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PATHOPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN CHICKS INFECTED WITH
SALMONELLA PULLOROM GALLINARIUM
DOI:
10.5281/zenodo.11148612
Elmurodov B.A.
professor
Veterinary Scientific Research Institute
Abstract:
The article provides information on the age-related dynamics of broiler
chicken infection with S. pullorom gallinarium. Also, information about
pathomorphological changes in the organism of chicks is given.
Key words:
pullorosis, infection, leukocyte, basophil, eosinophil, atrophy,
dystrophy, thrombosis, infiltration, colony-forming unit, damaging dose, lethal dose,
nutrient medium.
Relevance of the topic:
Poultry disease is one of the diseases that are causing
enough damage to the poultry industry, which occurs especially in the early life of
chicks. In many cases, when the pullorosis of chickens damages poultry farms, it is
possible to interpret the results of scientific research more from pasteurellosis,
colibacteriosis and streptococcosis from secondary diseases. In the early stages of life,
chickens are susceptible to diseases like other young organisms, including the mixed
form of infections, especially the age-related forms of pullorosis, which are severe in
some stages, have been studied in more foreign literature sources.
The increase in the epidemiological importance of poultry and poultry products,
the inextricability of this process, the changes in the sanitary-epidemiological service
in our republic, the epidemiological control system over existing salmonellosis and
other secondary diseases require its reconstruction. The analysis of the literature data
shows that until now, in poultry farms of our Republic, the weight of chickens from
chickens among all infectious diseases is 26-40 percent. Pathomorphological diagnosis
of chickens infected with avian pullorosis is one of the urgent problems facing
specialists. In addition, the dynamics of infection of broilers with S. pullorum
gallinarium according to age has not been studied in detail.
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Object and methods of research:
in the study of hematological processes in
pullorosis of chicks in the laboratory of hematology and biochemistry of the Central
Hospital of Samarkand region (before and after the experiment results),
pathomorphological in the div of birds infected with the causative agent of the disease
(S. pullorom gallinarium) changes detection studies were carried out in the laboratories
of microbiology, pathomorphology and research of diseases of young animals of
Veterinary ITI. The Panchenkov method was used to analyze erythrocytes from the
blood samples of chicks infected with different concentrations of S. pullorum
gallinarium for one week (until death in some groups) and the Sali hemometer was
used to determine hemoglobin.
In order to study the histogram of pullorosis in laboratory conditions, samples
were taken from the organs of infected and forcibly slaughtered chickens for
pathomorphological research. For this purpose, to examine the samples in a small
histological manner, initially using the biopsy method, pieces are taken from the
following organs from sick chickens; samples were taken from trachea, lymph node,
liver, lungs, heart, spleen and kidneys, and pathological changes were examined by
histological method. Pathological samples were taken from the internal organs of all
examined birds for bacteriological examination, and inoculations were planted on
different nutrient media (Levin, Ploskiriev agar, salmonella shigella and 5% blood
agar). Sections were taken from the blocks with the help of a microtome, a
micropreparation was prepared on a glass slide, stained with hematoxylin and eosin,
and subjected to microscopy. Microscopy revealed pathogistological changes in
internal organs of birds. A 10x0.25 lens of a Carl Zeiss microscope was used for this
[8]. For histological examination of pathological samples (slices) taken from internal
organs and tissues, a histopreparation was prepared by the paraffin method as follows
(50-100 milliliters were transferred in dark glass bottles)
I. Fixation
1. The obtained pathological samples (pieces) were stored in 10-12 percent
formalin solution for 24 hours.
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2. It was stored for 24 hours in a solution of equal ratio (1:1) of ethyl alcohol and
formalin at 960C;
