All articles - Metallurgy and Metallurgical Engineering

Permanent development of ceramics technologies is a necessary condition for the continuous improvement of many branches of industry. Each type of ceramic product demand a specific technology and has an optimal field of application.

В статье рассмотрены вопросы футеровки вращающихся печей, описываются защита корпуса печи от высокой температуры, химического и истирающего воздействия обрабатываемого материала. С целью уменьшения термических напряжений на участках приграничных к факельной зоне спекания до 20%, увеличение срока службы футеровки в 1,1 – 1,2 раза в результате выравнивания термических напряжений на участках зоны спекания предложено применение футеровки из параллельных рядов чередующихся шамотных и хромомагнезитовых огнеупорных изделий.

The paper studies the physicochemical properties of import-substituted and export-oriented nitrogen, amine and phosphorus new composite inhibitors for corrosion protection of steels as well as scaling obtained from local raw materials and industrial wastes. Inhibiting properties of corrosion and mineral salt deposit accumulation in acid and hydrogen sulfide environments have been determined. It was found that the efficiency of the inhibition process with the use of composite inhibitors in acidic and hydrogen sulfide environments obeys the Langmuir law. The values of activation energy of the adsorption process in these media and thermodynamic values (∆H, ∆S, ∆G).

Химические методы, которые сочетают в себе подходы неорганического, металлоорганического и органического синтеза, являются наиболее распространёнными способами получения наночастиц. Синтез наночастиц металлов с помощью химического восстановления из растворов их солей является наиболее простым в применении и не требует специальных условий и оборудования. Наиболее часто химическое восстановление реализуется в жидкой фазе, т.е. в водных и неводных средах. Широкое распространение метода связано с его простотой и доступностью.

