All articles - Geology

Достаточно давно известно, что на степень загрязнения объектов окружающей среды, а значит на уровни заболеваемости населения и состояние его здоровья, оказывают влияние самые различные факторы, которые можно подразделить на 2 основные группы: природные и антропогенные.

В статье приведены результаты исследования процессов получения оксида магния путем разложения серпентинитов Арватенского месторождения серной кислотой и с добавкой азотной кислоты в раствор серной кислоты последуюшим разделением кремнезема из суспензии, нейтрализацией фильтрата аммиаком до значения рН 8,5 для осаждения и раздаеления ионов примесных металлов, осаждение и разделения ионов магния из раствора с использованием аммиака и углекислого аммония, термическое разложение корбаната магния с получением оксида магния. Установлено, что использования смесь кислот т.е. с добавкой небольшой количества азотной кислоты в раствор серной кислоты увеличиваеть выход оксид магния от 83,34% до 92,68 % чем при использования только серной кислоты при одинрковых нормах. При оптимальных условиях после термического разложения карбоната магния получен продукт содержащый 97,13% оксид магния со степенью извлечения 92,68 % от исходного сырья.

Мақолада брикет тайёрлашда кўмир таркибининг ахамияти тахлил қилинган.

The monograph describes the pollution of soil with heavy metals due to automotive waste in Samarkand in 2019-2021, their soil components, the process of interaction with organic matter, methods for determining the amount of copper, local and modern methods of extraction of heavy metals from the soil. In addition, the risk of chemical contamination of the soil has been assessed from an ecological and hygienic point of view, and the presence of hazardous classes, mainly specific to 2-3-4 classes, has been identified. Heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, nickel, mercury, etc. are found in the landfill and the importance of plants in their emergence from the soil has been studied in detail. This monograph is recommended for medical prophylaxis, ecology, biology specialties, staff of the Committee for Nature Protection, researchers, educators, masters and students.

Subject of research: slopes with various inclinations from loess soils characterized by different physical and mechanical measures.
Purpose of work: to work out the method of seismic stable slope that would assess the dynamic stability of slopes and measures that provide seismic stability of slopes under dynamic (seismic) influence.
Method of research: laboratory experimental researches on the models of loess slopes using modem measuring instruments and techniques.
The results obtained and their novelty: the dynamics of stable and dcfonnational functions of the loess in slopes of different profile was studied depending on the content and condition of soils under the seismic influence of different intensively; the calculation method of determining the critical acceleration is proposed for inclined surface of soil thickness (criteria of soil structure's dynamic stability); the condition of diluted zone’s appearing out of steep slope and the size of dynamic loading was displayed; “the method of seismic stable slope” fro evaluation of slope’s dynamic stability is proposed herewith; the measures for providing the seismic stability of slopes by loading the surface of the slope were worked out.
Practical value: consists of working out the criteria for evaluation the possibility of landslides dilution, method of slope’s seismic stability and measures which provide the seismic stability of dewy slopes.
Degree of embed and economic effcctivity : the results of the research were used the evaluation of seismic stability of the erection built on natural slope. The summary of dissertation paper is used by MA students of TASI specializing in “Hydro technical erections” as scientific example. The economic affcctivity of seismic stable slope and ways of loading the slope is first of all aimed in providing the seismic stability of loess slope.
Field of application: to provide seismic stability of dewy loess slopes in seismic regions.

Тадқиқот объектлари: Марказий Осиёнинг сейсмик фаол сриклар зоналари.
Ишнинг мақсади: Марказий Осиё срости сувларида гслийнинг тақсимланиши хусусиятларини ва уни зилзилаларни прогноз қилишда қўллаш имкониятини аниклаш.
Тадқиқот методлари: Барча вазифалар гелийнинг срости сувларидаги мутлақ микдорини мажмуали тахлил этишнинг муаллиф томонидан ишлаб чиқилган усули асосида счилган. Гелий микдорини ўзгариши қонуниятларини ва табиатини аниқлаш, ҳамда зилзилаларни прогноз қилишда инструментал-аналитик усуллар кўлланилган.
Олинган натижалар ва уларнинг янгилиги: Биринчи маротаба Марказий Осиёнинг геологик-тектоник шароитлари учун срости сувларида гелийнинг эркин микдорини аниқлаш усули ишлаб чиқилган. Регионнинг турли гидрогеологик шароитлари учун алоҳида геодинамик полигонларда гелийнинг мутлақ микдори ўрганилган. Геологик-гидрологик майдонларда гелий аномалияларининг фазо-макондаги конуниятлари сейсмопрогноз мониторингни ташкил этиш ва уларни табиий генезисини баҳолаш учун гелийнинг вариациялари асосида ажратилган. Гслийнинг срости сувларида тарқалишининг хусусиятлари ўрганилган ва уларнинг юкори микдори узилишли бузилишлар зоналари ва блоклар чсгараларида кузатилиши аникланган. Ушбу худудлар учун биринчи марта гелийнинг срости сувларидаги микдори аномалиялари ва уларни зилзилаларни тайёрланиш парамстрлари билан богликлиги коррсляцион боғлиқликлар бўйича баҳоланган.
Амалий ахамияти: Гелийнинг срости сувларидаги микдорини ўрганиш бўйича муаллиф томонидан ишлаб чиқилган усул зилзилаларни прогноз қилишда сейсмопрогноз кузатувларни сифатини сезиларли оширади.
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Татбиқ этиш даражаси ва иқтисодий самарадорлиги: Ишлаб чиқилган усул Узбскистоннинг барча гео динамик полигонларидаги рсжимли кузатувлар амалиётига тадбиқ этилган ва Озарбайжон, Қирғизстон, Арманистон, Туркманистондаги турдош ташкилотларда қўлланилади. Улар шунингдек УзР ФА Сейсмология институтининг хафталик Прогноз комиссияси маълумотларида қўлланилиб, унинг натижалари ва хулосалари Узбекистан Рсспубликаси Фавқулодда вазиятлар вазирлигига юборилади.
Қўлланиш (фойдаланиш) сохаси: Геофизика, сейсмология, зилзилаларни прогноз қилиш, келгусидаги зилзилалар зоналарини аниклаш.

