All articles - Imaging Science and Photographic Technology

chizmalarsiz fan va texnika taraqqiyotini tasavvur qilib bo‘lmaydi. Arxitektor va muhandislar ijodiy fikrlarini faqat chizmalar yordamida to‘liq bayon eta oladilar. Chizmalar asosida barcha muhandislik inshootlari quriladi, mashinalar, mashina qismlari, tibbiyot asboblari va hokazolar ishlab chiqariladi. Biz sizlarga taqdim etayotgan maqolada Muhandislik grafikasi fanlarini o‘qitishda zamonaviy axborot ta’lim muhitini tashkil etuvchi metodik ta’minoti haqida, o‘qituvchilarning fanga oid masalalarni yechishda, grafik savodxonligini oshirishda zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalaridan foydalanish bo‘yicha malaka va ko‘nikmalari va o‘qituvchilarimizning ya’nada chuqur bilimga ega bo‘lishlari borasida tahlil qilinadi.

Maqola ingliz tilini o‘qitish samaradorligini oshirishda multimedia texnologiyalarining ahamiyatiga bag‘ishlangan. Muallif inson hayotining har bir ja-bhasini, jumladan, fan, axborot, texnologiyalarni muhokama qiladi. Hattoki ta’lim sohasida ham texnologik o‘zgarishlar yangi sahifani boshlagani borasida fikrlar ay-tiladi. An’anaviy o‘qitish usullari o‘quvchilarga katta ta’sir ko‘rsatmaydi. Bundan tashqari, ushbu maqolada baholash jarayonida multimedia texnologiyalaridan foydalanish imkoniyatlarining dolzarb muammosi yoritilgan. Maqolada ijtimoiy masofaning ahamiyati va www.kahoot.com saytining afzalliklari haqida ma’lumot berilgan.

Ҳозирда ахборот-коммуникатив жараён жадал суратларда тезлашиб, коммуникация воситалари такомиллашиб бормоқда. Ҳар бир алоқа воситасининг ахборот етказиб беришда ўз услуби ва имкониятлари мавжуд. Оммавий алоқа воситаси телевидение техника ёрдамида вербал ва визуал коммуникация унсурларидан фойдаланиб ахборотни кўп сонли аудиторияга узатади. Коммуникант (томошабин) ва коммуникатор (телевидение, яъни мазкур манба орқали маълумотларни узатиш истагида бўлган соҳа вакиллари) ўртасида коммуникатив алоқа ўрнатилади. Коммуникант ахборотни визуал ҳамда вербал коммуникация орқали қабул қилади. Г.Г.Почепцов коммуникацияга “вербал ахборотни новербалга ва аксинча новербални вербалга қайта кодлаштириш жараёни” [Почепцов, Г.Г. 2001: с.14.] деб таъриф берган. Телевидениенинг ижод аҳлиэса вербал ва новербал воситалар ила ахборотни визуаллаштирад и. В а уста мусаввир ўз асарида турли рангларни чаплаштириб ташламаганидек, адиб, кино ва телевидение аҳли ҳам сўзларни талабчанлик билан танлаши лозим. Телевидение қаламга олинадиган сўзни ҳам, талаффуз этиладиган сўзни ҳам инкор этмайди. Бу қудратли восита тасвир яратишга, тасвирни тўлдиришга, томошабин - тингловчи билан алоқа ўрнатишга, мавзунинг концепциясини очишга хизмат қилиши назарда тутилади.

Бугунги кунда юртимизда медия ва медикоммуникациялар соҳасини янада ривожланти риш, уларни фуқароларнинг ижтимоий фаоллигига таъсирини янада оширишга оид чора- тадбирлар тизимли равишда амалга оширилмоқда. Айниқса, Узбекистон Республикаси Президента Ш.Мирзиёевнинг “2017-2021 йилларга мўлжалланган Узбекистонни янада ривожлантириш бўйича Ҳаракатлар стратетияси” тўғрисидаги Фармонида белгиланганидек, ижтимоий соҳани ривожлантиришда медиакоммуникация воситалари муҳим аҳамият касб этади.