Maqolada sanoat ikkilamchi tashlama gazlarini yuvib tozalovchi qurilmalar ishchi organlarini nazariy tadqiqot etish ishlari keltirilgan. Ishchi suyuqlikni purkovchi mehanizmni jarayonga qo‘llash bo‘yicha tavsiyalar yoritilgan.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. A silicate glass is one of the most interesting materials used by human from ancient times. Despite the wide scientific, technical and domestic use of glass, there are a number of fundamental problems in the glass physics. For example, essential effect of structure of matter (displacement of atoms in the space) on its properties is well known. But the glass structure is the subject of disputes of scientists around the world for about century although many models for it have been suggested. The situation is caused by inefficiency of main experimental investigation methods for crystal structure (diffraction of X-ray, electrons and neutrons) in the glass, which is not long-range ordered and has multi-component character in most interesting and widespread types of glasses. Applicability of the energy band models and following conceptions (effective mass amd mobility of charge carriers) for the glass must be justified in each specific situation as well.
The silicate glass doped with transition metals oxides (mainly RuO2) is functional material for thick film resistors, widely used in modem electronic devices. Investigations of electrical properties of the doped glass have raised additional physical problems. For example, temperature dependence of resistivity />(7) of doped glass at low temperatures (7' < 50 K.) is similar to that of neither crystalline semiconductors (activation law In p - 7’1) nor amorphous materials (Mott’s law In p - Г0’25). The minimum of p(7') is observed at intermediate temperatures which docs not correspond to any existing physical conceptions. Metallic (/; - T or p - 7'2) conductivity follows beyond the minimum on the contrary to the glass conceptions as a dielectric with energy gap more than 3 eV.
The thermoelectric effect in various materials and structures is interesting both in terms of fundamental study of physical processes and practical applications of thermoelectric converters (to generate electric power from renewable sources, to recover waste energy, to cool and to heat). Thermoelectric effects can give information on the density of electrons energy states, on hidden structure (phase) transitions, on a state of electronic subsystem, on electron-phonon interactions. The thermoelectric figure of merit ZT = SaT/к is important for practical use, which is determined by electrical conductivity of a material rr, thermal conductivity к and thermopower (Seebeck coefficient) 5. Here T is working temperature of a thermoelectric converter. Widespread applications of the thermoelectric converters require materials with ZT> 2 in the temperature range 500-1000 K.
But thermoelectric properties of the doped silicate glass are practically unresearched in spite of its promising parameters (high electrical conductivity a ~ 400-4000 Ohm1 m1, low thermal conductivity к ~ 0.5-1 W/(m K.)) that can essentially improve ZT.
That is why an ascertainment of physical mechanisms which can effect charge transport and thermo power generation in doped silicate glass in combination with experimental and theoretical research methods as well as expansion of research area, determination of the corerelations of these phenomena with glass composition and peculiarities of its structure in a wide range of external exposure are actual problems of the glassy state physics and for design of thermoelectrics of high thermoelectric figure of merit made from disposable and safe raw materials.
Legislative base to ensure energetic security and to use alternative energy sources is generated and a number of practical solutions were done in the Republic of Uzbekistan in years of Independence. These are “Agreement of Members States of Commonwealth of Independent States on the field of Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving” (Kishinev, October 7, 2003), Decree of the President of Republic of Uzbekistan No UP-4512 “On the measures for further development of alternative energy sources” (March 1, 2013) and Decision of the President of Republic of Uzbekistan PP-1929 “On organization of the International Institute of Solar Energy” (March 1, 2013), Decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No 265 “On the measures for organization of the International Institute of Solar Energy” (September 25, 2013), arrangement of companies “Uzbckcncrgo” and Suntech Power (PRC) on the foundation of joint venture to produce photovoltaic panels of 100 MW output on the basis of newest technologies at the Navoi exclusive economic zone, outlined formation of solar power station of 100 MW output in the Samarkand region by obtaining funds of Asian Development Bank.
This research work is oriented to realize regulations of the “National Conception of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Renewable Energy Sources” (approved by the Senate of Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan, October 2008) by designing new thermoelectric materials. Intensification of the investigations oriented to design new and cheap thermoelectric materials to improve the efficiency of renewable sources energy conversion and waste energy recovering is the main factor of needs for the dissertation theme.
Purpose of research is search for the physical mechanism determining the electrical conductivity and the thermopower coefficient of the silicate glass doped with oxides of 3c/- and 4rf-transition metals as well as correlations of these properties with the glass and dopant composition, synthesis conditions to create the scientific basis for designing the effective thermoelectric materials.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
New physical phenomenon is observed in silicate glasses — sharp growth of specific resistance and thermopower coefficient (up to 10 and 100 times, respectively, depending on composition of glass) at T> 1000 K;
Existence of 1-2 nm large nanocrystals and structure transitions at high tcmpctaturcs in silicate glass is experimentally proven;
Diffuse mechanism of charge percolation levels formation in doped glass is proposed and experimentally justified;
It is demonstrated that the percolation threshold is reduced or even vanishes in doped glass as the result of combination of diffusion and percolation laws;
Influence of glass composition and doping type, temperature and doping time on percolation threshold and electric conductivity is proved to be a result of diffusion zone formation around the doping particles and conductivity increase in the glass itself from о ~ IO16 Ohm'cm'1 to 40-400 Ohm'cm'1 in this zone;
The mechanism of doped glass conductivity is proposed and experimentally justified to explain the temperature dependence of conductivity in the interval 0.015-1123 К as result of combination of impurity subband, formed in diffusion process, with nanocrystals in the glass; effect of the electron-phonon interactions on these processes is established;
The minimum observed in resistivity is explained as a result of merge of impurity band with the valence band in glass and consequent “metallic” state p T or p - I2 in doped glass at T ~ 77-700 К as a result of predominant scattering of charge carriers on phonons and on each other;
It is demonstrated that electric conductivity of 40-400 Ohm’'em'1, thermal conductivity 0.5-1 W-rn'K.'1 and thermopower coefficient 1.1 mV/К. in the range 800-1000 К can lead to increased thermoelectric efficiency of doped glasses.
CONCLUSION
1. It is shown that the glass becomes conductive due to diffusion of dopant atoms into the emolliated glass, and the percolation threshold corresponds to the overlapping of the diffusion zones which are formed around the dopant particles. The volume of these zones can be essentially higher than the volume of the dopant particles, and is affected by parameters of the doping process (temperature and duration) as well as the composition of the glass and the dopant, so the percolation threshold can be observed at very low content of the dopant (about 1 mass % or, probably, even less, instead of 16 mass % predicted by the percolation theory).
2. It has been shown by EXAFS method that the local glass structure, namely coordination of the lead atoms, effects essentially the doped glasses conductivity. Coordination of Ru atoms in the doped glass depends on structure of initial glass as well as on doping duration.
3. The abnormal increase of the resistance and thermopower has been revealed in the doped glasses in the temperature range 700-1000 K. These anomalies have been shown to be the consequence of structural transitions in the nanocrystals of lead silicates and the residues of silica, which have been formed in the glass during the melting and doping.
4. The lower limit of carriers' concentration (about 102Ocm'3) and effective mass (mef ~ 3.3- 102mo) of charge carriers have been estimated in the doped glasses.
One may conclude, therefore, that the doped glasses are the system of polaron conductivity.
5. It is shown that doping of the silicate glass being dielectric with the forbidden band nearby 3.3 eV creates the impurity subband of width 0.026 eV or less, separated from the top of the valence band by small (0.01-0.02 eV) gap. At high temperatures, structural transitions of silicate nanocrystals separate the impurity subband from the valence band, and beyond the maximum of resistance (at temperatures above 950-1000 K) the sample becomes semiconductor with activation energy E„ of conductivity from 0.095 up to 1.5 eV depending on the doped glasses' composition and the doping level.
6. It was determined that temperature dependence R(T) of the doped glass in the range from helium up to 1200 К is the result of impurity subband formation and presence of nanocrystals. Nanocrystals act as effective localization centers of free charge carriers and two mechanisms of conductivity - thermal activation and hopping - operate simultaneously at low temperatures. The dependence 7?(7) = A cxp(Z?7's) with 0.4 < f < 0.8 often observed in experiments is caused by electronphonon interactions leading to variations of the gap width with temperature.
7. The physical mechanism of metallic conductivity p(T) - T or /Д 7) ~ T2 of doped glass near room temperature is revealed. It is shown that narrow gap between the impurity subband and the valence band of glass can vanish as temperature increases, free carriers concentration becomes constant (like that in metals) and carriers' scattering will be a major cause of temperature dependence on conductivity.
8. The doped silicate glasses have high density of electronic states in the impurity subband located close to the top of the valence band, so they can be an effective and cheap thermoelectric material for renewable energy conversion and the energy waste recovery.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. At the present stage of development there is a distinct steady growth in consumption of motor fuels in Uzbekistan, which necessitates the use of alternative raw material resources and efficient use of conventional oil resources for their production.
Alongside with this, the emerging worldwide trend of gradual depletion of oil stock, increase in share of heavy crude oils in hydrocarbon processing output, strengthening of requirements to operational and environmental characteristics of motor fuels dictates the need to find alternative energy resources for expansion of motor gasoline and diesel fuel production.
It should be noted that, until now, there has been no in-depth research of specific features of gasoline and diesel fuels production using plant materials, byproducts of oil refining and chemical industries as fuel additives, heavy crude oils processing for maximum extraction of motor fuel components in terms of physical-chemical mechanics of oil dispersion systems; there is virtually no experience of extraction and ways of use of oil shale tars of the republic deposits as alternative sources of fuels.
Availability of huge capacity for methanol production makes it important to conduct integrated studies on production of gasoline-methanol fuel mixtures with improved environmental characteristics. The ethanol resources available in the country and opportunities to obtain biobutanol make it relevant and actual to conduct research and development of effective gasoline additives on their basis.
The resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan «Program of action for environmental protection of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2008-2012» of 19.09.2008 №212 seeks rational and complex use of oil and gas condensate, including heavy oil resources, the introduction of clean and resourceefficient technologies, including technologies for use of renewable energy sources.
The tendency for increase in share of processing of composite oil-gas condensate stock necessitates the revision of the existing and development of new technological solutions for the selection of optimum composition of mixtures of heavy oil and gas condensate with a view to ensure maximum extraction of light fractions in the course of processing based on the theory of controlled phase transitions in oil dispersion systems with estimation of criteria for determination of optimum ratios of raw components in composite materials.
Uzbekistan possesses huge oil shale reserves. Similar origin of organic substances of oil shale, the similarity of their composition to that of oil stock makes it topical to study the methods for separation of organic components of oil shale and development of ways for their conversion into motor fuel components.
Demand of the subject of dissertation lies in development of scientific and technological bases for motor fuels production with involvement of local plant materials, products of secondary oil processing, optimization of joint processing of heavy crude oils and gas condensates with directional regulation of yield of light fractions, development of methods for use of non-conventional sources of raw materials for production of fuel components, improvement of operational and environmental characteristics of motor fuels
Purpose of research is development of the scientific and technological bases for gasoline and diesel fuel production on the basis of local raw material resources.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
It has been established that gasoline-methanol mixtures up to 5% methanol content make no corrosive attack on «valve-seat» sections of gasoline injectors, rubber seal rings and aluminium materials, and usage of such mixtures results in reduction of hazardous emissions - carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (CH) up to 40-45%;
It has been found that involvement of biobutanol in gasoline-methanol and gasoline-ethanol mixtures in quantity comparable to methanol and ethanol content increases the permissible quantity of residual water in the mixture to ensure the predetermined cloud point temperature by more than 60% relative and 150% relative, respectively;
there has been developed the histograms of dependence of gasoline octane number maintenance by means of replacement of monomethylaniline with methanol and ethanol, and it was found that 5% of methanol reduces monomethylaniline content in gasoline by 35% relative, 7% ethanol - by 40% relative;
there has been developed a method for diesel fuel production with involvement of by-products of secondary refining processes and proposed dependence criteria for determining their limit content in fuel composition;
there has been determined the specifics of refining of heavy oils of Surkhandarya deposits in mixture with gas condensate in terms of physicochemical mechanics of oil dispersion systems. It is found that more than 30% content of gas condensate and more in mixtures causes increase in yield of light fractions up to 4% compared to the yield, calculated according to the rule of additivity;
there has been determined the optimum condition for extraction of oil shale tars in the course of their processing: pyrolysis temperature - 550°C, pyrolysis temperature retention time - 45 minutes. It has been demonstrated that preliminary preparation of oil shale of Baysun deposits through alkaline and bacterial treatment allows for reduction of sulphur content in oil shale tars up to 40-70%, increase in depth of extraction of shale tar samples by more than 60% relative.
CONCLUSION
1. For the first time there were conducted integrated studies on production of gasoline-methanol mixtures on the basis of local raw material resources, including benchmark and field testing, acceptability of primary components was demonstrated.
It is found that gasoline-methanol mixtures with up to 5% methanol content do not make corrosive attack on «valve-seat» sections of gasoline injectors, rubber seal ring s and aluminium materials, and, when using moisture free base gasoline and methanol (99,95%), mixtures demonstrate resistance to segregation, sufficient for moderate climate conditions of the Republic.
Results of benchmark tests supported power maintenance of engine running on gasoline Al-91 with 3% and 5% methanol, reduction of specific fuel rate approximately to 2.5%, reduction of hazardous emissions - carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (CH) by 40-45% in comparison with the base gasoline.
2. There was prepared biobutanol from plant material and demonstrated efficiency of its use as a part binary oxygenates, determined its role in regulating phase stability and improvement of octane characteristics of gasoline containing methanol and ethanol.
3. There were developed methods for improvement of environmental performance of motor gasoline using additives on the basis of mixed composite combinations of oxygenates - methanol, ethanol, in combination with nitrogen- and manganese containing dopants. There were developed some histograms of dependence of octane number maintenance of commercial gasoline with different concentrations of binary additives on the basis of methanol and ethanol.
High performance characteristics of developed composition of gasoline Al-80 of Fergana Oil Refinery, with the component composition, % by weight: directly distilled gasoline fraction-55.41; stable catalyst - 33.64; gasoline of delayed coking units - 9.9; antiknock additive ADA-Super - 1.01; antiknock additive Hi-tech 3062 - 0.04 confirmed by results of qualification tests.
4. There were proposed methods for diesel fuel production with involvement of by-products of oil-refinery - light coking distillate and overhead vacuum distillate of fuel oil vacuum distillation unit, which enabled to obtain additional resources in amount up to 5-7% of the volume of commercial diesel fuel. Proposed dependence criteria for determination of limiting quantities of by-product added to diesel fuel.
5. As a result of experimental-production studies there was studied of the specifics of heavy oil processing in combination with gas condensate from the fields of the republic, and demonstrates that directional regulation of their ratio in mixture in terms of physicochemical mechanics of oil dispersion systems is a way of maximizing extraction of light fractions.
There were developed the methods of control of optimal ratio of heavy oils and gas condensate in the course of their joint processing for maximum extraction of light fractions using dependence of viscosity characteristics of mixtures.
6. There was studied the processing of oil shale with a view to obtain alternative motor fuel components, selected an optimal mode of oil shale tar extraction using the developed laboratory instrument of high-temperature processing of oil shale, optimal pyrolysis conditions determined the following parameters: pyrolysis temperature - 550°C, pyrolysis temperature holding time - 45 min.
7. Determined the role of preliminary treatment of oil shale in pyrolysis results. It is demonstrated that alkaline treatment of oil shale leads to removal of reducing forms of sulfur. The most effective removal of reducing forms of sulfur (up to 83%) occurs when the concentration of NaOH is equal to 1%. Biological treatment of oil shale causes increase in shale tar yield. It is found that tar output from treated oil shale made 18.0%, or more than 60% of relative tar yield from source oil shale. Stage of acidification of oil shale material by sulfuric acid solution leads to increase in tar yield at 21.3% R.H.
8. For the first time, there was demonstrated the possibility of use of shale tars as an alternative raw material for production of motor fuel components, substantiated the technology of shale tar processing together with oil stock with the use of conventional technologies and oil refining processes.
9. It has been established that the gradual acidification leads to development of local («native») microflora of shale material, causing significant increase in liter slurry of iron oxidizing bacteria As. Ferrooxidans, which is the main type bacteria currently used in technologies of mineral raw materials processing, since the very existence in the original shale of «inoculating material» of iron oxidizing bacteria w ill be a source of replenishment of bacteria needed for oil shale processing.
10. In industrial conditions of the Fergana Refinery there was developed a process flow diagram of preparation, introduced the technology of diesel fuel production using by-products of oil refinery - light coking distillate and overhead vacuum distillate in accordance with the requirements of the standard for summer diesel fuel, developed and implemented a temporary production technology of pilot batches of gasoline-methanol mixture, Specifications TSh 39.3-285:2012 «Automobile methanol gasoline» for motor spirits of grades AI-80-M1, 3 and 5 (with 1, 3 and 5% methanol respectively) and A1-91-M1, 3 and 5 have been developed, approved and registered in the Agency Uzstandard. There was developed and implemented the guidelines for preparing and processing of heavy oils and gas condensate mixtures in optimal ratio at JV Jarkurganneftepererabotka. Appropriate certificates confirm cost of economical efficiency of dissertation results.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation.Development of science and intensification of all branches of national economy have resulted to antropogenic influence on the environment and ecological equilibrium. According to the data of regional evaluation of stable toxical compounds in the countries of the European Counsel the highest concentrations of Pb,Cd and Hg in the environment have been noted (Pb-31,02; Cd-54, Hg-36 ton/year). Contentof heavy metals in objects of environment in some others countries:Pb-10%,Cd-21%, Hg-58%.Short analysis of the situation interms of these three toxical metals has shown the level of antropogenic throwings of heavy toxical metals (HTM). The biggest part of HTM finding with throwings released to the atmosphere thrown out on soil and in waters of the country being the -source the release and then they accumulate in neighbouring countries.At present day demands produced to metrological and analytical characteristics of elaborated methods constantly have increased and by this reason problem of elaboration of new methods of HTM determination is very actual. Existing problems can be decide by introduction in analytical practics of HTM determination new specifical organic reagents. In this aspect in protection of object of invironment determination of precise concentrations of HTM by different physical, chemical and physico-chemical methods has enquired anspecial actuality and necessarity.For practical realization such tasks at chemical analysis it is necessary perfection of present and elaboration of new morden methods of monitoring of etoxicantsinchidiny HTM.
Claiming of elaboration of sorbtion-spectroskopical methods is stimulated by necessarily to dispose by rapid and precise information about metals composition used in industrial activity and which have presented serionslanger from the point of view of their biological activity and toxical properties inresult of their accumulation in environment.Claiming also is stimulated by necessarily of controle of content of expbasive- dangerous impurities in air of working zones of industrial apartaments; by monitoring of environment and perfection of technological processes. Necessarily by determination of toxical degree of breathing by personal air, carring out of large amount of probes of complex natural composition (waters mediums, oils and biological liquids) on content in then toxical components? diagnostics of different diseases; preparates using in clinical and medico-biological needs, in aim of personal safety is one of important demands of morden analytical chemistry.
For realization of theoretical preconditions and practical confirmation of analytical determination etoxicants indicated in low of«About state sanitary controle» from 03.07.1992 year and Decisions of Cabinet Minister of Republic of Uzbekistan from 09.12.1992 year «About protection of environment», from27.05.2013 year «About ordes of elaboration and correlation of projects of ecological normatives»,from21.01.2014 year «About program of actions by protection of environment of Republic of Uzbekistan» it is necessary to elaborate new hybrid methods with immobilization of different complex- forming reagents on polymeric bases and matrixes differing by high metrological characteristics and operational parameters. The mort perspective way of their decession -purposeful synthesis and immobilization of organical reagents on fibrous bearers on the base of localraw materials for controle of purity and quality of materials, monitoring of objects of environment sorbents with immobilized on them organical reagents (OR) can be obtained in laboratories of any degree of equipment; they are cheap, selective to sorbited ions, have allowed on 2-3 times to increase sensibleness of methods of determination and also they have enough sorbtion capacity.
Purpose of research is construction of scientific bases of immobilization of OR on the fibrous materials;elaboration of express, high-sensitive sorbtion-spectroscopical methods and test-systems of HTM determination with using of IMOR;elaboration on the base of these methods some general approach to prognosis of properties and composition of specifical analytical groups in organic reagents immobilized on different types of bearers; synthesis of new organic reagents with given properties on the base of our theoretical prognosiss and introduction of them in practice of analysis of different analytical and ecological laboratories.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
immobilization of different by nature reagents for prognosis and prediction of optimal construction of some OR based on quantum-chemical value of changing of analytical characteristics in dependence on structure of the functional and analytical-active groups has been theoretically based and practically has been realized;
chemico-analytical properties of OR immobilized on bearers on the base of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polypropylene (PP) for apriory prediction of structure of different OR and elaboration on their base an optical chemical sensors on the base PAN and PP-matrixes having some necessary analytical parameters.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Litrature date about using fiber sorbents and ion-exchanging materials on their base for determination of HTM cations at analysis objects of environment have been summarized. Advantages of using of fiber sorbents in comparison with their using as granuls and powder have been shown. Necessity of search of new immobilized reagents for determination metals in different objects was ground.
2. New scientific trend in analytical chemistry based on the sorbtion-spectroscopical determination of HTM in different objects of enviroment with using immobilized on fiber material organical reagents of different nature with aim of improvment of metrological parameters, exploitational and analytical parameters was developed.
3. Pysico-chemical and analytical properties of immobilized reagents on the base of reagents Arsenazo, threephenylmethan row and also synthesized on the department of organical chemistry NUUz sorbited on the fiber «Nitron» were systematically investigated. Optimal conditions of immobilization of new reagents on some polymeric bearers with preservation of theirspecifical analytical properties were determined.
4. IR- spectroskopical investigation of immobilized reagents on fiber sorbents and their complexes with cations of HTM was carriedout. It was proved that in complex-formation of HTM ions with immobilized reagents the same functional analytical groups participated as in case of native solutions.
5. Results of investigations of interaction of reagents group Arsenazo, theephenylmethanic raw and also reagents synthesized on the derailment of inorganical and analytical chemistry of chemical faculty of NUUz immobilized on matrix on the base of PAN and PP-fibers with ions of HTM have shown that their immobilization was carried out owing to ionic changing and also formation of strong intermolecular hydrogenous bonds with bearers.
6. Using of calculating quant-chemical methods such as MNDO, PM3 and AM-1 has allowed in apriori to predict the structures of different rengents having some necessary analytical parameters (sensibility, contraction of reactions and conditions of their carring out). Investigation of dependencess of spectral characteristics of complexes from method of coordination of metal with functional groups of reagent, quant-chemical value of tendency in spectrums changing at variation analytico-active groups with following determination of possible ways of modification of reagents has shown an perspectivity and adventages of new group of analytical organic reagents on the base of nitrozonaphtols derivatives in contrast with their analogies. On the base of carring out investigations synthesis of new organic reagents on the base anabazin and pyridine reagents and netrozonaphtols has been carried out.
7. On the base of comparison optimal conditions of immobilization, sorbtion, degree of extraction of metals ions, coefficients of distribution, sorbtion capacity of fiber sorbents, data about sensibility of the analytical action according to ions Cd, Hg, Cu and Fe in presence of accompanying elements, possibilities of quantitative desorption by small volumes of mineral acids and accessibility of initialcompounds it is shown an perspective of practical using of synthesised reagents and fiber sorbents. Immobilized reagents quantitativly have extracted ions of metals during 20-30 min at temperature 20-25DC in pH diapasone 3-7 (R=90-99%).
8. Complex of methods of solidphase - spectroscopical and visually-testing determination of HTM in natural objects and samples of sewage and also new effective method of sorbtion - spectroscopical determination of Co,Cu, Cd, Ni, Fe and Hg in drinking and natural water with using of immobilized organical reagents has been elaborated. This sorbtion - spectroscopical methods have allowed to determine abovementioned metals in drinking and natural waters on the level nTO' 6 - n-10'3% and also to decrease the limitof their determination. Rightness of elaborated methods was proved by method “introduced - determined” at analysis of some real objects and also by comparison with data obtained by atom- absorbtion method.
9. Elaborated methods were aprobated at analysis of real objects and were introduced in practice of laboratories by «Navoiyazot»; «Electrokimyozavod», SES (sanepidemic station) of Tashkent region and Bekabad; departament of radiopreparates of Institute of nuclear physics and others.

