxidant phenazan on the ROS scavenger enzymes activity in the brain tissue, which cause the phospholipids composition normalization and provide optimal conditions to the brain development.
Practical value: The modified scale of a sub-optimality of the prenatal risk factors of cerebral ischemia in newborn was created, application of ultra low doses of antioxidants is proved at experimental search.
Degree of embed and economic affectivity: the received results arc introduced as methodical recommendations and information letter in The Republican Specialized Scientific - Practical Medical Centre of Obstetrics and Gynecology, department of neonatology of the Tashkent Post graduated Medical Institute, department of biochemistry of Tashkent Pediatrician Medical Institute.
Field of application: biochemistry, pediatrics.

Topicality and relevance of the dissertation topics. One of the major problems in modem biophysics is to study the relationship of structure and function of ion channels formed by proteins. On one hand, the ion channels arc nanoscopic pores which exhibit selectivity to ions, ability to selectively transport through the membranes different molecules or respond to them by changing their own properties. On the other hand, some organisms (including highly pathogenic ones) produce proteins that are capable to spontaneously integrate in the host cell membrane and form there ion channels de novo. Not only clinical symptoms of various infectious diseases, but also compositions of medium in which the cells and bacteria exist depend on these proteins. Therefore, nanopores formed by proteins attracted attention of researchers of all over the world, both in terms of basic principles of biophysical and physiological functioning of living cells, and from the practical aspect, as there arc ideas for their use as nano sequencers, components of nano-filter, biosensors and other nanodcvices. The data on what structural characteristics affect nanopore functioning and how selectivity depends on their structure and amino acid composition may help in designing nanoporcs with predetermined properties.
In international publications, scientists noted that knowledge about the structure of protein nanopores and its impact on their properties, can help both in the development of modem medicine and the development of nanodcvices used in modern devices. Most researchers believe that a-hemolysin (a-HL) is the most promising ion channel as a basis of these instruments, and therefore, a large number of papers devoted to the studies of the properties of this channel have been published. The ability of a-HL to form water-filled transmembrane pores in bilayer lipid membranes was first discovered over 35 years ago in Uzbekistan.
This dissertation research to a certain extent is the implementation of the tasks stipulated by the Joint Statement between Uzbekistan and Japan signed in February.
The aim of research work is to conduct structural and functional analysis of nanopores formed by different proteins.
Scientific novelty of the dissertation work includes the followings:
for the first time, using the method of asymmetric application of non-elcctro-lytes, it has been shown that the changes in the pore radius along the axis of the ion channels can be detected;
it was found that the radius of the VDAC ion channel changes upon transition from one to other conduction state;
it was found that the properties of ion channels depend not only on the sign of the charge of the charged groups distributed within a channel, but also by their location along the longitudinal axis of the channel;
a novel method for determining the stoichiometry of channels formed in situ has been proposed;
it is established that the maxi-anion channel does not belong to the family of VDAC proteins;
for the first time, it was demonstrated that blocking of ion channel by polyanions depends on their size and concentration of divalent cations;
it was found that the potential clamped on the membrane causes an elastic deformation of the a-HL pore.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Using the modified method of polymer probing, it was shown for the first time that:
a) the diameters of the two entrances of the a-HL channel arc close to each other and equal to 2.6-2.4 nm (cis/trans); the channel has two narrow portion: the main constriction has a diameter of 1.3 nm and is located approximately in the center of the channel, whereas the second one has a diameter of 1.8 nm and is located closer to the cis entrance of the pore;
b) the diameter of the cis entrance of VCC channel is 1.9 nm, and that of the trans entrance is 1,6 nm; there is a constriction inside the channel with a diameter of 1.2 nm;
c) the diameters of the cis and trans entrance of VDAC ion channel in its high-conductance state arc 2.0 nm and 4.0 nm, respectively. Upon transition to the low-conductance state, the diameters of both entrances decrease and become equal to 1.8 nm and 2.4 nm, respectively. The total decrease in channel volume is ~ 10 nm3, which is about 40% of the total pore volume.
2. Detailed comparison (under physiological conditions) of the biophysical properties of the maxi-anion channel and VDAC has shown that these two ion channels arc formed by different proteins.
3. For the first time, it was shown that introduction of additional negative charges to the structure of a-HL channel changes its selectivity from slightly anionic to highly cationic, whereas introduction of positive charges increases significantly the anionic selectivity. The extent of these changes depends on the radius of the channel at the point of addition of new charges (which mainly affects the selectivity of the ion) and the location of these charges along the longitudinal axis of the channel (which mostly alters the currcnt-to-voltage characteristic). These results demonstrate that the total charge of the pore wall is responsible for the cationanion selectivity of a-HL channel, and the position of the charges at the entrances is the main factor determining the shape of the current-voltage curves.
4. A new method of determining the stoichiometry of oligomeric ion channels has been developed based only on electrophysiological measurements. With this method, it was found that a-HL channel formed in the lipid bilayer membrane is a hcptamcr.
5. It has been established that a polyanion molecule enters into the pore due to electrostatic forces and physically blocks the passage of ions. Blocking probability of the a-HL channel by polyanions depends on the followings:
a) the presence and concentration of divalent cations, which, according to their effectiveness, can be ranked as follows: Zn2+ >Ca2+ >Mg2+;
b) the concentration, molecular weight and structure of the polyanion. Efficiency of effect of polyanions on the channel correlates with their effect on the membrane ^-potential;
c) the side of polyanion addition: addition of polyanions from the trans entrance is more efficient due to the asymmetric structure of a-HL channel.
6. For the first time, it was shown that the applied membrane potential causes an elastic deformation of the a-HL channel, which explains a residual asymmetry of the currcnt-to-voltagc characteristics at high salt concentrations as well as the voltage-dependence of channel block by a complex of 18-crown-6 with potassium cations.