Subject of research: The earth crust of the Southern Uzbekistan.
Purpose of work: determination of the particularities of geological-geophysical factors of modem activity of the Southern Uzbekistan earth crust and their relationship with seismicity.
Methods of research: complex analysis of data obtained using geological-geophysical, geodetic and seismological methods, directed for creating integral maps of the factors to modem activity of the earth crust.
The results obtained and their novelty: created up new and digitized available maps of the factors to modem activity of the earth crust and created their database; the intcrcoupling of the integral factors to modem activity of the earth crust arc revealed, as well as them with seismicity; created up new map to modem activity of the Southern Uzbekistan earth crust.
Practical value: created up generalized forecast map of the places of the probable arising the earthquakes in South Uzbekistan. In the future this information can be goal-directed used for creating different scale maps of seismic zoning, as well as at estimation of gcodynamic situations and seismic hazard.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: works arc introduced to: Ministry on exceeding situation of the Republic Uzbekistan, Central aero geodesic enterprise, ООО "Khandiza Services".
Field of application: modem gcodynamics, scismotectonics, earthquake prediction, seismic zoning.

Subjects of research: Jurassic carbonate oil and gas deposits formations north -western part of the Dengizkul lifting.
Purpose of work: A detailed study of the geology of the Jurassic carbonate deposits of the northwestern part of DengizKul lifting, identification of new boundary field, identifying patterns of lateral and vertical distribution in the context of oil and gas collectors, building an updated geological and geophysical model of the studied deposits with an assessment of involvement in the development of additional horizons.
Methods of research: A comprehensive analysis of the materials of geological and geophysical studies in conjunction with the data of deep drilling, testing, well logging, seismic exploration.
The results obtained and their novelty: A new geological model of Shady field, built on top of XV- HP -horizon, basis on the of 3D seismic data and application partitioning ritmostratigraphy section, justifying the distribution of additional reservoirs in the contract territory and outside its area.
Practical value: Estimate was made the possible additions to reserves. According to seismic data in 3D Northwest Dengizkul lifting identified and assessed the prospective resources, located outside the current boundary gas-bearing deposits. Identify the types, quantities and location of further exploration, presents a preliminary economic assessment of the involvement of the identified cost-recovery in development.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: Methods ritmostratigraphy section for dissection for many fields of Uzbekistan and can significantly improve the accuracy of the stratigraphic subdivision of the deposits. The financial cost of additional recommended to test recovery not significant in comparison with the planned growth.
Field of application: Oil and gas industry of Uzbekistan, the company engaged in exploration and prospecting of oil and gas.

Subjects of research: the gold-sulphidc-arscnious deposit of Daughyztau in Western Uzbekistan.
Purpose of work: studying Au-forms, the typomorphic peculiarities of pyrite and arsenopyrite in the primary ores for development of prospectingestimating critcrions for the gold ores of daughyztau type.
Methods of research: traditional methods of a mineralogical investigation, EMP and XR-structural analyses.
The results obtained and their novelty: 1) a number of new minerals were established for the first time for the deposit; 2) the typomorphic crystallochcmical peculiarities of the pyrite and arsenopyrite were investigated; 3) the new morphotypcs of the productive sulphides and Au-content in them were studied; 4) the mctamorphogcnic-hydrothcrmal pyritc-sulphoarscnidc microassociation was detected; 5) prospecting-estimating critcrions for the gold orcs of daughyztau type have been elaborated.
Practical value: the results of the investigation can be applied into the practical activity of geological exploration and as a basis for the development of the method of refractory ores dressing.
Degree of embedment: the results of the research have been given to SE SIC “The geology of precious and colored metals”, SE “Daughyztau GE” and IMR for a practical appliance
Field of application: geology branch of science and production.

Subjects of the inquiry: different types of minerals, ores, sorts of industrial enterprises and manufactures and also standard samples of steels, colour metallurgy and other materials.
Aim of inquiry: elaboration of methods of amperometric and conductometric determination of the Pt(IV), Pd(II) и Au(III) by solution of thioacetamide on different by acid-base properties of phone electrolytes and buffer mixtures with high metrological characteristics and analytical parameters. Practical realization of elaborated electrochemical methods to analysis of some real natural objects and industrial materials.
Method of inquiry: potentiostatic culonometry, chemical methods,
conductometry, polayrographiya, voltamperometry, amperometric titration.
The results achieved and their novelty: voltamperometric behavour of thioacetamide and it's metallocomplexes on the platinium microdisk anode on different by nature and concentrations buffer solutions and phone electrolytes was investigated. Nature of limited anode currents and number of electronodonation oxidation of one molecule of thioacetamide were determinated and also the conditions of Pt(IV), Pd(II) и Au(III) determination by it's solution were optimized. On the base of obtained data the possibility of using of elaborated electrochemical methods to analysis of some real objects and industrial materials was shown.
Practical value: the possibility of amperometric and conductometric titration of Pt(IV), Pd(II) и Au(III) in model binary, triple and more complex mixtures imitating real natural objects and industrial materials by to using of different by nature and concentration phone electrolytes and buffer mixtures and high - sensitive reagent -thioacetamide was shown.
Obtained results have allowed to realize a choice of rational way of analysis of different by composition shlams, tails, standart samples and alloys, jewelry articles and others materials.
Degree of embed and economical effectivity: obtained experimental data by electrochemical titration of Pt(IV), Pd(II) и Au(III) by thioacetamide solution were tested and proposed to practical introduction in practices of analysis of laboratories Almalik mining - metallurgical combinate, Dehkanabad potassium facture of Kashkadarya region and also in educational process for bachelors and magistrs of inorganic and analytical chemistry of chemical faculty of NUUz after name M. Ulugbek, department on chemistry and chemical technology of Navoiy state mining institute, department of analytical chemistry of Samarkand state university after name A. Navoiy and department of chemistry-ecology and methodic of it's teaching of the Djizzak State pedagogical institute of the name A. Kodiriy.
Sphere of usage: analytical and physical chemistry, electrochemistry, protection of objects of environment, medicines, composition control of industrial materials and natural objects.

