125
certain context, actualize the meaning of consumption, not having the originally given semantics
in their dictionary entries. For example, verb-noun phrases with the verbs have and take, verbs of
the completion of the type of finish and the beginning of the action of the type of start.
Within the context, key semantic connections are highlighted that form the general mea-
ning of “food and fluid consumption”, the so-called “general meaning verbalizers”.
1
For examp-
le, in a sentence like:
He had many friends and he sure enjoyed having them come and visit him which they
would do quite often. He always had plenty of good country food on his table and no one ever
left his home hungry close to meal time. He lived his entire eighty-six years on Andy White
Branch at the headwaters of Christy Creek, dying there in February 1921 (McConkey).
In this context, as we see it, there is a verbalization of the meaning of hospitality, the
formation of which is conditioned by cultural criteria. That is why one of the clearly expressed
areas of this key meaning will be the “treat” offered to people who have visited . A combination
of “plenty of good country food on his table “serves as a verbalizer of this area, in which two
necessary components are explicated for the implementation of “treats”.
It should be noted that the analyzed lexemes, due to the described features of semantics,
are also one of the basic verbalizers of the meaning of “eating”, and this indicates that when
updating the complex hospitality-treat-eating in this example, it moved to the active state of
action. Simultaneous activation of three conceptual entities (hospitality-treat-eating) suggests
that it is precisely due to the presence of a common area of “eating” between these senses leads
to their simultaneous updating.
Meal verbs within the fiction are used by the author when describing how the daily life of
the characters goes. At the same time, the content of the text is a subjective author’s vision,
which, according to the law of emotional infection, has the effect of increased impact on the
reader.
Oybek Akhmedov, Mokhigul Isokova (UzSWLU)
TYPES OF PRAGMALINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF ASTONISHMENT CATEGORY
Аннотация
.
Мазкур мақола ҳайратланиш категориясининг прагмалингвистик ас
-
пектининг тадқиқига бағишланган. Ҳайратланишнинг оддий тури шунчаки ҳайратланиш
ва унга ёнд
a
ш ҳиссиётларнинг
бирикмаси бўлиб, комплекс тури эса ҳайратланиш билан
биргаликда
,
умуман
,
бошқа ҳиссиётлар ва туйғулар мажмуидир.
Аннотация.
Настоящая статья посвящается исследованию прагмалингвистичес
-
кого аспекта категории удивления. Простой тип удивления
представляет собой сочета
-
ние удивления и сопровождающих эмоций, в то время как комплексное удивление
–
это
сочетание удивления с другими чувствами и эмоциями.
Annotation. The present article is devoted to investigation of pragmalinguistic aspect of
astonishment category. Simple astonishment is considered to be a combination of surprise and
accompanying emotions as for the complex astonishment – it is a combination of surprise with
other feelings and emotions.
Калит сўзлар
: прагмалингвистик аспект, ҳайратланиш категорияси, очиқ, яширин,
оддий, комплекс, эмоционал категория, туйғу, руҳий аҳвол.
Ключевые слова
: прагмалингвистический аспект, категория удивления, открытый,
скрытый, простой, комплексный, эмоциональная категория, чувство, психологическое
состояние.
Key words: pragmalinguistic aspect, astonishment category, open, concealed, simple, com-
plex, emotional category, feeling, psychological state.
1
Shakhmatov A.A. Syntax of the Russian language. L.,Uchpedgiz, 1941, 226 p.
126
In the last decade human factor became one of the progressive in linguistic science. More
and more attention of linguists is paid for analysis of emotional phenomena from anthropological
point of view. Astonishment in the present dissertation is investigated as emotional pragmalin-
guistic category, which is actualized in speech situation and written texts.
Actuality of the theme of investigation is proved by the growing interest of modern lin-
guistic science to interaction of the author and reader or speaker and listener, to formation of
emotional feelings in this process. Astonishment belongs to emotional feelings too. Astoni-
shment category is the least investigated phenomenon, especially from pragmalinguistic view-
point. Astonishment category is expressed mostly in speech act and is included into literary and
publicistic texts. It creates special atmosphere and accompanies the reader or listener during the
whole process of getting information, strengthening his/her emotional state. Exactly, astoni-
shment category enhances the reader’s or listener’s interest and attention to the obtained infor-
mation.