Object of research: is instrumental structures with Schottky barrier on basis of GaAs (GaP, InP), as subject of research arc selected transition process of the characteristic of metal металл-А3В5, generated by fine metals and amorphous films TiBx under the influence of 60Co gamma-radiation, microwave radiation and rapid thermal treatment.
Purpose of work: clarifying the mechanism of reproducibility increasing and stabilization of instrumental structures on basis of GaAs, GaP and InP with Schottky barrier generated by amorphous films TiBx.
Methods of research: Auger-electron spectroscopy in aggregate with ion etching (Ar+, En=l kiloelectronvolt), X-ray structural analysis, atomic-force microscopy. 6<)Co gamma-quantum irradiation conducted on installation MPX-/-25M, and microwave treatment with magnetron radiation on a frequency f=2,45 GHz with 1,5 Vt/sm2 output power density. Voltage-current characteristic investigated on standardized automated curve tracers.
The results obtained and their novelty: conducted the analysis of the mechanism of mechanical stress on films and contact structures against the A3B5, which allows clarify the regularity of processing factors' impact on mechanical stress of contact structures. Developed the physic-technological basis of contacts generating against A3B5 including rapid thermal treatment, which allows to control contact characteristic by the impact on phase formation process and interface characteristic. Developed the new technological approach to preparation of autoepitaxial films of InP n type, growing by the method of liquid-phase epitaxy on n -InP porous bottom layer and ohmic and barrier contacts to them using the amorphous interstitial phase of TiBx.
Practical value: findings on external action tolerance of the semiconductor instrumental structures with Schottky barrier on basis of A3B5 can be used in creating the semiconductor instrumental structures with Schottky barrier on basis of А3В5
Degree of embed and economic affectivity: findings of research arc used in research scientific works and engineering developments in “ORION” research institution at developing and preparing microwave diode with Schottky barrier.
Field of application: solid-state microwave electronics, semiconductor instrument making, the technology of microwave semiconductor instruments.