Aim of the inquiry: Extraction to multifunction of technology of the enrichment of low-grade phosphorous orc with the use as flotation reagent waste of oil mill.
Methods of inquiry:For revealing the feature of phosphorous orc we studied its composition by means of chemical, mineral, phase and spectral analysis. For determination of phosphorus photo colorimetrical and method of besieging in the manner of magnesium ammonium phosphorous orc used. The Chemical composition of orc is defined bu the complexonomctric, permanganatometric, and photocolorimetrical methods. X-ray and phase analysis run for difraktometr DRON-05, spectrums removed on spectrometer UR-20.
The results achieved and their novelty: Optimum multifunction of technology of the enrichment low-grade phosphorous orc with the using as flotation reagent waste of oil mill and new flotation reagent "Fomol", permissible getting the standard concoction with the contents of P2O5 27-28% is exhousted.
Practical value: On the base of the research and hall-industrial tests multifunctional technology of the enrichment of low-grade phosphorous ore of Dzhcroy-Sardara deposit is exhausted, allowing to raise the contents P2O5 from 14,8% in orc till 26-27% P2O5 in concoction, as well as reduce the calcium module from 2,48 till 1,85.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: Exhausted technology passed frogs hall-industrial test on concentrating equipment OJV "Ingichka experienced-methodical technological expedition".
Expected annual economic effect from introduction designed technologies on KPC NMMC will form 17,543 mln. sooms per 100 000 tons annum.
Sphere of usage: Mining-metallurgical and chemical industries.

Objects of research: an earth's crust of the Surkhandarya depression.
Aim of the inquiry : studying of a deep geological structure of the Surkhandarya depression, mapping the deep borders of the earth's crust, surface of the basement and its display in a modem relief.
Method of inquiry: the complex analysis of the geology-geophysical data, first of all seismic survey materials of method of exchange waves of the earthquakes, results of gravitation prospecting, deep drilling, with attraction information on allied industries.
The results achieved and their novelty: by data of method of exchange waves of the earthquakes were allocated the body area identified with mantle plum which breaks through Moho surface, in the southern and western part of researched territory in the bottom part of the earth's crust - Moho intermediate zone, which presence proved by results of geodensitive modeling. Were mapped the Surkhandarya fault. It is established that the researched area has entered in active orogenic phase of development in the end of Pliocene and in the beginning of Quaternary period.
Practical value: were constructed the schematic map of the surface of buried relief of the basement by the data of method of exchange waves of the earthquakes. On the basis of the analysis of the bedding features of the Paleozoic basement disjunctive dislocations arc revealed and were made the estimation of a degree of dislocation of Paleozoic deposits that has allowed revealing sites for statement in the future for purposeful exploration.
Degree of embed and economic affectivity: given recommendations on carrying out of additional field researches, improvement of profile VI-VI with the purpose of specification of a deep structure of east zone of the Surkhandarya depression and also the recommendation on revealing local oil-gas-bcaring structures which have been accepted in Open Society "Uzbekgeofizika".
Field of application: oil-and-gas branch of Republic Uzbekistan, the exploration enterprises which arc carrying out search and prospecting of oil and gas accumulations.

Subjects of research: paleogene sedimentary formations of Kyzyl Kum.
Purpose of work: comprehensive study of the conditions of deposition and composition of sedimentary formations of Paleogene of Kyzyl Kum with definition of key stages in the evolution of a sedimentary basin, establishing patterns of facies changes in units of time and space and the identification of a genetic connection with the formation of mineral deposits.
Methods of research: stage dynamic principle of facial analysis of sedimentary formations and the complex layering and biorhythmostratigraphical differentiation and correlation of the sections, facial analysis of differentiation of sediment on a range of hydrochemical conditions defining the hydrochemical composition of the water basin, reductive-oxidative and acid-base indicators.
The results obtained and their novelty: identified five stages of evolution of the Paleogene sedimentary basin. It is established that the change of transgressions and regressions of Paleogene marine basin is related to global causes - of eustatic changes in sea level. Clarified biorhythmostratigraphical definition and correlation of Paleogene sections of the region. Selected dynamic facial units. For the first time identified: sulfate-dolomite chemical, calcareous biochemical and bentonite physical-chemical facies, reflecting the specific environmental conditions of sedimentation.
Practical value: opened deposits of alkaline bentonite and carbonate palygorskite clays of Navbahor, white mealy dolomites of Vaush, manifestations opoka clays Kokcha, pelitomorphic dolomites of Amantaytau.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: on the basis of Navbakhor deposit built a plant of mud powder with capacity of 40 tons per year. Products manufactured by the enterprise are the import- and export-oriented.
Field of application: regional forecast on the basis of stratigraphic, facies, mineral and geochemical criteria, the search and evaluation of deposits of non-metallic materials.