Insonni xatti-harakatlariga qarab tanib olish kompyuterni ko’rish va sun’iy intellektning qiziqarli va qiyin sohasidir. So’nggi yillarda odamlarning harakatlari va imo-ishoralarini tahlil qilish orqali aniqlay oladigan modellarni ishlab chiqishda sezilarli yutuqlarga erishildi. Ushbu sohadagi ikkita mashhur model COCO (Kontekstdagi umumiy ob’ektlar) va MPII (Maks Plank Informatika Instituti) modellaridir. Ushbu maqolada biz insonni o’z harakatlaridan tanib olish modellarini o’rganamiz va keyin COCO va MPII qiyosiy tahlilini o’rganamiz, ularning farqlari va kuchli tomonlarini ta’kidlaymiz.

Hozirgi vaqtda turli xil tasvirga olish qurilmalaridan olingan raqamli tasvirlar soni keskin oshib bormoqda. Ayrim hollarda ushbu tasvirlar tasvirga olish, qayta ishlash, siqish, saqlash, uzatish va ko’paytirish jarayonida turli shovqinlardan ta’sirlanib, sifatsiz holatga kelishi mumkin. Shovqin tasvirdagi ma’lumotlarning sifatini buzadigan tasodifiy o’zgarishlarni ifodalaydi va tasvirdan muhim ma’lumotlarni olishga to’sqinlik qiladi. Bu o’z navbatida, tasvirda uchraydigan asosiy shovqin turlarini o’rganish tasvirlash sohasida dolzarb ekanligini ko’rsatadi. Mazkur tadqiqot ishi Gauss, tuz va qalampir, uniform, Puasson, spekl, rayleigh va risian kabi shovqin turlarini o’rganishga bag’ishlangan.

Axborotni qabul qilish va uzatishda tasvirlarning ahamiyati, ayniqsa tibbiyot va qishloq xo’jaligi kabi sohalarda tengsizdir. Ayrim hollarda, turli omillar sabab olingan tasvirlar sifat talablariga javob bermasligi mumkin. Kontrast, tiniqlik, yorqinlik va shovqin tasvir sifatiga ta’sir qiluvchi muhim parametrlar hisoblanadi. Mazkur tadqiqot ishida tasvirlashda muhim ahamiyatga ega bo’lgan kontrast muhokama qilingan. Ya’ni, tasvir kontrastini etalonsiz baholovchi mezonlar o’rganilgan.

This article examines the role of multimodality in internet news media, highlighting the integration of text, images, audio, and video in news storytelling. It explores the evolution of news media from traditional print to digital platforms, emphasizing the impact of digital technology on journalistic practices. Through case studies of leading news websites, the article illustrates how multimodal elements enhance audience engagement and interaction. It discusses the challenges and opportunities presented by multimodality, including technical complexities and the potential for future advancements. The findings suggest that multimodality has fundamentally transformed news media, offering a more dynamic, interactive, and engaging experience for audiences. This shift underscores the importance of understanding and adapting to multimodal communication strategies in the digital age.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. In world one of the important physical and technological problems in the fastest dynamical growing areas of micro- and optoelectronics is the development of photosensitive gallium arsenide multilayer structures with enhanced functional characteristics. In this case investigation of the relationship of their operating parameters with electro-physical parameters of the active region will provide to obtain new technical solutions contributing to reveal previously unknown features of photosensitive multilayer structures. Performing research on the improvement of channel region of the fieldeffect transistor, on solving problems on reduction of energy consumption, on the development of field-effect transistors with p-n-junction, as well as the development of manufacturing technology of photosensitive structures are promising areas of research.
Application of multi-layer semiconductor devices, particularly photodiodes and transistors in automotive industry and telecommunications needs to enhance their opration frequencies, linearization of transfer characteristics, increasing the thier gain and research inclusion modes. Thus the research conducting on influence of epitaxial layer parameters to the properties of field-effect transistors aimed at optimization of construction parameters of field-effect transistors are actual.
This research work aimed at development of the method of epitaxial growth of semiconductor materials by mixing solution-melts as well as obtaining gallium arsenide multilayer photosensitive structures with a controllable gradient of impurity and mobility distributions and photodiode structures with micro-relief border of interface. Improving of functional characteristics of these structures and obtaining photosensitive field-effect transistors in conjunction with the features of manufacturing technology and providing their operation in power saving mode are the demand of this dissertation.
This thesis is devoted to solving in a certain extent the problems on enhancing the competitiveness of electronic products, particularly, the problems noted in the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan DP-1442 «On the priorities of industrial development of Uzbekistan in 2011 - 2015» of 15 December, 2010.