The aim of the research work is to define taxonomic content of the algoflora of the Andijan water reservoir, and justify its seasonal changes.
The object of the research is algal flora of Andijan reservoir.
Scientific novelty of the research is as follows:
first of all, 418 species were detected and their conspectus was developed on the bases of the comprehensive inventarization of the algoflora of the Andijan water reservoir; for the first time, 10 species previously not described for the flora of Central Asia, were detected in the algoflora of the Andijan water reservoir: (Peridinium limbatum (Stokes) Lemm., Glenodinium ambiguum Thomp., Trachelomonas labiata Teiling, Trachelomonas conica Playf, Elakatothrix spirochroma (Reberd.) Hind., Cosmarium subtruncatellum Gronbl., Xanthidium variabile (Nordst.) W.et. G.S. West, Chodatella cingula (Schmit.) Fott., Coelastrum scabrum Rein., Kirchneriella cornuta Korsch.); comperative analyses of the algoflora of the Andijan water reservoir with the algofloras of several other Uzbekistan resourvoirs were conducted, and common species were detected along with specific species for the Andijan water reservoir; seasonal changes in the content of the algoflora were detected, and the difference was 40 (13,07%) between the number of the species in spring and summer seasons, 45 (13,0%) between summer and autumn seasons, and 228 (75,7%) between autumn and winter seasons; the ecological groups of the algoflora, plankton, plankton-bentos and bentos groups, inhering of the algoflora species according to their adaptivity to the water salinity and temperature, and the number of the indicator saprobe species were defined; for the first time, digital data base on the modem content of the species of the Andijan water reservoir was developed and practically implemented.

The aim of the research work is a detail characterization of the process of glutathione release from cells in normal conditions and under hypoosmotic stress, and elucidation of the role of ion channels and transporters in this process.
Scientific novelty of the research work is as follows:
in this study, for the first time, the process of release of glutathione from thymocytes in normal conditions and under hypooosmotic stress has been demonstrated;
using specific pharmacology, it was demonstrated for the first time that glutathione is released predominantly via volume-sensitive anion channel, whereas anion transporters of SLCO/OATP and SLC22A/OAT play a secondary role.
it was shown that activation of adenylyl cyclase system causes a negative effect on the release of glutathione from thymocytes.
the presence of the osmo-reactive transport of glutathione was also found in other types of cells (erythrocytes and melanoma), and the modulation of the cell volume regulation by extracellular glutathione was shown.

The aim of the research work: Development of algorithms and methods to create diagnostic markers of the disease based on the analysis of the relationship between clinical, biochemical and morphological indicators.
The scientific novelty of the research work is as follows:
developed a formalized database of passport, clinical and biochemical parameters of all examined subjects. For the first time in diseases of the liver were found pieces of «moss» that is a sign of increased concentration of bilirubin in the blood.
electronic database electronic versions of all analyzed bioliquid facies, the principles of formalization of the information system and subsystem of morphotcctonic indicators of crystals of biological liquids. The developed methodology and criteria for visual morphometry of bioliquid facies.
systematized and cataloged markers of the pathological patterns observed in facies of biological fluids in various diseases. Developed methods and criteria for their recognition in the facies.
created the algorithms and technology of automated morphometry qualitative and quantitative indicators of facies of biological fluids obtained after dehydration.
the developed computer program allows to distinguish between previously known markers using morphological filters to change contrast, brightness, sharpness pictures for texture analysis of facies of biological fluids.
a tabic indicating the type and structure of the marker reflecting the pathology encountered in the region, the chemical composition, the author and the source.
in the study of pathology of experimental, theoretical and methodological framework for the establishment, in the future, when «disease-crystallographic characteristics», allowing the development of new methods of early diagnostics of diseases, in particular complications of chronic liver disease.