The urgency and relevance of the theme of dissertation. Process of global biodiversity loss goes on despite of intensive efforts taken during last twenty years in the World. The urgent and resolute actions should be implemented for sustainable management of biological resources and their efficient use.The capacity of systematical research and monitoring of biodiversity should be developed at the international and national level, effective national measures should be elaborated for in-situ and ex-situ conservation of biodiversity and genetic resources and for ecosystems function improvement1.
The protection and sustainable use of flora and fauna is the priority area of the state ecological policy in Uzbekistan. The efficientconservation of biodiversity componentsis connected with the degree of their study. But the floristic inventory is still impcrfectfor several regions of Uzbekistan. The purposeful data management has not been performedafter publication of the “Flora of Uzbekistan”.
The problem of conservation of natural landscapes is a very critical issue in the Fergana Valley. An actual floristic checklist of the Fergana Valley is still unavailable despite a long history of botanical research in this region. The information about species distribution and status of population’s wasexpired, and new investigations should be carried out.Thc inventory of flora, scientific data of plants distribution and actual status of rare and endangered species is necessary for security of ecosystems sustainable function.
Analysis of domestic floristic works shows that over the past decades there were no scientific researches on the specific components of the flora and leading groups of living forms.The study of monocotylcdonous geophytes of local flora of the southern part of the Central Asian Mountains is an actual issue of biodiversity research bccausethis group of plants has a leading positionamong the polymorphic families (Amaryllidaceae, Liliaceae, Xanthorrhoeaceae etc.) and genera (Allium, Gagea, Tulipa, Eremurus, Iris etc.) and also characterized by a high level of endemism.
To a certain degree, this dissertation serves the purpose of the implementation of several legislative acts of Uzbekistan including the decreeof the Cabinet Council of the Republic of Uzbekistanunder number 343 by 5 September 2000 “On confirmation of the regulations of the procedure of the state cadaster of plants and animals maintenance in the Republic of Uzbekistan”
The aim of the research work is determination of the taxonomic composition, compilation of an electronic database and creation of the living collection of monocotylcdonous geophytes.
The scientific novelty of the dissertational research is as follows:
the actual synopsis of monocotylcdonous geophytes of flora of the Fergana Valley has been composed, it includes 210 species of 25 genera and 9 families;
two new species have been found and described (Allium tatyanae F.O. Khass. & F. Karim, and Iris austrotschatkalica Tojibacv, F. Karim. & Turgunov);
seven new records for the flora of Uzbekistan have been found (Allium lutescens Vved., A. filidentiforme Vved., A. petraeum Kar. & Kir., A. viridiflorum Pobcd., Eremurus altaicus (Pall.) Steven, Iris alberti Rcgcl, Orchissalina Turcz.). In addition, several new findings have been detected for Chatkal, Fergana, Kurama and for Mogoltau ridges;
originality level of geophytes composition has been determined for mountain ranges, botanical-geographical regions and flora-cenotypcs of the Fergana Valley;
life forms ratio for monocotylcdonous geophytes of the Fergana Valley has been determined and it was revealed that the leading position is occupied by life forms "bulbous" over "rhizomatous";
index of endemism for geophytes of the Fergana Valley has been defined, it accounts over 22% of all geophytes.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of the conducted research on doctoral dissertation on the theme “Monocotylcdonous geophytes of the Fergana valley” the following conclusions were presented:
1. There have been revealed 210 taxa of monocotylcdonous geophytes in the Fergana Valley, belonging to 25 genera and 9 families. An actual synopsis and digital database with GIS-bascd maps has been created, and it shows a theoretical and practical significance of the study.
2. Two new species have been found and described, 7 new records for flora of Uzbekistan have been found.Thc geophytes composition of mountain ridges, botanical-geographical districts and flora-ccnotypcs of the Fergana Valley has been determined, and it provides an opportunity for their differential evaluation.
3. The majority of species (88.09%) is concentrated in polymorphic families of monocotylcdonous geophytes of the Fergana Valley (Amaryllidaceae, Liliaceae, Iridaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae).The composition of polymorphous genera -Allium (85), Gagea (34), Tulipa (21), Iris (20) and Eremurus (13) arc characterized by unique diversity. The high concentration of species in these genera defines the Ferghana Valley as animportantplant area of Central Asia.
4. Analysis of the geographical distribution of species shows predominance of the Western Tien Shan (57 species, 27.14%) and Pamir-Alay (37 species, 17.61%) classes of geographical range. This fact indicates the presence of local centers of speciation in these mountain systems.
5. The Alay ridge with 110 species and 30 true species (27.2%) holds leading position according to the species diversity. Flora of the Chatkal (79), Kurama (79) and Fergana (74) ranges represented by approximately equal number of species. But the number of true species is the highest in the Kurama ridge (18 species, 22.7%), because of high rates of endemism of the Chorkcsar district.
6. The composition of geophytes of the Fergana Valley according to flora-ccnotypcsshows thatprevailing number of species grows in the juniper forests (98), Iranian-Turanianphrygana (38), Iranian-Turanianscmisavanna (33) and shrubs which have relations with southern Iran and Himalaya groups. These flora-ccnotypcs distinguish by high percent (up to 73) of endemic species of the Central Asian Mountain province. This fact underlines the determining significance of these flora-ccnotypes in the formation of the Central Asian mountain endemic componcntof geophytes.
7. It has been proved on the basis of the taxonomic, chorologic and flora-ccnological analysis of monocotylcdonous geophytes thatthc Fergana Valley is one of the centers of speciation for Allium, Gagea and Tulipa genera. More than 68% of species of these genera are Central Asian Mountain autochthonous species.
8. It was identified an independent nature of the Western Tien Shan and Pamir-Alay species diversity areas, due to the presence of local centers of endemism in these mountain systems. The geophytes composition of mountain ranges, botanic-geographical districts and flora-ccnotypes shows the difference of two mountain systems.
9. Life forms ratio for monocotylcdonous geophytes of the Fergana Valley has been determined and it was revealed that the leading position is occupied by life forms "bulbous" over "rhizomatous". This is observed in the composition of the polymorphic families which arc dominating in the number of species in altitudinal belts, mountain ranges, botanical-geographical districts and flora-cenotypcs.
10. 48 species (22.85%) arc endemics of flora of monocotylcdonous geophytes of the Fergana Valley, this index of endemism is one of the highest in mountain part of Central Asia. The endemic geophytes of the Fergana Valley is unites the young progressive elements with local centers of speciation in genera of Allium, Tulipa, Gagea, Iris.