Purpose of research is development of a multilayer photosensitive gallium arsenide structures on the basis of epitaxial layers with a predetermined impurity distribution profile and textured surface, improving their functional characteristics and research of new connection modes.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
for the first time, a method is developed for non-isothermal growth process of epitaxial layer of A3B’ semiconductors with desired distribution profile of impurities by mixing the saturated solution-melts and is conducted its simulation;
a technology is developed for diffusion of impurity zinc to gallium arsenide with texturied surface followed by growth of epitaxial hetero-layer, optimal modes are established consisting in zinc diffusion at 800°C for 80 minutes and growth of hetero-layer in temperature range from 813°C to 809°C with cooling rate 1 deg/min in a single process;
a technology is developed for manufacturing isotype double-barrier nGa{l_x)>0SIni02As - NGaAs -heterostructure based on indium-containing epitaxial layers of gallium arsenide with technologically textured surface in the form of ripples at excess of indium, leading to the difference in the lattice parameters equal to 1.4% with gallium arsenide substrate and the photo-voltaic pAIoiGa04As-pGaM4In0MAs-nGaAs -structure with technologically textured surface in the form of pyramids (with a base 40-60 microns and a height of 8-10 microns) at impurity germanium with 3.1 mol.% in frontal hetero-layer pAl0lGa09As Ge grown on indium-containing hetero-layer;
for the first time, a photosensitive field-effect transistor is developed based on gallium arsenide with negative (decreasing to the surface) gradient of impurity distribution in the channel having a gain twice as large as compared to the fieldeffect transistor with a positive gradient of impurities distribution and 3.5 times larger in comparison with the conventional devices;
connection modes of field-effect transistor are proposed providing its operation as a photoreceiver with maximum sensitivity, as a fast-response photoresistor and as a high power switch in electronic circuits;
a calculation of current transport process in field-effect transistors is conducted taking into account the gradient of the carrier mobility distribution and the influence of surface states which for the first time showed the possibility of linearizing the transfer characteristics of the field-effect transistors with a long channel;
a universal microchip with four electrodes is developed on the basis of double-transistor circuit with synchronically modulated channels providing an order of magnitude (70 compared to 7 in ordinary cases) higher gain in mode close to pinch-off the channel;
for the first time, a remotely-controlled optoelectronic switch is developed providing a switching on and switching off of the electronic devices and technological equipments consisting of an amplifier with the input stage on the basis of field-effect transistor wherein between the gate and resistor of source is included a photodetector based on double-barrier structure;
for the first time, a modulator of optical signals is developed allowing to increase the lifetime of the semiconductor light-emitting devices consisting of semiconductor light-emitting device, current source and a switch based on single field-effect transistor instead of two bipolar transistors wherein input signal is applied to the source;
a generator of stabilized currents are developed based on “double-transistor cell” with linearized transfer characteristics, which is intended for setting precision-regulated current with a small step, provides a measurement of the current-voltage characteristics of semiconductor devices with sharply increasing current stabilitron type, voltage suppressor and S - diodes.
Conclusion
1. A new method of liquid phase epitaxy is developed providing the formation of a given impurity distribution profile along the thickness of epitaxial layers grown by mixing into the main solution-melt contacting with the substrate an additional solution-melt in discrete parts with controlled rate. In this case the impurities concentration in the additional solution-melt at least two orders of magnitude is different by the impurities concentration in the main solution-melt.
2. A computational-analytical research of impurity distribution profiles along the thickness of epitaxial layers grown from solution-melt with the constant volume and the varying volume where gradient impurity distribution profile determined by feed-rate of additional solution-melt into the main solution-melt are conducted.
3. Optimal modes of zinc diffusion into textured surface of the base region and subsequent growth of epitaxial hetero-layer in single process are established. By computer simulation of diffusion process of metal into semiconductor with micro-relief surface it is shown that with increasing the duration of diffusion a gradual alignment of the shape of p-n-'yunction interface occurs, which is confirmed by experimental data.
4. A technology is developed for manufacturing isotype double-barrier nGa(X_x}>QiIni02As - NGaAs -heterostructure based on indium-containing epitaxial layers of gallium arsenide with technologically textured surface in the form of ripples at excess of indium, leading to the difference in the lattice parameters equal to 1.4% with gallium arsenide substrate.
5. A technology is developed for manufacturing the photo-voltaic pAl Ga As 0.1 0.9- pGa In As 0.94 0.06 - nGaAs -structure with technologically textured surface in the form of pyramids (with a base 4060 microns and a height of 8÷10 microns) at doping impurity germanium 3.1 mol.% in frontal hetero-layer pAl0 lGa04As : Ge grown on indium-containing hetero-layer.