3. These fragments were kept in absolute alcohol at 96-1000C for 12-24 hours.
II. Dehydration
1. The obtained pathological samples (pieces) were kept in 960C alcohol solution
for 24 hours for dehydration;
2. The next day, it was kept in an alcohol solution at 960C for another 24 hours;
III. Putting paraffin
1. For 6-12 hours, it was placed in a solution of equal proportions of alcohol and
chloroform at 960C;
2. Kept in pure chloroform solution for 6-12 hours. At the end of storage, it was
observed that the color of the pieces became clear;
3. In order for the paraffin to absorb better at once, the pieces were placed in a
solution of equal volume of melted paraffin and chloroform and left for 2-3 hours in a
thermostat with a temperature of +35 +400С. Sometimes such solutions were stored
frozen when not in use;
4. Then the slices were placed in melted paraffin kept in a thermostat at +54
+550С. In this case, the fragments were kept in the melted paraffin in the first container
for 1.5-2.5 hours, then they were placed in the second container using heated tweezers
and kept for 0.5-1.5 hours, paying attention to the size and thickness of the fragments;
5. The pieces were placed in a jar with glycerin placed on the bottom and heated
to +60+700C using a gas burner, and melted clean paraffin was placed on top until it
was covered with a thickness of 0.5 cm;
6. The paraffin container with the fragments was cooled in a large container filled
with cold water. In this case, the cooling of paraffin was carried out based on its melting
moving from the bottom to the top;
7. After hardening, the paraffin was cut from the edges, this paraffin was
definitely in a homogeneous state, if it was determined that there were limited flowing
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areas in the paraffin (crushing, rubbing when broken), it was re-laid with a new portion
of paraffin;
8. Blocks were cut from solidified paraffin, leaving a paraffin layer at least 2 mm
thick around the pieces. In this case, each piece was made separately;
9. The obtained blocks were glued with a spatula so that the edges of the heated
blocks do not come out of the board.
Histosections were prepared from the blocks using a microtome, and a
micropreparation was prepared on a glass slide, stained with hematoxylin and eosin,
and subjected to microscopy. Microscopy revealed pathogistological changes in
internal organs of chicks.
Results and their analysis:
When blood samples were taken from the underwing
vein of infected birds on days 1-5 after the experiment, following aseptic and antiseptic
rules, the number of erythrocytes was 29.7%, the number of leukocytes and platelets
was 12.45 and 6.72%, and hemoglobin and it was determined that there were changes
in the blood parameters of chickens in the II comparative control group to 21.6 percent
(Table 1).
Table 1
Hematological changes in chicks infected with S. pullorom pathogen
Checkou
t time
Erythrocy
te,
million/μl
Leukocyte,
thousand/μ
l
Leukoformula
E
B
M
L
Neutrophils
rod
nucleate
d
articular
core
Norm
3,18±0,14 25,18±1,5 2,8 2,2 4,4 56,6 4,4±0,31 40,4±3,23
Experimental group I 0.5 ml 05 billion m.h. n=10
1- day
3,24±0,18 31,45±1,48 3,1 1,76 3,9 58,2 4,6±0,27 35,5±2,31
2- day
3,19±0,17 30,29±1,62 3,2 1,8 4,0 58,0 4,2±0,24 34,5±2,26
3- day
3,16±0,22 30,20±2,28 2,6 1,7 4,7 59,4 4,1±0,38 40,4±2,34
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4-day
3,32±0,26 31,28±2,04 2,2 1,7 4,4 59,2 4,3±0,34 41,0±2,61
5-day
3,20±0,28 29,74±2,18 2,9 1,75 4,2 61,4 4,0±0,26 43,2±2,64
II experimental group 0.25 ml 05 billion m.h. n=10
1-day
3,24±0,17 29,61±1,54 3,1 1,76 3,9 55,2 4,4±0,24 35,5±2,31
2-day
3,12±0,13 29,83±1,91 3,2 1,8 4,0 53,0 4,3±0,26 36,5±2,56
3-day
3,24±0,14 31,20±2,25 3,6 1,6 4,3 52,4 4,1±0,33 42,4±2,74
4-day
3,21±0,17 31,28±2,4 3,1 1,8 4,1 51,2 4,2±0,3 41,4±2,61
5-day
3,25±0,21 29,94±2,31 3,0 1,7 4,0 50,4 4,1±0,25 43,4±2,84
Control group III 0.5 ml of 0.9 percent physiological solution n=10
1-day
3,20±0,19 25,21±1,52 3,1 2,2 3,9 55,2 4,6±0,27 35,5±2,31
2-day
3,21±0,18 24,33±1,86 3,2 1,8 4,0 53,4 4,2±0,24 34,5±2,26
3-day
3,34±0,18 22,26±2,04 2,6 1,9 4,2 54,1 4,1±0,38 40,4±2,34
4-day
3,31±0,19 23,28±2,07 2,2 1,8 4,1 54,2 4,3±0,34 41,0±2,61
5-day
3,35±0,24 24,74±2,01 2,9 2,1 4,3 51,6 4,0±0,26 43,2±2,64
Note: xxx-P<0.01;, xxxx- P<0.001.
The number of basophils in the blood smear was not significantly different from
the number of basophils in the blood of healthy chickens of the comparative control
group.
The main changes were observed in the remaining types of leukocytes. Of course,
it is difficult for any young organism to adapt to this pathological process.
The number of eosinophils increased by 16.9%, pseudoeosinophils by 34.8%, and
the number of monocytes by 19.42%, while the number of lymphocytes decreased by
11.86%.