The actuality and relevance of the dissertation theme. In recent years, interest in the genesis of the formation of large deposits in the world increased. Global compilation of data on natural resources, reserves, mining operations carried out in Russia, the USA, Canada, Austria, France and Australia clearly demonstrates that that "almost all the major stocks are based precisely on the giant fields"3.
In the territory of Uzbekistan are discovered more than 1,800 deposits, including three superlarge deposits such as Muruntau, Zarmitan (gold-quartz, Southern Tien Shan) and Large Almalyk (gold-copper-porphyry, Middle Tien Shan) known throughout the world. On the basis of a new scientific paradigm -geodynamics including plate tectonics, deep geodynamics and terranin analysis, modern methods - computer analysis and forecasting is new possibility of objective estimation of ore content and metallogenic potential of the region to become a progressive basis for further prediction of new hidden gold-copper-porphyry deposits.
In the process of the geodynamic evolution of the Middle Tien Shan included in the global tectonic structure of the Central Asian fold belt it was defined two geotectonic structure - Chatkal terrane and Torgasay paleo marginal sea. The territory of the last one being the focus of large porphyry-copper deposits, nevertheless, has quite unexhausted metallogenic potential. Currently, there are many ideas and geodynamic schemes of the Middle Tien Shan Mountains formation, but there is no simple correlation of geodynamic environments with copper mineralization. Controversial conceptual model of development of the region is in need of clarification and the universalization of which the quality and accuracy of the prospecting constructions depend on.
To increase the success of all types of forecasting, prospecting and geological exploration work requirement is geodynamic interpretation of magmatic and related copper mineralization, as well as the improvement of prediction by bringing the methods of mathematical statistics and modeling.
The dissertation to some extent may contribute in solving problems defined in the Presidential Decree of the Republic of Uzbekistan № PP-1396 dated August 27th, 2010 «On measures to further improve the efficiency and organization of the system of exploration on measures to further improve the efficiency and organization of the system of exploration work», as well as other legal documents adopted in this area.
The aim of research work is to develop a geodynamic model of the Middle Tien Shan mountains on the basis of deep geodynamics (plumes, hotspots) and external (plate tectonics, terrane analysis) geodynamics concepts, as well as identifying the main geodynamic structures and relationship with magmatism and ore genesis.
Scientific novelty of the research work is in the following:
for the first time on the territory of the Middle Tien Shan it is highlighted two Precambrian geotectonic structures - Chatkal terrane and Torgasay marginal sea;
for the first time it is determined that the selected structure underwent seven geodynamic modes from Proterozoic to Cenozoic;
it is defined time of amalgamation of Proterozoic continental block - Chatkal terrane to the Kazakh-Kyrgyz microcontinent in the late Precambrian and accretion of closed Torgasay marginal sea due to the Caledonian orogeny in the Silurian, build up in the south of Kazakhstan Caledonian Orogen;
for the first time it is proven that endogenous occurrences of copper in the territory of the Middle Tien Shan related to the development of polychronous, polygenic centrifugal semicircular tectonomagmatic structure in which potential of porphyry copper deposits of Caledonide caused by granitoid magmatism and with Variscids in connection with shonkinite-sienit-monzonite mantle-crustal magmatism, formed all the copper-porphyry "Large Almalyk" deposits.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of the research on a doctoral thesis on « Geodinamic settings and copper mineralization of the Middle Tien Shan» provided the following conclusions:
1. Separated seven periods in the evolution of Chatkal terrain - from "exotic" fragments in a number of other continental blocks of Gondwana series, accreted to the Kyrgyz-Kazakh microcontinent in the Late Proterozoic, up to morphologically coherent Paleozoic structure: Chatkal terrane - Torgasay paleo marginal sea.
2. In the pair - Chatkal terrane - Torgasay sea, the first, mainly carried out the role of a source of terrigenous material into adjacent from west Torgasay paleo marginal sea, separated from the aquatory of Turkestan ocean by Kurama paleo island arc. The amount of terrigenous material was so great that during the Caledonian orogeny under Torgasay marginal sea formed granite-gneiss layer of the crust, which therefore became continental, "seamed up" with the surrounding continental blocks by widely developed in the region fractured granitic intrusions of the north-western trend. So a Middle Tien Shan- unit appeared with heterogeneous uneven continental crust.
3. The subsequent history of this unit can be traced in connection with the Devonian continental volcanic belt extending meridional across the territory of Central Kazakhstan, capturing Chatkal-Kurama region up to the northern border with Fergana valley. In Kazakhstan, within this zone are known large porphyry copper deposits and numerous occurrences, whereas in Uzbekistan related to this type, only one field - Sary-Cheku. This explains the resurgent interest in the volcanic belt, as potential carrier of concentrations of copper ore on the territory of Uzbekistan.
4. In the Kazakh paleocontinent are known porphyry copper deposits of Caledonian age due to granitoid magmatism. In the territory of Uzbekistan at this time were formed following granitoid complexes - Bashkyzylsay, Karakiya, Kitayuldy, Kyzata. To the metallogenic features is related permanent presence in heavy mineral concentrate of Caledonian granitoids of accessory chalcopyrite, which increases the potential for the discovery of porphyry copper mineralization.
5. Formation of porphyry copper deposits in the study area, author of dissertation connects with period of post quasi platform mantle revitalization, which was realized in connection with the development of the territory of Uzbekistan in the Early-Middle Carboniferous Transasian deep lineament and associated lineament of Kumbel-Ugam system in the Middle Tien Shan.
6. It is created areal model of Paleozoic magmatism and resulting endogenous copper mineralization, which is on the territory of closed Torgasay paleo marginal sea presented by semicircular volcano-intrusive tectonic structure with centrifugal character of magmatism and antidromic its manifestation at the end of the process.
7. Method for identification of statistical factors of localization of copper mineralization for Chatkal-Kurama region on the basis of geological data processing software and electronic maps database is created. The technique consists of programs «Density», «DISZONE» and GIS technology, it is designed to identify, analyze and assess the quantitative patterns of placement and prediction of ore deposits. It implements mathematical methods of metallogenic analysis and forecasting. GIS technology is used to transfer a variety of geological, inclusive of map information in digital form, creating a complete database for computer analysis and forecasting.
8. An electronic map is compiled, which is displayed in isolines density of copper objects in Torgasay paleo marginal sea, whereas the actual area of the Chatkal terrain was virtually "empty" for the copper mineralization. In the map also marked the linear form of concentration of copper objects, which coincide with the north-western strike of long-lived deep faults. In one of them are located porphyry copper deposits of Almalyk, others need special geological and geophysical additional study in order to create a common reference model of the geological structure of copper-porphyry deposits such as Kurama type.
9. The combination of lines and areas of copper concentrations led to the idea of a possible multi-layer occurrence of mineralization due to epithermal processes in the volcano-tectonic structures widely developed in the Kurama region. Especially as a convincing example of the presence of high-grade ore concentrations in the basal parts of the volcanic structures, i.e., the presence of deep ore layers is porphyry copper mine Grasberg in Indonesia, in which the vertical scale of the mineralization is 1000-1200 m.