6. A remotely-controlled optoelectronic switch is developed providing a switching on and switching off of the electronic devices and technological equipments consisting of an amplifier with the input stage on the basis of fieldeffect transistor wherein between the gate and resistor of source is included a photodetector based on double-barrier structure with high input resistance.
7. A modulator of optical signals is developed allowing increasing the lifetime of the semiconductor light-emitting devices consisting of semiconductor light-emitting device, current source and a switch based on single field-effect transistor instead of two bipolar transistors which allows to keep stabilized current and to remove distortions of signal caused by high capacitance of bipolar transistor.
8. A photosensitive field-effect transistor is developed based on gallium arsenide with negative gradient of impurity distribution in the channel having a photosensitivity (800 A/Wt) and a current gain 6 times larger (60) as compared to the field-effect transistor with a positive gradient of impurities distribution.
9. A computational-analytical research of drain current-voltage characteristics of the field-effect transistor with long channel are conducted taking into account the distribution gradients of the impurities and charge carrier mobility along the thickness of channel which explains the appearance of the properties of short-channel field-effect transistor and the possibility of its use in economic mode.
10. A universal microchip with four electrodes is proposed on the basis of “double-transistor cell” with synchronically modulated channels providing an order of magnitude higher gain in mode close to pinch-off the channel as compared to circuit with dynamic load on field-effect transistor.
11. A generator of stabilized currents are developed based on “doubletransistor cell” with linearized transfer characteristics, which is intended for setting precision-regulated current with a small step, provides a measurement of the current-voltage characteristics of semiconductor devices with sharply increasing current stabilitron type, voltage suppressor and S - diodes.

The topicality and significance of the subject of dissertation. The world's turnover for the development and dissemination of multimedia tools for the year 1994 amounted to 16 billion. USA dollars, by 2014 this figure had risen to 100 billion. USA dollars. As a result of multcmcdinyh storage technologies, processing, treatment and representation of discrete-continuous data in 2012 were 83%. A feature of modem multimedia systems arc discrete-continuous nature of their operation, above all, it is that the multimedia systems, which arc used in various fields, made up of the individual subsystems. Their status change both continuously and discretely at certain points.
Acceleration of the dynamics of processes in all spheres of human activity, the increasing complexity of industrial production, social, economic and political life naturally led, on the one hand, a rapid increase in demand for information knowledge. However, this process has created the urgent need to create new tools, technologies based on special methods, models, algorithms and software package that allows to organize, send, receive, process, information flows, creating a user-friendly interface to access to information resources, and thereby providing users with a complete, accurate and easy to read information resources. Thus, the construction of mathematical and information models, efficient algorithms based on them developed problem-oriented software systems for the design of control systems for discrete-continuous processes in processing of information resources TIAV- multimedia systems is the actuality of the task.
Multimedia systems arc a necessary component of the process of using information resources of society, and the pace of their development is largely determined by the rate of accumulation of professional knowledge. A large number of audio-visual information has become available in digital form, in the form of digital files, on the Internet, a broadcast stream, as well as in the form of private or professional databases. The value of information is often dependent because, as it is easy to find, extract, filter, and manage.
Multimedia information plays an important role in society, being recorded on the medium, or acting in real time from the audio or visual sensors in analog or digital form. While audiovisual information originally intended for people who arc now increasingly such data arc generated and transmitted and perceived computer systems. The development of information and communication technologies, increasing the information resources of society, and the pace of their development is largely determined by the rate of accumulation, processing of information resources.
The Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On measures to further the implementation and development of modem information and communication technologies" on March 21, 2012, № PR-1730 identified the priorities in the development and implementation of modem systems of computerization and information-communication technologies. The Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the organization of the media center of the National Television and Radio Company of Uzbekistan" from 24.02.2011, № PR-1488 and in the Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the organization of information and library provision of population of the Republic" from 20.06.2006, the attention is paid to the development of multimedia technologies and systems.
All processes in multimedia systems arc discrete-continuous; as a result, there is a need to develop models of efficient algorithms, software system and such automated multimedia systems, which would include online design engineers TIAV containers, based on the usage class objects of TIAV. Analysis of problems and challenges of designing multimedia system shows the presence of difficulties in the development of information, functional, dynamic models, efficient algorithms and implementation of the organizational structure of software TIAV-entertainment system.