Astonishment category is observed in speech situation mostly and is reflected in interaction
between the sender of information (speaker or author) who chooses special means in order to
arise astonishment and actualizes concealed meanings thus forming reader’s attention and arising
the feeling of astonishment. The category of astonishment has both similar and different features
in the English and Uzbek languages. The difference is defined and explained by national-cultural
peculiarities of language speakers.
We used general linguistic theoretical issues devoted to interaction of perception and
language, forms and content. Kamalova (1998), Krasavskiy (2001) and Shakhovskiy (2008)
investigated emotional basis of linguistics. The conception of lingual world picture and language
cognition were investigated in the works of Apresyan (2006), Kolshanskiy (2005), Kubryakova
(1991), Nikitina (1993), Teliya (1987). The aim of the article is defining pragmalingistic aspect
of astonishment category and its types. The object of the article is astonishment category. The
subject is verbal actualization of astonishment category from pragmalinguistic point of view. The
following methods were used in the present work: method of observation, descriptive method,
method of interpretation, pragmalinguistic analysis.
Before analyzing the category of astonishment we should explain the meaning of this no-
tion. The Macmillan English dictionary for advanced learners presents the following meaning:
astonishment – uncountable noun. Astonishment is a feeling of great surprise.
I spotted a shooting star which, to my astonishment, was bright green in colour.
‘What?’ Meg asked in astonishment.
Synonyms:
amazement, surprise, wonder, confusion.
1
The Wikipedia rates the following definition:
astonishment, amazement
(noun) – the feeling that accompanies something extremely
surprising
2
.
“He looked at me in astonishment”.
Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language
offers this expla-
nation
3
.
1. Astonishment
(Noun) amazement, great surprise.
2. Astonishment
(Noun) An amazing thing or phenomenon.
The Oxford Dictionary fixes the following interpretation of this category:
3. Astonishment
(noun) the condition of one who is stunned. Hence: Numbness; loss of
sensation; stupor; loss of sense
1. Astonishment
(noun) dismay; consternation.
1
Macmillan English dictionary for advanced learners. New edition. Macmillan Education, 2011 (printed in Malay-
sia), 79 p.
2
www.wikipedia.com
3
Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. New York, 1996, 96 p.
127
2. Astonishment
(noun) the overpowering emotion excited when something unaccountab-
le, wonderful, or dreadful is presented to the mind; an intense degree of surprise; amazement
3. Astonishment
(noun) theobject causing such an emotion.
In this chapter we’ll investigate astonishment category in philosophic, psycholinguistic and
linguistic aspects. We should define astonishment category and its role in speech communication
in pragmalinguistic aspect. The ways of expression of astonishment category are investigated in
speech act from functional pragmatic point of view.
Astonishment category belongs to emotional phenomena. Emotional category is a complex
of emotional knowledge of non-lingual objects of the world around and knowledge about its
lingual units, which “express these emotions, describe them, imitate and become means of their
explication and implication.”
1
From this definition there can be made out two main types of
knowledge: emotional knowledge and knowledge about language units. Emotional knowledge
exists in the consciousness of language speakers and they are based on the language itself. Lan-
guage of its speakers unites the surrounding objects in the knowledge background due to their
types and character of emotions. According to the character of emotion, language speakers exp-
ress their surprise, delight, anger, negotiation, etc. knowledge about language units leads to
knowledge about the whole system of a definite language. All this knowledge is used for exp-
ressing an exact type of emotion. Linguists consider this knowledge belongs to emotive seman-
tics and becomes main means in order to demonstrate one’s emotions in her/his speech:
“Come on, lads – what are you waiting for? Shouted the servants. “Down with them: And
the crowd passed. “Tie them up, lads!” yelled the same voice, and the crowd advanced (A.
Pushkin).
From pragmalinguistic point of view emotional category of astonishment is objected in
speech situation and is defined as a special state of speech communicants under the influence of
any unusual thing, unexpectedness, misunderstanding, strange of something seen or heard.
Emotional category of astonishment in pragmalinguistic aspect is defined by a complex of spe-
cial means. From pragmalinguistic point of view the first sign of astonishment category is illo-
cutive arising of feeling of astonishment done by the sender of information. The speech of the
obtainer of this information in order to express the stimulated astonishment should possess
ambivalency and degree of its reflection in speech.
It should be noted, that sometimes we come across with another type: concealed prag-
malinguistics. The main difference is vivid in another way of expressing one’s astonishment. The
most popular of them is the expression of estimations of the information and unsatisfaction of
pragmatic expectations from the side of the sender of information and attitude of the recipient to
the information. For example:
…a quite attractive blonde girl… drew up a chair beside him and seating herself, said:
“Don’t you dance?”