The urgency and relevance of the theme of dissertation. Nowadays «...mountain systems occupy the fourth part of the land of the world, their nature has many peculiar features that distinguish mountains from plains and various complexes of landscapes from the tropics to the artic zone»1. Uniqueness of mountain ecosystems defines features of soil formation and nature of use of the foothill and mountain soils. From this point of research of genesis, evolution and fertility of soils of vertical zones is one of the major theoretical challenges. From the depth and longitude of its solution depends understanding of patterns of geographical distribution of soils, development processes of geochemical landscapes, knowledge and use of the natural resources as a whole.
In the Republic climate change of modem mountain and foothill soils provide as a integral inducator, in this regard, the foothill and mountain soil of Fegana valley with arid and humid climate, soil-ecological regime act as example of their response to natural and human-induced changes of a regional nature. Consequently, an evaluation of the effects of hydrothermal and other soil forming factors, soil properties in elementary and geochemical landscapes, in different expositions, moreover fertility assessment, conservation and its improvement arc undoubted relevance.
In the world of the research of soil properties, including content and migration of a row of macro- and microelements arc an important link in knowledge of genesis and evolution of mountain and foothill soils. Issues of migration of chemical elements in geochemical landscapes of soil vertical zones, both natural and anthropogenic conditions arc insufficiently researched. In general, analysis of genesis of accumulation and differentiation of macro- and microelements, their connections in geochemical barriers with the position of soil-geochemical barriers appear to be quite a challenge for soil science at present.
The problems of mountain soils without taking into account their regional and local characteristics cannot be resolved. Theoretical section of modern soil science in this regard would certainly require extensions, in addition, ecological-genetic, agrophysical and chemical as well as biogeochemical properties of foothill and mountain soils of Fergana valley studies were insufficient. Research on the factors influence the genesis and formation of soils and geochemical landscapes of mountain areas, as well as the behavior of micro elements, especially low studied, non-studied (Rb, Cs, Cr, U, Sc, La, Hf, Sb, Ce, Sm, Tb, Yb, Lu, Th) elements in the elementary systems, the type of genetic horizons of soil-rock-soil-plants arc practically non-studied. In addition, humus state, background content of macro-and microelements, soil-geochemical provinces not developed that make up the relevance of the topic of the thesis.
The dissertation to some extent may contribute to solve problems defined in the law «On Earth» the Republic of Uzbekistan, decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan from August 23, 2016 №273 «On approval of the environmental monitoring program in the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2016-2020» and the on May 27, 2013 №142 «On the program of environmental action of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2013-2017», as well as other legal documents adopted in this area.
Purpose of the study is the complex characteristic of mountain and foothill soils with use of morphogenetic, landscape-geochemical methods of a research, influence of ckological-gcnctic properties of migration, accumulation and differentiation of chemical elements in a chain «maternal breed-soil-plant», and also to reveal fertility.
Scientific novelty of the research is in the following:
first proven processes of soil formation Foothill and mountain soils of Fergana Valley under the influence of precipitation, terrain, irrigation waters and other acquired modem ecological-genetic and soil-geochemical properties;
it is defined morphological, biogeochemical, physical and chemical, chemical properties and geochemical barriers in the brown mountain-forest, mountain-brown soils created on different conditions and breeds;
the pcdochcmical and background structure of Rb, Cs, Cr, U, Sc, La, Hf, Sb, Ce, Sm, Tb, Yb, Lu, Th in soils and the soil formation breeds is defined;
it is proved that a humus condition of mountain and foothill soils, and also processes of hymification and a mineralization, humus type fulvatc-humatc where the ratio of CGA:CFA varies within 1-2 are revealed;
new bilateral pcdochcmical barriers, baric, magnesium, molybdenum and other provinces on the basis of which genetic, geochemical, ecologic-genetic conditions and properties of soils and the soil formation of breeds arc defined are allocated;
within vertical zonality hydrothermal indicators of the North and South of the valley, in particular average annual temperature are raised on 1,85°C from which process of an aridization under the influence of which in genesis and properties of soils of elementary landscapes there arc important changes results.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Researches of soil formation factors in mountains shows their unequal significance in comparison with plains. It is shown that the leading role in mountain soil formation process belongs to a relief and climate, which influence in mountains created variety of soil-geochemical landscapes, connected with geochemical flows of elements.
2. Distinction in soils, maternal breeds and content of separate elements arc connected with ancient deposits, so in the north of the territory of Nanay and above, rocks have upper Permian and lower the Neogen-Mioccne content consisting of a limy-slate and glauconitic complex, and in the south within Yordon and Khaydarkan have lower Silurian and lower carbonic, Devonian content which consists also limy-dolomite thickness.
In the conditions of foothill and mountain soils of the Fergana valley is allocated light-gray meadow-steppe, gray mountain-forest , mountain-brown, carbonate and sierozems formed generally on skeletal eluvial , proluvial and also on the loess and loess type loams which in the soil-ecological relation sharply differ. The morphology of northern soils is more stretched than southern.
3. Due to growth of an aridization, that is growth of annual average temperatures in general goes slow, but notable changes in climate towards growth of annual average in the north and in the south of the region which inevitably smoothly lead to change of borders of distribution of soils in a vertical, this process goes in the south of the region quicker.