Purpose of research development of methods, models and algorithms for discrete-continuous processing of information resources in TIAV-multimcdia systems.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
conceptual model TIAV-multimcdia system, with multiple defined constraints on its elements (factors) used for the design of the output performance of the media process, which will reduce the time input of information resources, make informed optimal solutions for multimedia process and identify system-wide requirements;
developed a mathematical model TIAV-multimcdia system, using regression equations describing the dynamic processes of forecasting targets based on input factors and linear differential equations determining the dynamics of the stochastic process of multimedia;
a mathematical model developed computational models, proven range of restrictions, allowing to obtain sustainable solutions;
developed a discrete-continuous model with the properties of focus, of course, simplicity, adequacy, informativeness, stability, integrity, adaptability, manageability, which is determined by the convolution of optimality criteria, which is a convenient way to describe and study a variety of complex systems, processes, based on an integrated approach processing information resources, allowing the description of audio-visual data within the multimedia environment.
The model proves its superiority in the management, systematization of information resources and the application of preferential treatment the flow of incoming user requests;
in the framework of a hierarchical distribution of information resources, the class of multimedia objects TIAV (text, image, audio, video) in order to improve the technical level of the media process, improve the process of creating TIAV containers provide a convenient user experience, moreover, carried out selection criteria formed the main requirements for the handling of information resources that will determine the effectiveness of the use of specific features, limitations and capabilities TIAV-entcrtainmcnt system;
based on the proposed mathematical model developed software TIAV-multimcdia system, including the online system - Designer TIAV containers, allowing the organization of multimedia process by creating and broadcasting TIAV containers, providing a friendly interface for non-trained users with information resources TIAV-entcrtainmcnt system.
Conclusion
The dissertation is the application of systems analysis and synthesis, optimization, discrete and continuous linear programming method, the general theory of management, probability theory, decision theory, the following results were obtained in the development of methods, models and algorithms for decisionmaking in discrete-continuous processes TIAV- multimedia systems:
1. Implemented analysis of the use of discrete-continuous processing of information resources for multimedia systems, allowing them to identify the specific characteristics and determine the trends of development.
2. In the framework of a hierarchical distribution of information resources, the class of multimedia objects TIAV (text, image, audio, video) to improve the technical level of the media process, improve the process of creating TIAV containers provide a convenient user experience, moreover, carried out selection criteria formed the basic requirements applicable to the processing of information resources that will determine the effectiveness of the use of specific features, limitations and capabilities TIAV-entcrtainmcnt system.
3. The proposed conceptual model TIAV-multimcdia system, taking into account the restrictions on the factors in multimedia systems, forming a plurality of structural and design options, analyze performance, providing the organization of multimedia process on a new methodology based on design allows to reduce terms of input information resources to get the best solutions for the multimedia process and define a system-wide requirements.
4. The developed mathematical model TIAV-multimcdia system, allowed to formulate the idea of functioning of the multimedia system, the relationship of parameters, predicting the behavior of the system, finding the optimal conditions, the development of software that meets the following requirements, the adequacy of the information content of the object of design with a given accuracy required for the design and management , reflect the actual physical connection of control actions with the parameters of the model: the minimum time for the implementation and the smallest amount of computer memory.
5. The study found that software TIAV-multimcdia system allows the flow to service users coming with intensity X (person / min) for the average service time per user each container TIAV 0.05 (min). The system can service (during formation of queues) not more than 14 members.
6. Holding elections computational method to estimate the parameters of the proposed mathematical model to support a systematic approach to the synthesis of adaptive control TIAV-multimcdia system, contributing to the rapid adoption of the best solutions for managing multimedia process.
7. The developed algorithm TIAV-entcrtainmcnt system to select the optimal number of multimedia objects, convolution of criteria corresponding properties Krotov. The optimum amount TIAV containers in a multimedia system is 5-7 per user, so that the average residence time of users in the multimedia system does not exceed the predetermined optimum operating time TIAV containers, i.e. tsisl<t:ad that the condition, as well as the probability characteristics of service users in determining the optimal amount TIAV containers, ie the probability of failure is close to 0.03 sec .; relative and absolute capacity of up to 4 TIAV containers / min; the average number of users queued 2-3 people; the average number of employed TIAV container reaches 5-6; the average residence time users in a multimedia system is from 30-105 minutes.