Subjects of research: nikotinates Co (II), Ni (II), Си (II), Zn, acetamide, carbamide, thiocarbamide, nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, plant growth stimulators.
Purpose of work: To synthesize new mixed ligand of coordination compounds of nikotinates of some metals. To establish their structure, individuality, reactionary ability, structures, definition of physical, chemical, biological properties. To choose biologically more active compounds and recommend them as a stimulator of cotton growth.
Methods of research: The differential thermal analysis, X-Ray phase analysis, infra red spectrum of absorption, diffuse spectrum of reflection, methods of quantum chemical calculation.
The results obtained and their novelty: 32 new mixed amidonikotinates complex compounds of some metals have been synthesized with acetamide, carbamide, thiocarbamide, nicotinamide and nicotinic acid. Composition, individuality and structures have been determined. For some compounds, the electronic structures have been investigated with the help of quantum chemical methods. On the basis of biological researches new effective stimulator of cotton growth have been found.
Practical value: New effective stimulator of cotton growth of multifunctional action Zn-11 has been discovered.
Degree of embed and economical effectivity: The stimulator Zn-11 have been tested for 5 years by the way of soaking cotton seeds with 0,002 % aqueous solution of the preparation on the experimental fields of the scientific-research institute of cotton production of Uzbekistan, Bukhara and in Khorezm branch the scientific-research institute of cotton production of Uzbekistan.
Field of application: chemistry of coordination compounds and agriculture.