4. By comparison of a general content of organic substances of the conditional-irrigated and irrigated soils it is established that mountain-brown, dark and typical sierozems in case of irrigation in the first years lose humus, the washed soils arc enriched with them. However these changes owing to hydrogeological, gcomorphological conditions do not lead to complete equalization of these soils. In this plan the leading role is played by climate, a relief and an anthropogenesis factor.
On the example of the foothills and mountains of the Fergana valley very difficult and various on soil formation factors, which influence the processes of soil formation and differentiation of landscapes and the soil horizons also geochemical and biogeochemical interconnected and interdependent mechanisms of an evolution and distribution of soils are established.
5. In landscape-geochemical conditions with mountain soils and a sierozcmic belt on the way of migration macro - and microelements the system of various radial the pcdogcochcmical barriers is created: vaporizing, carbonate bilateral, carbonate-gypsum bilateral, oxygen, gley.
6. With increase in degree of calcareousness of the soil, receipt, respectively a coefficient of biological absorption of plants of a row macro - and microelements decreases. This process from dark sierozems to light sierozems amplifies, as a result of watering smoothes out a little.
The relation of content of СаСОз in soil thickness and soil formation breed constitutes 1,25. Accumulation of carbonate in a soil profile happened mainly not in case of evaporation of ground waters which depth reaches more than 10m, and cannot take part in forming of a soil profile, but with the participation of a soil biota and vegetation. Thus, accumulative functions of the studied soils of sicrozcmic and mountain zone are shown in the relation not only organic carbon and carbon of carbonates.
7. The irrigated sierozems of the valley on content of gross molybdenum belong to geochemical provinces of enrichment where it contains in sierozems 2,2-4,7 CC. Depending on a provision of the upper bound of the carbonate horizon migration of molybdenum on a profile of soils either is complicated or does not happen. This provision protects the living being from negative influence of molybdenum.
8. Content of the elements Fe, Ba, Sc, Cr, Rb, Sb, Cs, Hf, La, Ce, Sm, Tb, Yb, Lu, Th, U can serve as a background for soils of a mountain and foothill, such as the brown mountain-forest, mountain-brown, carbonate, irrigated sierozems. The clement background at the same time can serve in these soils for clarification of a row the pcdogcochcmical and genetic characteristics and creation of soil-gcochcmical monitoring, placement of crops for the purpose of receipt of environmentally friendly food. 
9. Accumulation of boron (CC=6-8), zinc (CC=l,6-2,8), molybdenum (CC=l,0-l,9), manganese (CC=1-1,7), copper (CC=1,4-1,5) is characteristic of landscapes of a sicrozemic zone with sierozems and they belong the province of enrichment. The greatest nature of communication of the soil with soil formation breeds was peculiar to zinc, and the greatest coefficient of local migration - to boron, the others took the following places: Mn>Cu>Mo>Zn.
High communication between a cotton, the soil and breeds arc found for molybdenum (Ax =0,4), other microelements took the following places among: B>Cu>Zn>Mn, which Ax lower than 0,4.
For zones with sierozcmic soils were characteristic superfluous and raised zincum - molybdenum geochemical province and the excess copper geochemical province is characteristic of the subordinated geochemical landscapes.
10. Soils of the considered geochemical landscapes differed among themselves in the content of gold. Its content was more in soils and the soil formation breeds of the right coast. The highest content of gold is revealed in the loess and the loess type loams and in the humic horizons (arable and sub arable) of sierozems. His maximum contents have been revealed in accumulative landscapes.
Big variability of content of gold, arsenic, molybdenum, cadmium, lanthanum and samarium was characteristic for sierozems of the region.
11. Many mineral salts of potassium arc readily soluble, however owing to bigger a biophility it migrates more weakly than sodium. Potassium as it has been specified, owing to the bigger ionic size it is quickly taken by clays and by that provides a low migratory capability in soils and breeds. On chemical properties potassium almost analog of sodium in the biosphere its geochemistry is closer to magnesium and barium.
12. Rather high concentration of arsenic (but below CC) was characteristic for the humic and gley horizons. Nature of communication in arable soils between content of a humus and arsenic has been expressed poorly. Arsenic in soils and the soil formation breeds of the left coast was 25% more, than in soils and the soil formation breeds of the right coast that is obvious, can form the basis for allocation of the soil-geochemical arsenical province in the south of the Fergana valley.
The biogeochemical method allows, to reveal features of accumulating of mercury, arsenic, antimony and others in plants and to determine extent of biological accumulating taking into account the existing geochemical background and fertility level. Biogeochemical provinces, especially mcrcury-antimony-arscnic, shall be used carefully in agricultural production.
Provinces with excessive content of strontium were characteristic of the south of the valley, but they were not as dangerous as zones of an urovsky illness. It is connected with the high content of calcium in all landscapes of the Fergana valley.
13. A chemical composition of the plants which arc grown up in different ecological conditions (the province of enrichment and control - nonenriched), almost on all elements differed for benefit of the plants which arc grown up in an enrichment zone.
In mercury, arsenical, antimonies biogeochemical provinces it is not necessary to cultivate com, potatoes, tomatoes and some other types of the cultures possessing high coefficients of biological absorption.
14. The research and design-survey organizations, committee on nature conservation, graduates and researchers of higher educational institutions when carrying out monitoring researches can use results of the elemental compositions (Fe, Ba, Sc, Cr, Rb, Sb, Cs, Hf, La, Ce, Sm, Tb, Yb, Lu, Th, U) as a background for mountain and foothill soils of the Fergana valley. Besides, results of the elemental analysis and geochemical provinces arc recommended to be used when reading special courses to students and undergraduates of the biological-soil and ecological, agricultural directions.
15. For management of water and agriculture it is recommended to carry out placement of crops taking into account boric and other geochemical province where big crops arc yielded by sugar beet, sorghum and other cultures.
Use of results on the content of humus and nutrient elements, water-soluble salts in these soils is recommended to regional land registry offices in creating soil bonitet maps.