8. Conduct pilot operation TIAV-multimcdia system, while the results were compared with existing analogs, as a result of industrial exploitation of software and algorithmic complex proposed TIAV - multimedia system automate the collection, processing and storage of multimedia information, managed to raise the level of perception of the media, complete perception of the information resources has increased from 89% to 98% relative to the existing analogues, the processing unit of the multimedia data dropped from 0.05 to 0.033 m, or 1.2 times.

Topicality and demand of the theme of dissertation. In the global arena, the relation of information and communication technologies directly from throughput capacity of fiber-optical communication networks and a rapid development of market of telecommunications, radio and mobile communication system detects the necessity of implementing modification methods of optical fibers with rare earth elements in order to increase the bandwidth of backbone of optical network which connects convergence nodes of communication systems with high-speed traffic. In the main segments of the communication networks -urban, trunk, international and local area networks, according to the statistics of 2005, the use of the optical fiber was more than 68 million km and increased by industry in general by 15%. At the end of 2012 the index of manufactured and applied optical fibers was 225 million km, 35-36 million km of which belongs to Japan, China People’s Republic 100 million km, the United States 32 million km and the countries of the European Union 26 million km.
Broadband LTE (Long Term Evolution) mobile technology of fourth generation began to be applied all over the world. According to the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) and the International Organization IMT-Advanced requirements in fourth generation mobile networks the information transmission rate to a single subscriber should not fall below IGbps. The application of modified optical fibers in optical communication systems provides base stations of mobile operators with high data rate traffic and contributes to the growth of the number of subscribers.
In this regard, the solution of issues such as modification of the optical fiber with rare earth elements, modification of optical fiber with the application the methods of the quartz resonator and controlled thermal vacuum deposition, high-precision control of the thickness and composition of the deposited multicomponent optical film to locally open core optical fiber, simultaneously controlled vacuum deposition of oxides of erbium, ytterbium, silicon and aluminum, the creation of samples with suppressed the clustering of erbium ions and obtainment of high concentrations of the active ions of rare earth element (102°-1021) cm'3 in formed optical structures, the study of spectral characteristics of modified optical fibers doped with a multicomponent layers ЕГ2О3 - АЬОз - SiOx and ЕГ2О3 - УЬгОз - АЬОз - SiOx, (l<x<2) obtained by thermal vacuum deposition, the creation efficient planar and fiber optical amplifiers with high (102°-1021) cm'3 content of the active ions of rare earth elements, the development of methods of processing fiber-optic materials and development on their basis of optoelectronic data transmission systems in order to solve the problems of low noise figure and high-factor parameter of OSNR (Optical signal noise ratio) in optical amplifiers created based on modified optical fibers with a high concentration of erbium are topical for telecommunications, radio and mobile communication systems.
In order to create high range erbium ions concentrations in modified optical fibers, enhance the processes of effective modification of optical fibers with rare earth elements and create effective short-distance fiber optical amplifiers there is a representing special interest for the development methods for multicomponent vapor deposition, and modification of optical fibers by the controlled thermal deposition erbium oxide, ytterbium, silicon and aluminum on the optical fiber opened surface.
The subject of current dissertation is serving to provide the practical implementation tasks identified in the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan «On measures to further the implementation and development of modern information and communication technologies» on March 21, 2012, № PR-1730 and in the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers «On approval of the concept of e-commerce in the Republic of Uzbekistan for the period 2016-2018 years» on December 4, 2015, № 353.
Purpose of research is the development of methods of optical fibers with rare earth elements modification by means of thermal vacuum deposition multicomponent films of complex geometry, the fabrication locally modified optical fibers with high concentration of rare earth elements, as well as parameters measurement of modified optical fibers by creation of the complex of optical and mechanical devices.