Subject of the inguiry: complex connections of nickcl(II), zinc(II), vanadil(II) and coppcr(II) on the basis of received by condensation an bis-P-dikctones with hydrazides of benzoyiles acids.
Aim of the inguiry: synthesis of new complex connections on a basis an bis-bcnzoyilhydrazoncs, a structure and structure establishment, studying of physical and chemical and biologically active properties, a choice of complex connections with expressed biologically active properties and their recommendation for application.
Methods of inguiry’: elementary analysis, IR-, NMR 'Н- and ESR spectroscopy. X-ray structural the analysis.
The results achieved and their novelty’: arc developed preparation methods of synthesis of a scries new ligand on the basis of products of condensation an encore -Рбензоилгидразонов with бензгидразидом. Complex connections Ni(II), Zn(II), VO(II) and Cu(II) on the basis of allocated ligands arc received and characterised. Biological properties of some of the received complexes arc investigated.
Practical value: the obtained compounds arc introduced to the educational process and certain preparations, possessing expressed biologically active characteristics as facilitator of the rise and productivity of the cotton plant arc determined.
Degree of embed: the new ligands and complexes arc applied to the educational process on faculty organic and physcolloidal chemistry of the Bukhara State University, the preparations «ТК-96» are tested on experimental fields of Bukhara branch of the Uzbek Republican research and development institute of cotton culture, with a heightening of productivity to 3,2 centners per hectare bu using the preparation «ТК-96», as contrasted to audit alternative.
Sphere of usage: chemistry of coordination compounds, biology, agriculture.

Subjects of research: alkaloids harminc and hannaline, Zn(II), Mn(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Re(IV), Mo(VI), V(V), Co(III), Cr(III), Fe(III), Ni(II).
Purpose of work: To synthesize and research new coordination compounds of d-mctals with biologically active carboline alkaloids. To determine the conditions of complex formation of carbolinc alkaloids with d-mctals and their biological activity.
Methods of research: chemical, physicochemical, physical.
The results obtained and their novelty: For the first time a number of complexes of harmaline, harminc and its fluorine derivative were synthesized. Their properties were determined by means of electronic, IR-, PMR-spectroscopics, elementary and dcrivatographic analyses. With the help of quantum-chemical methods PM3 the energetic characteristics, bond lengths, valence angles of free ligands and their ion forms were calculated. Based on the orbital and charge control the most possible centers of localization of coordination bonds were determined. For the first time crystal structures of two novel harmaline complexes were deciphered. Phytotoxic and biological activities of synthesized compounds were determined.
Scientific and practical value: Developed conditions and methods of synthesis of complex compounds can be used as the bases for practical purpose oriented syntheses of similar coordination compounds along with prediction of properties and structure of coordination compounds of d-mctals with alkaloid derivatives. The results of quantum-chemical analysis of ligands and for the first time obtained by means of X-ray analysis crystal characteristics of novel coordination compounds can be used as reference information.
Determined biological activity of synthesized coordination compounds denotes to their possible use for development of substances with anti-cancer activity.
Degree of embed and economical efficiency: Obtained experimental data have been used in educational process at the department of inorganic and analytical chemistry of National University of Uzbekistan.
Application field: inorganic chemistry, coordination chemistry, agriculture, medicine.