The aim of the research work is the development of a technique for calculating the seismodynamics of underground pipelines with complex conditions of interaction with soil.
Scientific novelty of the research work consists in the following: solution techniques for wide application of approximate numerical methods to the problems of seismodynamics of underground pipelines are improved; a technique for calculating stress-strain state (SSS) of underground pipelines under longitudinal oscillations is developed, it takes into account the linear and nonlinear interactions in “pipe-soil” system; a technique for calculating stress-strain state of complex systems of underground pipelines under the influence of seismic loads with distributed masses is developed; a technique for calculating stress-strain state for pipeline systems of orthogonal and non-orthogonal configurations is developed for an arbitrary direction of seismic loads.

The aim of the research work is to identify the features of the formation of promising accumulations of hydrogen sulfide waters in the Ferghana basin.
The tasks of research:
specify peculiarities of hydrogcn-sulfidc water formation on developed and productive fields of Fergana basin;
study and establish relations between hydrogeological (M, Кф, £FbS) and geophysical (Pn, pK, f|K, y) parameters for fractured bearing sediments to trace productive aquifers within anticline structures of the southern bort of Fergana basin;
develop physical-geological model of hydrogcn-sulfidc water deposit for establishing prospecting criteria;
develop methodology of productive for hydrogcn-sulfidc water sites revelation using geophysical parameters and hydrochcmical data;
ground location of new productive for hydrogcn-sulfidc water sites of Fergana basin based on methods developed by author.
The object of the research work. Oil and gas fields located within southern bort of Fergana basin: Chongara, Northcn Soh, Chimion, Palvantash, Andizhan, Khodjaabad and Southern Alamishik.
Scientific novelty of the research work:
specified peculiarities of hydrogcn-sulfidc water formation on developed and productive fields of Fergana basin;
relations between hydrogeological and geophysical parameters for fractured bearing sediments to separate productive aquifers within anticline of Fergana basin have been established;
physical-geological model of hydrogcn-sulfidc water deposit reflecting relation between hydrogeological and geophysical parameters for establishing prospecting criteria have been developed;
methodology of productive for hydrogcn-sulfidc water sites revelation using geophysical parameters and hydrochcmical data has been developed;
location of new productive for hydrogcn-sulfidc water sites of Fergana basin: (Chongara, Northern Soh, Chimion, Palvantash, Andizhan, Khodjaabad and Southern Alamishik) has been revealed.
The outline of the thesis. Thesis work consists of introduction, five chapters, conclusion and list of used literature. Thesis volume is 120 pages of text.

The aim of research work is to identify the mineral and micromineral composition of ores and geochemical features of the distribution of gold, silver and other elements, the allocation of prospecting and evaluation criteria of gold and gold-rare metal mineralization of the Auminzatau and Bukantau mountains.
Scientific novelty of the research:
the difference of gold-rare metal and gold deposits of the Bukantau and Auminzatau is established on a complex of metasomatites and the manifestation time of different types of mineralization in them;
multistage formation of gold mineralization of Auminzatau and Bukantau and difference of gold, rare metal and gold ores is identified by a characteristic set of mineral assemblages, macro- and micromineral composition, typomorphic features of minerals and form of finding of valuable components;
geochemical relationship of gold in gold-rare metal mineralization with bismuth, tellurium and tungsten, and in gold ore - with silver, selenium and antimony is established, variability of geochemical associations of gold in near ore area associated with the zonal placement of mineral parageneses;
typical complexes of mineralogical and geochemical prospecting-evaluation criteria of the gold-rare metal and gold mineralization of theAuminzatau and Bukantau is highlighted and based on these selected promising areas.

Research aim: The aim of research work is, under the conditions of the Bukhara oasis, to study Lemna minor, Pistia stratiotes and Azolla caroliniana aquatic plants in the laboratory conditions as well as conducting experiments on the production of high-yielded algaes in collective farms under the field conditions, reducing mineralization of collector-drainage water and improving water quality, studying the growth, development and productivity of crops as a result of improved irrigation with improved drainage water quality, development of scientific and practical recommendations for farms and water management organizations.
Study area: The study was carried out at the educational-scientific laboratory of the Bukhara branch of the Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers as well as at the Yulduz drainage, which flows through the territory of Bukhara province’s “Mohammad Chorukiy” farm.
Scientific novelty of the research: The scientific novelty of the study consists of the following items:
to determine highly-mineralized drainage systems in the Bukhara province and study their changes due to natural and anthropogenic impacts;
to study the effectiveness of Lemna minor, Pistia stratiotes and Azolla caroliniana aquatic plants, reduction of their drainage water mineralization in the laboratory conditions;
to study the effect of Lemna minor, Pistia statiotes and Azolla caroliniana regarding their reduction of drainage mineralization in small reservoirs;
to investigate the growth, development and productivity of cotton as a result of irrigation with improved quality of drainage water and prepare scientific and practical recommendations on the basis of the research.
Implementation of the research results: Based on the results of the research, reduction potential of the mineralization of collector-drainage waters by a biological method and their use in irrigated agriculture have been practiced on irrigated lands of farms of Bukhara, Ramitan, Peshku and Shafirkan districts of Bukhara province over an area of 133 hectares during 2014-2016 for irrigation of Bukhara-6 cotton sort (data of the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources №04 / 32-342 on February 17, 2017). At the same time, the negative effects of water deficit were reduced, a yield of 5.4-6.2 cc/ha of raw cotton was obtained and pollution of the surrounding environment was addressed.
Structure and the volume of the thesis: The structure of the thesis consists of an introduction, five chapters, conclusions, a list of references, and implementation. The volume of the thesis is 120 pages.

The aim of the research work is a comprehensive study of the material composition, the establishment of facial-paleogeographic features of the formation of Paleogene deposits of the Fergana Basin and the identification of promising areas for nonmetallic minerals.
Scientific nuvelly of the research:
the stratigraphy of the Paleogene deposits of the Fergana Basin is detailed, for the first time in their composition 12 sedimentary rhythm pack have been identified;
for each selected rhythmic pack for the first time, facial-paleogeographic maps of 1: 200000 scale were drawn up;
for the first time it was established that the Paleogene deposits of the Fergana Basin were formed under dynamic facial conditions, dominated -underwater delta, shallow-bay (lagoon), wave-surfacing and central-sediment facial belts with corresponding zones.
for the first time, the dependence of the distribution of the association of clay minerals in the composition of Paleogene sediments on their facial accumulation conditions was established;
for the first time, the stratigraphic association of nonmetallic minerals associated with Paleogene deposits is shown and their prospective areas are identified;
the physicochemical and technological properties of montmorillonite, hydromica, palygorskite clays and phosphorite-containing rocks found in Paleogene sediments have been studied and their possible ways of using in various spheres of the national economy of the republic have been proved.