Scientific novelty of research consists in the followings:
the method of controlled vacuum deposition in modification purposes of optical fibers with rare earth elements by the implementation of quartz resonator and thermal vacuum deposition methods has been developed;
the method of simultaneously controlled vacuum deposition of erbium, ytterbium, silicon and aluminum oxides on locally opened optical fiber core surface with high thickness measurement accuracy of deposited multicomponent (ЕвО; - АЬОз - SiOx and ЕГ2О3 - УЬгОз - АЬОз - SiOx) planar optical films has been developed;
the method of vacuum modification of optical fibers providing high concentration of active erbium ions (IO20 - 1021) cm'3 by formation of erbium ions clustering suppressed structures have been created and experimentally tested;
have been proved that modified optical films manufactured on base vacuum thermal deposition by simultaneously evaporation of metallic erbium, aluminum and silicon oxides at the atmosphere of reactive gas (oxygen) and at the vacuum pressure 0,25-0,35Pa ((2-3)'10"3mmHg) are causing the intense
photoluminescence of Er3’ ions in the range of -1540 nm, which represents the practical value for the field of fiber-optical communication;
the method of manufacturing activated optical fiber preforms for the fabrication of a long distance modified optical fibers and creation of effective planar and fiber optical amplifiers which include high concentration (102°-1021) cm'3 of active rare earth ions using in high speed fiber-optical communication networks have been created;
for the erbium ions activization purposes the technique of transverse pumping of planar optical amplifiers on base modified optical mediums for integrated fiberoptical systems has been offered;
measuring methods for study and investigation throughput characteristics of modified optical fibers and amplification properties of short-distance optical amplifiers with observing and registration possibility of spectral characteristics on computer monitor have been proposed;
practical recommendations by choosing the methodology of modification optical fibers and the creation of short-distance optical amplifiers based on the modified optical mediums have been developed;
it is established that, optical amplifiers created on base of modified optical fibers with a high concentration of erbium have a low noise figure and provide high value of OSNR (Optical signal noise ratio).
Conclusion
The main obtained results during the researches are follows:
1. It is established that, by the method of vacuum thermal evaporation could be obtained optically homogeneous dielectric erbium oxide ЕвОз thin film structures with a high concentration of active erbium ions (102<)-1021 cm'3) with a high degree of transparency (-80%) in the visible and infra red bands and also have a high resistivity value -109 Ohm cm.
2. Additional doping erbium oxide (EbOj) with aluminum oxide (АЬОз) promotes the suppression the erbium ions clustering which lead to decrease up-conversion and modified samples fabricated by means of vacuum thermal deposition methods have an extremely high concentration of active erbium ions up to (102O-1021 cm'3) in a small active modified section (2-5 cm) have been experimentally proved.
3. By controlled vacuum thermal deposition ЕГ2О3 - 8Юг-АЬОз and ЕгоОз -УЬзОз - SiOi - АЬОз planar optical waveguides on a local fragment of the optical fiber have been manufactured. It is established that, pumping of locally modified mediums with 980 nm wavelength radiation the deposited films are excited infrared radiation at -1540 nm which represents practical importance for FOCN.
4. Amplification properties of ЕвОз - ЗЮг-АЬОз and ЕвОз - УЬ20з - SiO2 -АЬОз planar optical structures created by vacuum controlled thermal deposition on an optical fiber fragment and on silicon substrates (SIO2) are investigated. In modified optical structures obtained by vacuum deposition methods the melting treatments causes clustering of erbium ions. As a result in the modified samples the luminescence spectrum becomes wider and occurring up-conversion processes in the photoluminescence kinetics.
5. Light emitting properties of modified planar samples with direct transverse optical pumping (based on xenon lamp at 980 nm) are studied. It is established that additional doping erbium (Er) with ytterbium (Yb) promotes the narrowing luminescence spectrum bandwidth. This phenomenon is explained by the fact that, ytterbium ions transfer their energy to the erbium ions during the transition to a lower energy level.
6. Proved that the optical structures modified by vacuum deposition methods demonstrate the maximum intensity of the photoluminescence (Er+3) ions at room temperature (T = 300K.). Observed result explained by the fact modifying optical structure on the optical fiber or silicon substrate is directly formed from the deposited phase, avoiding melting stage. Furthermore, using the dopants as Al and SiO can create higher concentrations of the optically active ions Er, compared with chemical modifying methods or magnetron sputtering.
7. Modified optical fibers and planar optical structures for creation sensors, optical detectors and optical fiber amplifiers implementing in FOCN are manufactured. It is revealed, that deposited multicomponent optical structures have adjustment efficiency with fiber core around 65% to 75%. As a result of this adjustment increases the efficiency of the laser transitions «fiber core - modified medium - fiber core» providing effective signal gain around 5-10 dB from locally modified section size 2-5 cm.
8. Short-distance optical amplifiers for DWDM systems based on modified optical structures on base silicon substrate have been fabricated. Such kind of optical amplifiers have the opportunity to amplify a DWDM group optical signal in the range of C-Band (1529 - 1565 nm). The group signal at the output of this amplifier is adjusted and linearized without implementing broadband smoothing filters.