Object of research: is instrumental structures with Schottky barrier on basis of GaAs (GaP, InP), as subject of research arc selected transition process of the characteristic of metal металл-А3В5, generated by fine metals and amorphous films TiBx under the influence of 60Co gamma-radiation, microwave radiation and rapid thermal treatment.
Purpose of work: clarifying the mechanism of reproducibility increasing and stabilization of instrumental structures on basis of GaAs, GaP and InP with Schottky barrier generated by amorphous films TiBx.
Methods of research: auger-electron spectroscopy in aggregate with ion etching (Ar*, En=l kiloelectronvolt), X-ray structural analysis, atomic-force microscopy. 60Co gamma-quantum irradiation conducted on installation MPX-/-25M, and microwave treatment with magnetron radiation on a frequency/=2,45 GHz with 1,5 Vt/sm2 output power density. Voltage-current characteristic investigated on standardized automated curve tracers.
The results obtained and their novelty: conducted the analysis of the mechanism of mechanical stress on films and contact structures against the A3B5, which allows clarify the regularity of processing factors' impact on mechanical stress of contact structures. Developed the physic-technological basis of contacts generating against A3B5 including rapid thermal treatment, which allows to control contact characteristic by the impact on phase formation process and interface characteristic. Developed the new technological approach to preparation of autoepitaxial films of InP n type, growing by the method of liquid-phase epitaxy on n*-InP porous bottom layer and ohmic and barrier contacts to them using the amorphous interstitial phase of TiBx.
Practical value: findings on external action tolerance of the semiconductor instrumental structures with Schottky barrier on basis of A3B5 can be used in creating the semiconductor instrumental structures with Schottky barrier on basis of A3B5.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: findings of research arc used in research scientific works and engineering developments in “ORION” research institution at developing and preparing microwave diode with Schottky barrier.
Field of application: solid-state microwave electronics, semiconductor instrument making, the technology of microwave semiconductor instruments.

Actuality and claiming of of dissertation theme. In present time in different ranges of economics of countries with intensive development industry prevention of corrosion of metals and elaboration of inhibitors and anticorrosion covers is one of actual and important task. In countries of the world with development chemical and oil-chcmical industry losses from corrosion of metals is equaled 30% from their year production; corrcspondcntly construction and using of inhibitors of corrosion and anticorrosion covers in practices has a very important value.
During of years of independence of Uzbekistan have been introduced programs by introduction of modern technologies in industry. For protection of equipment corrosion inhibitors and anticorrosion covers arc used, with this aim in our country a systematical scientifically investigation by elaboration of new types of inhibitors and anticorrosion covers have been carried out.
In industrial scales influence of inhibitors and anticorrosion covers of polymeric type on corrosion of steel have been investigated with aim of their introduction in practices. Inhibitorial protection of technological equipment and pipelines working in aggressive mediums, increasing of their stability and durability is one of the effective problems.
Inhibitors of corrosion arc used for obtain stable covers and chemical compositions connecting oxygen or some ions; as additions in compositions; curvers in circulating water systems; in oil-chemical and oil-refining industries, any energetically mountings; for protection of microelectronics and modem army technics; they arc added in fuel, building materials. In last time water-soluble high molecular compounds also are used as inhibitors; often they are used for fight with salt- and slamo-dcposits but also they can be used as potential inhibitors of corrosion owing to their low toxicity.
Modem classification of inhibitors has included oxidizers, inhibitors of adsorbsional type complex formating and polymeric types. Such devision has witnessed about variety mechanisms of their action and possibilities of using of achievements of different fields of chemistry for protection of metals from corrosion. The special significance is dewoted to corrosion inhibitors using in water mediums.
In number cases the high role is devoted to anticorrosion covers. Knowledge of theoretical states of corrosion and mechanisms of protection from it has allowed to elaborate of anticorrosion covers with properties of modeled rust. At this great role is devoted to displaccmcat of deficit components by local raw materials -many-tonal waste of oil-fating and chemical industries such as gossipolic resin, cotton soapstock, hydrolyzed lignin.
This dissertation work is oriented on the realization of resolutions of President of Republic Uzbekistan PP-916 from 15 June 2008 year “About additional measures by stimulation of introduction innovational projects and technologies in production” and PP-1071 from 11 March 2009 year “About program of measures by acceleration of constructions and mastering of production of new types of chemical production”.
Aim of investigation. Elaboration of new class of multicomponent inhibitors and anticorrosion covers for effective protection of metals from corrosion and investigation of their physico-chemical properties.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following: determination of protection mechanism elaborated multicomponent inhibitors and anticorrosion covers of new generation and also possibility of formation of self-organizating surface layers;
it was determined that particulitiers of multicomponent inhibitors having a high adsorption on mctalic surface have carried out to marked decreasing of navozajing of steels;
degree of fulfilment of electrod surface, rate of solution of metal, the constant of adsorption equilibrium and coefficient of interaction of components of mixed inhibitors have been determined;
it was determine that phenoment of sinergism has been noted in the presence of high molecular compounds especially strong it has been noted in comparison with low-molccular aliphatical amines what can be explain by differences in mechanisms of action of inhibitors of different chemical nature;
it was proved that treatment of rust surface by covers on the base of gossipolic resin has promoted to modification of corrosion products in hard-soluble stable compounds decreasing of process of metals destruction.
CONCLUSION
1. On the base of systematical fundamental investigation of kinetics of clcctro-chcmical processes and mechanism of inhibition for the first time a number of particulities of inhibitors of different chemical nature have been determined what has allowed to elaborate of scientifically-based approach to elaboration of effective, ecologically safe, economically advisable, import-substituted inhibitors of corrosion of polymeric type on the base of local row-materials; waste and byproducts of chemical, electrochemical and mining-metallurgical industries.
2. It was shown that mechanism of anticorrosion protection by two-componcnts inhibitors of polymeric type containing polyphosphates principally has differed from action of low-molccular inhibitors. Inhibitors on the base of high-molecular compounds have formed complexes with low-molccular components containing in composition of corrosion deposits caused to their condensation and making their low perspicacious for corrosion-active reagents; than adsorption processes have carried out couse to decreasing of growing of phosphate layer owing to which it became less prone, more thin and it’s protection properties have been increased. Amine-containing two-component inhibitors have displaced donor-acceptoral interactions owing to presence of individed electron pair of nitrogen atom of amino-group with atoms of metals but difference in protection action of amines (RNFb) in the presence of polyphosphates can be caused by different degree of fulfillment of steel surface what from positions of local interactions is connected with peculiarities of microrclief of adsorbent surface and value the constant of distribution of adsorbate between of contacting phases.
3. For the first time it was determined that synergism especially strong is noted in the presence of high-molecular compounds (NaPOaVunifloc, Na-jPiO?-unifloc, КадРгОт-Ка-СМС, Na-^Ch-gclatin, Са^РгОу- gelatin in neutral and weak alkaline mediums (pH=7+9) in temperature interval 20+40 °C; also it is necessary to note that synergism at using of different alyphatical amines is less expressed what can be explain by differences in mechanisms of action of inhibitors of different chemical nature. It was shown that inhibitors of polymeric type are effective in neutral, weak acid and weak alkaline mediums while low-molecular inhibitors have caused high inhibition properties only in neutral and weak-acid mediums.
4. By comparison physico-chemical investigations of mechanism of inhibition of corrosion process by inhibitors containing high-molecular components in comparison with low-molccular inhibitors regularity has been determined that in spite of essential differences in mechanisms of their action the coefficient of mutual influence of components, degree of fulfillment of electrode surface and the constant of adsorption equilibrium have the highest values at equimolar ratios of components of inhibitors exceeding in 4 times others ratios in case of inhibitors of polymeric type and in 2 times in case of low molecular inhibitors.
5. It was shown that inhibitors containing polyelectrolytes (which arc surface -active component) have fulfilled role of regulator of rate of electro-precipitating of phosphate-ions on the surface of steel that is to prevent excessive growth of layer of phosphates and to provide it’s uniformity. Than adsorption process has carried out by Lcngmuir with formation of monomolecular nanolayer. In case of low molecular inhibitors different mechanism is realized which is bonded with
constant of distribution of amino compounds between solid and liquied phases on the border of their division.
6. Thermo-dynamical calculations of the effective energy of activation of metals corrosion AGeff, for polymeric and low-molccular inhibitors have shown that high negative values of this parameter have indicated on affcctivity of mixed inhibitors containing in their composition high molecular compounds. Investigations of concentration dependence of AGeff have allowed to determine optimal concentration range of inhibitors.
7. By electrochemical and elcctro-microscopical investigations it was determined that adsorption of aliphatical amines on the surface of steel from liquid phase has carried out considerably slower and is characterized by more reversibility in comparison with adsorption on the ferrum phosphate.
8. Technologies drawing of obtained of anticorrosion covers on the base of GR on procorrosiating surface have been elaborated. It was shown that covers on the base of GR can be used as modificators of rust and priming material for friable rust surfaces: they were tested on industrial objects and also they were introduced in practice of laboratories of AS “Almalik GMC”. For increasing of protection properties of modified layer of rust or for decoration works it is possible to draw lacquer painted surfaces on the any base on the treated surfaces of metals.
9. Physico-chemical parameters of process of electro-chemical corrosion of steel in presence of elaborated inhibitors in dependence on their composition, concentration, pH of medium, temperature were determined. Also optimal conditions providing a maximal protection have been determined. Comparison of inhibitoral ability of elaborated inhibitors has shown that at pH=5-r9 and temperature interval 204-80 °C two-component inhibitors (NaPOj)n-unifloc and Na4P2C>7-gelatin have the best protection properties. Application of elaborated inhibitors of corrosion has decreased chemical and electro-chemical constituting’s of metals corrosion in technological mediums. Effectivity of inhibition has been equaled to 97,63 % at temperature 50 °C owing to formation of continuous passiving films on the surface of metals. At this rate of corrosion of equipment has decreased to normative values. It was shown that protective effect of elaborated inhibitors on the base of waste production and local materials has exceeded to 5% in comparison with importing expensive inhibitors. Elaborated inhibitors were tested and introduced in practics of AO “Navoiazot”.