He shook his head nervously.
“Want me to show you?”
“Oh, I wouldn’t want to try here”, he said….
“Well, how about something to drink then?”
“Sure”, he agreed, gallantly (Th. Dreiser).
Thus the recipient of information can break the expected effect of the sender of informa-
tion. In this way the sender of information actualizes concealed speech signals thus arising plea-
sant/unpleasant associations of the recipient of information and forming positive or negative
attitude to the discussed in speech act information. In speech situation the sender of information
doesn’t approve the pragmatic expectations of its recipient. In this aspect astonishment category
deals with breaking expectations and is actualized by the content of the information.
1
Азнаурова Э.С.
Прагматика художественного слова. Ташкент, 1988
, 58 c.
128
Actualization of complex type of astonishment is based on reaction on something heard or
seen, demonstration of one’s attitude to the information of the text, expression of one’s psycho-
logical state and defining reasons of astonishment. Complex type of astonishment can be shown
by author’s description of a personage’s psychological state, his feelings and emotions. Some-
times astonishment can be expressed by asking question.
The additional feeling in complex type of astonishment are: astonishment-anger, astonish-
ment-happiness, astonishment-fear, astonishment-sadness and others. Even in some cases we
have mixed types of these feelings. That is why this type of astonishment is called complex asto-
nishment.
Comparing these two types of astonishment we had come to conclusion that simple type of
astonishment is just a reaction of a recipient for the information and sometimes his/her attitude to
it. In Uzbek texts such cases are more than in English texts. Here we can prove that English
people are more reserved in expressing their feelings that Uzbek people who are more open. As
for the complex astonishment, English texts are more often met with indirect complex asto-
nishment when people demonstrate their astonishment not openly but by some other emotions or
questions, estimations or descriptions. In both English and Uzbek texts when complex type of
astonishment is used, more often a feeling of negative surprise or astonishment-bewilderment is
used. If we compare these two types of astonishment, both in English and Uzbek texts complex
astonishment with additional feeling and emotions are actualized. This makes the content of the
text more impressive and colourful.
Djamshid Davletov (Urganch State University)
ROLE OF FAMILY ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL-
ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP
Аннотация.
Ушбу мақолада оилавий тадбиркорликнинг ижтимоий
-
иқтисодий му
-
носабатлар тизимидаги ўрни таҳлил қилинган бўлиб, ушбу жараёнда кичик бизнес ва
тадбиркорликни кенгайтириш ва яна
-
да ривожлантириш учун бизнеснинг янги ташкилий
-
ҳуқуқий шакли сифатида оилавий бизнес, яъни “Ҳар бир оила
–
тадбиркор” концепцияси
ва унинг ижтимоий
-
иқтисодий моҳияти ёритиб берилади
.
Аннотация.
Статья исследует роль семейного бизнеса в системе социально
-
эко
-
номических отношений, в которых понятие семейного бизнеса освещается как новая ор
-
ганизационно
-
юридическая форма бизнеса, то есть понятие “Каждая семья
–
предпри
-
ниматель” и ее социально
-
экономическая сущность для расширения и дальнейшего разви
-
тия малого бизнеса и предпринимательства.
Annotation. This article examines the role of family business in the system of socio-eco-
nomic relations, in which the concept of family business as the new organizational-legal form of
business, i.e. the concept of “Every family is an entrepreneur” and its socio-economic es-sence,
for the expansion and further development of small business and entrepreneurship will be illumi-
nated.
Калит сўзлар:
“Ҳар бир оила
–
тадбиркор” дастури, “Тадбиркорлик фаолияти эр
-
кинлигининг кафолатлари тўғрисида”ги қонун, ижтимоий
-
иқтисодий муносабатлар,
квинт эссенция
,
этнотафаккур, бозор иқтисодиёти
,
“оилавий бизнес”, “оилавий тадбир
-
корлик”, инновацион ташаббус, парадигмал ўзгариш, хусусий мулк.
Ключевые слова:
программа “Каждая семья
–
предприниматель”, закон по гаран
-
тиям свободы предпринимательства, социально
-
экономические отношения, квинт эссен
-
ция, этнические традици, рыночная экономика, семейный бизнес, семейная предпринима
-
тельство, инновационные инициативы, парадигматические изменения, частная собст
-
венность.