9. Its is experimentally proved that short distance optical amplifiers based on the modified optical mediums with an extremely high concentration of active rare earth ions have a low noise-figure parameter which increases the overall budget of OSNR (Optical signal noise ratio) DWDM systems.

Subjects of research: multilayers structures with similar semiconductors microarcas, p-n-, p-n-p-transitions; Si, CdTe, Si:Ag, CdTe:Ag, CdTe:Si films.
Purpose of work: developing technology of obtaining, alloying and activation of APV-films, investigation their properties investigations, especially photoclctrct state without external polarizing field, with the help of photoelectric methods, theory construction and creation of optical-electronic devices on the basis of APV-film.
Methods of research: technological methods based on thermal evaporation, alloying and impurities activation, additional predeposition, the method of angular diagrams; investigation of APV-effect spectrum, rclaxative curves investigation; solving continuity equation and kinetic equation.
The results obtained and their novelty: the method of mechanisms discrimination of APV-cffcct is offered, the analytical expression for the distribution of film thickness at an angle deposited was found, the mechanisms of APV-effcct in CdTe-films were defined, the theory of APV-effect in the films with demberov mechanism was worked out, in films with p-n-p-j unction mechanism. It has been worked out the theory of photoclectrct state in similar semiconductors, in p-n-transitions with two deep levels, the technology of getting Si and CdTe films with photoclectrct state without external polarizing field and has been suggested the method of parameters definition in deep levels.
Practical value: it was obtained experimental results and technological ways of manufacturing, alloying and activation of films with APV-cffcct, photoelectret state can be used for making a number of photoclectronic sets and their characteristic microparameters definition.
Degree of embed and economic effectively: the obtained results arc the base for development of photoreceiver devices in scientific - technical associations of Academy of Science of the Republic of Uzbekistan and other instrument making organizations.
Field of application: semiconductors physics, the technology of thin films, semiconductor optoelectronics, spectroscopy of deep levels in the semiconductors, instrument making industry and nondestructive check.

Subject of research: tenzosensitivity films of ВьТез, SbjTej got under vacuum evaporation, high compensated silicon with deep level, flint p-n-transition, AGP film CdTe and Si.
Purpose of work: is a study of mechanism origin EMF in p-n-transition in strong microwave field.
The description in tenzosensitivities film by methods R(s) path and thermodynamics of the roundrobin processes.
Methods of research: the methods R(s) path in theories of the fluctuations. Modeling deforming effect. The Numerical experiments.
The results obtained and their novelty:
1. For the first time it is shown, that EMF arising due to non-uniform distribution of an electromagnetic field reduces vortical currents in p-n-transition.
2. The method of phase portraits for the first time is applied to research of deformation effects in semiconductors. The method of phase portraits allows to interpret all possible processes from one point of view.
3.Influence of illumination by own light on R (e) dependences of deformation effects Is established. It is shown, that factor tenzosensitivities the shined p-n-transition and own semiconductor it is possible to operate deformation £0, frequency and intensity of light.
Practical value: Method phase path can be use when checking the features semiconductor. The Results studies of tenzosensitivity can be used at development a new tenzogauges.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: results of work can be applied in electronic industry, in the field of power and in development of new kinds of strain gauges. Can are useful in scientific researches by definition of concentration generation the centers and speed of generation in semiconductors. The received results can be used in educational process in higher educational institutions.
Field of application: Microelectronics, solid state physics, physics semiconductor, optoelectronics.

Subjects of the inquire: algebraic structure, symmetric cryptosystem developing method and ciphering algorithm.
Aim of the inquire: developing methods and algorithms of creating resistant symmetric cryptosystems on base elements of diamatrix algebra.
Methods of inquire: base of informatics, information and communication technologies, cryptographic systems and matrix and diamatrix algebra methods.
The results achieved and their novelty:
In thesis main attention to developing new algebraic structures with additional secret is given. Consequently algebraic structure of diamatrix and rows and also new data encryption methods and algorithms were developed.
Practical value: developed crypto algorithms can be used in cryptosystems developing process, which have higher resistance in comparison with known and in education process by information security in institutes of education.
Degree of embed and economic cffcctivity: results gained in thesis used in developing process of government standards of Uzbekistan in cryptographic protection of information, in the system of secure electronic document management «E-Hujjat» and in scientific reports by information security and cryptology in SEMRC of UzACI.
Shphcre of usage: results gained in thesis can be used in information and communication systems of Republic of Uzbekistan and in education process in institutes of higher education.