The aim of research work is to evaluate and enhance the structural and seismic safety of private residential buildings built from low-strength materials.
Scientific novelty of the research work is as following stages:
a methodology has been developed for the calculation of residential buildings erected from low-strength materials in order to ensure their structural and seismic safety;
an experimental-theoretical approach to the determination of physico-mcchanical and deformative characteristics of the material for the laying of bearing walls has been developed;
the effect of longitudinal forces on stresses in bent elements of a wooden frame in houses as "Sinch" is justified;
improved calculation of normal stresses in the bent elements of the wooden frame of buildings such as "Sinch", taking into consideration of decreasing on the basic stooping moment from longitudinal forces;
the nature of development of plastic deformation along wood fibers of wooden frame as "Sinch" type houses elements is substantiated depending on the level of the applied load and the number of load cycles;an experimental approach to the establishment of dynamic characteristics of natural oscillations of houses which made of low-strength materials with the use of a power-plant-vibrating table directed action, simulating seismic action.

The aim of the research work is to develop the optimal chemical composition and heat treatment regimes for high-chromium white cast irons and hard-alloy coatings.
The scientific novelty of the research work: the optimal composition of high-chromium white cast iron was calculated for the sum of C + Si + Mn + Cr + Ni elements, which provides the formation of the structure and properties required for heat treatment;
the harmful effect of sulfur has been determined to reduce the wear resistance of high-chromium alloys;
the mechanism of structure formation is developed at drawing on working surfaces of details of carbide coatings by casting on gasified models;
the phase heredity of the parameters of the fine structure of the metal base of high-chromium cast irons and alloys during phase recrystallization during the final thermal treatment is determined;
experimental conditions for the existence of an extreme temperature of heating of a high-chromium alloy are developed, when after cooling of the alloy in its metallic base a structure with a very high dislocation density is formed. With repeated phase recrystallization, the dislocation data is inherited;
the use of the heredity effect of the fine structure during double phase recrystallization is revealed, which increases the wear resistance of the alloy by 33-35% and it becomes higher than that of the imported alloy, and for wear-resistant coatings - by 80-82%.

The aim of the research is to improve calculation methods of the resource of metal span structures operated in railway bridges on the basis of technical diagnostics of the actual state of the structures.
The scientific novelty of the dissertation research is the following: there has been improved methods for determining the causes of defects and damages during the construction and operation of span structures with solid scientifical ground on their bases; there has been an improvement of dependencies for the description of the measure of damage accumulation on the basis of the experimentally determined friction coefficient/; formulas for calculating the resource of span structures have been improved with application of the main provisions of the theory of damage accumulation; there has been a development of the method of estimating the residual life of the exploited metal span structures from the data of technical diagnostics of the actual state of structures.

The aim of the research work is the development of energy-saving technology by improving the technology of cold rolling of sheet metals.
The tasks of research:
Analysis of rolling regimes, the study of the current state of research of available rolling technologies and the development of their refinement;
Calculation of energy consumption for cold symmetrical rolling and development of recommendations on energy saving indicators of the technological process;
Comparative analysis of physical and mechanical properties of rolled sheet metals;
Development of energy-saving technology of cold rolling of sheet metals.
The object of the research work is a cast and rolled strip of copper and its alloys.
Scientific novelty of the research work. The scientific novelty of the research is as follows:
the design of the mill and the effective technology of symmetrical cold rolling of asymmetric rolling are developed by calculating the parameters;
a new energy-saving symmetrical rolling technology is developed by modifying the available rolling technologies;
the technology of thermal processing of sheet copper and its alloys received by new energy-saving technology of symmetrical rolling is developed;
new modes of heat treatment of copper strip after rolling have been developed.
The practical results of the study are as follow s:
a new design of a semi-industrial rolling mill in production conditions for the production of sheet metals by cold rolling has been developed;
a rolling technology has been developed that allows cutting energy and human resources by 20-30% to produce sheet metals during cold rolling;
The effective heat treatment regimes for cold rolled copper and its alloys have been developed.
The outline of the thesis. The content of the thesis consists of an introduction, four chapters, conclusion, a list of literature. The volume of the thesis is 120 pages.

The aim of the research is to improve methods of determining resource spans of highway bridges considering the effects of corrosion of concrete and reinforcement.
The scientific novelty of the dissertation research is the following: the developed method of quantitative evaluation of salt corrosion of concrete; developed methods for determining the load capacity of spans subject to salt corrosion of concrete and reinforcement; assessment of the degree of salt corrosion of concrete and reinforcement is improved on the basis of the theory of linear damage accumulation; designed according to the description of the corrosion process in concrete and reinforcement over time; developed methods of calculation of residual resource of the exploited reinforced concrete superstructures of highway bridges.

Relevance and importance of the dissertation title. In present time in different ranges of economics of countries with intensive development industry prevention of corrosion of metals and elaboration of inhibitors and anticorrosion covers is one of actual and important task.
In countries of the world with development chemical and oil-chemical industry losses from corrosion of metals is equaled 25 % from their year production; correspondenly construction and using of inhibitors of corrosion and anticorrosion covers in practices has a very important value. In connection with increasing need to applicable inhibitor, it appears practicability of the creation of universal inhibitors based on advanced technology. During the solution of this task there is a need of development and obtaining inhibitors using local raw material resources as a source of raw materials in the synthesis of inhibitors having set of valuable and useful characteristics.
In the Republic of the Uzbekistan it was specifically attended on creating the advanced technology, supplementary dynamic and stable developing of industry and growth export capacitive. It was achieved the results of activities based on this trend: especially the creating the scientific bases of protection of metals from corrosion in oil and gas chemical industries. The main purposes were oriented in program of the further development of the Strategy for Action the Republic of Uzbekistan on the direction «the carrying out of active investion politics on doing the plans of social infrastructure and transport-communication, the manufacturing, the technic and technical renewing, the modernization of producing» and «the continuing of the politics on stimulation of localization of manufacturing, supplementary, at firstly the broading of the sectional industrial corporations, the developing of the producing high quality materials and consumed products». So the creating of the effective, valuable exported, competitive, world standarts, easily synthesized, cheap, high efficiency at their very low concentrations, nontoxic and biodegradable anticorrosion inhibitors significant tasks and mainly valuable.
This dissertation work was been valuable on the realization of Resolutions of President of Republic Uzbekistan «About additional measures by stimulation of introduction innovational projects and technologies in production» № RP-916 in 15 July 2008 year, «About the continuing activities on carrying out contemporary plans of localization of manufacturing of materials, high quality materials and ready type of products in 2017-2019 years» № RP-2698 in 26 December 2017 year and the Decree of «About the strategy for Action the Republic of Uzbekistan» № PD-4947 in 7 February 2017 year.
The aim of investigation is determinding the properties and mechanism of inhibition by thioglycolurils and cucurbit[n]urils in strong acid, alkaline and neutral mediums.
The scientific novelty of the investigation is following:
it was determined that the inhibitors have formed complexes with iron ions and adsorbed on the metal surface when they added in corrosion medium, as a result the value of entropy has decreased;
it was firstly determined that the quasi-substitution process has carried out between inhibitor and water molecules on the steel surface and the inhibi-tors have decreased dielectric constant of environment;
it was proved that the groth of the stability of thin inhibitors film on the metal surface has increased charge transfer resistance of medium and the size of Nyquist plot;
it firstly was proved that the stable complexes of inhibitors with iron ions haven’t formed free sites for H+ and weren’t soluble in strong acid and alkaline mediums.
Conclusions
1. Thioglycolurils and cucurbit[n]urils were synthesized on the base of local product, it was determined their mechanism of corrosion protection of №3 and N80 steel examples by contemporary methods, it was found the optimal concentrations of inhibitors in strong acid and alkaline mediums.
2. It is determined that the thermodynamic properties of adsorption activities and mechanism of corrosion protection of steel examples by inhibitors and also it was found that the effect of concentration and temperature in aggressive mediums.
3. The changes of corrosion potential to negative site by the mixed effect of inhibitors, the polarization resistance take large value on concentration growth, the inhibitors reduce corrosion activities on cathode and anode what was proved by polarization resistance and polarization curves.
4. It was shown that the quasi-substitution process has carried out between inhibitor molecules and water molecules on the steel surface in the result of which charge transfer and dielectric constant of mediums have increased.
5. The inhibitors have decreased intergranular corrosion on the metal surface with increasing their concentration and the forming films have decreased H+ adsorption on the metal surface what was determined by reactivation investigates. The complexes of inhibitor with iron ions were insoluble in aggressive mediums and also were good adsorbents what was investigated by such method as polarization resistance and corrosion potential trends (Rp/Ec).
6. The investigated corrosion inhibitors were used in «Муборакнефтгаз» LTD in order to prevent N80 and №3 steel from corrosion in acid, alkaline and neutral mediums and it was revealed the protective effect was on 5% more in comparison with imported inhibitors.

The aim of research work is a theoretical investigation of the mechanisms of the surface and linear photovoltaic effect in semiconductors with cubic symmetry, also two-dimensional electronic states.
Scientific novelty of dissertation work consists in the following:
the oscillation of the transmission coefficient was determined when the effective masses of electrons in the neighboring layers of an asymmetric layered structure arc different on the basis of the Bastard condition;
a mathematical expression was determined for the temperature dependence of the current of the linear photovoltaic effect in p-GaAs observed in intersubband single-photon transitions due to the asymmetry of electron-phonon and electronphoton interactions;
an asymmetric scattering of electrons by photons and phonons in semiconductors with a complex valence band was calculated by the Keldysh diagram technique, it was shown that the spectral dependence of the ballistic photocurrent is determined by the spectral dependence of the absorption coefficient;
it was shown that the appearance of a ballistic photocurrent is due to the change in the numerical value of the photocurrent, depending on the sign of the band parameters of the semiconductor, taking into account the linear and cubic terms depending to the wave vector in the Hamiltonian of holes;
a mathematical expression for the surface photocurrent in a semi-infinite multivallcy semiconductor in an external magnetic field was determined, depending on temperature and frequency.