Thus, the age-related damage dynamics of the morphological parameters of the
blood of chicks fed on milk, i.e., the amount of erythrocytes and hemoglobin, decrease,
and the number of leukocytes and platelets increase, was determined in the research.
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In the leukocyte formula, the number of eosinophils, pseudo-eosinophils and
monocytes increased sharply by 21.16%, and the number of lymphocytes decreased,
without changing the number of basophils.
According to the results of histological research; when the internal organs of
chicks were examined pathomorphologically, most of the main changes occurred in
parenchymatous organs. A strong development of hemodynamic and dystrophic
processes was observed in them, especially in the first 1-5 days of chicks.
Cardiovascular vessels are dilated, vascular wall cells are swollen, endothelium is
displaced, there are a lot of histiocyte, lymphoid and leukocyte cell clusters around
some vessels, muscles are divided into fibers, some fibers have undergone granular
dystrophy.
Hemorrhagic necrotizing pneumonia developed strongly in the lungs. The cavities
of most alveoli are filled with erythrocytes. Interalveolar capillary nets are expanded
and filled with blood, as a result of which the walls are thickened, connective tissue
fibers are swollen. As a result of these changes, it was found that a large part of the
lung parenchyma was affected by atelectasis. It was observed in comparative
experiments that the interstitial tissue was swollen in all sections of the lungs.
Changes in the larynx and larynx were expressed in the form of catarrhal or severe
fibrinosis - hemorrhagic and desquamative inflammations. Because desquamation of
the respiratory epithelium was strongly aggravated in the first experimental group of
birds, the private layer of the mucous membranes was completely opened and sharply
swollen, as well as infiltrated with a large number of pseudo-eosinophilic leukocytes.
Lymphoid cells are collected along some vessels. It was found that the mucous
membranes of some birds were partially necrosed and swollen.
A necrotic mass consisting of fibrin, fragments of respiratory epithelium,
pseudoeosinophils, lymphocytes, and erythrocytes was detected in the cavity of the
larynx and larynx.
Pathohistological changes in the spleen are expressed by the fullness of the
vessels, a little thickening of the trabeculae, and the uncertainty of the appearance of
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the fibers. The border of the red pulp is enlarged. Small hemorrhages and lymphoid
collections are visible in some places. These changes are the effect of the general
pathogistological process taking place in the div.
Histological changes in lymph nodes are not the same in all nodes. Noticeable
changes are in nodes between the portal, intestinal mesentery, and lung wall, where
serous edema, serous-hemorrhagic lymphadenitis, and extravasates of various sizes
have developed. In addition to hemorrhages in the lymph nodes located near the parts
of the lungs with severe pathological processes, the sinuses are filled with lymphocyte
and leukocyte collections.
The pathogistological changes in the kidneys are mainly general pathological
processes, hemodynamic changes and granular, and in some places, fatty dystrophy of
the epithelium of the renal tubules are often detected. As a result of the expansion of
the capillary nets of the kidney balls, only erythrocyte clusters were visible under the
microscope. It was found that the capsules around the balls were enlarged, filled with
purulent and fibrinous exudate. As a result of the enlargement of the epithelia, the
circular and straight tubes have no boundaries. Epithelial cores have undergone rhexis
and lysis. Morphological changes occurred in the kidneys, and irreversible processes
occurred in this part, like other organs.
General diagnosis of S. pullorum gallinarium was carried out on the basis of
bacteriological research in the microbiology laboratory of the Veterinary Institute of
Veterinary Medicine only by isolating the causative agent, identifying its type and
serotypes, and confirming its pathogenicity by biotesting. Determining the
pathogenicity of a microbial culture by conducting a biological test is important in
determining the effectiveness of biological drugs, immune sera and therapeutic agents.
Therefore, the virulence indicators of S. pullorum gallinarium, the main causative agent
of this disease, by conducting acute experimental experiments in poultry pullorose, will
make part of our experiments to study LD50 and LD100.
These experimental experiments were conducted on broiler chickens in the field
of meat in 5 (five) groups at the Microbiology Laboratory of VITI. Since it is clearly
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impossible for poultry pullorosis to occur acutely in the first ten days of the chicks' life,
the age of the chicks in the experiments was determined as 2-8 days. The results of
determination of LD50 and LD100 indicators of S. pullorom gallinarium in broiler
chickens are given in Table 2 below.
Our experiments on the results of determining the virulence indicators of S.
pullorum gallinarium, the main causative agent of salmonella in broiler chickens, were
performed in 4 experimental and 1 control groups. 10 chickens in 4 experimental
groups fed 2-8 days of meat were infected with S. pullorum gallinarium according to
the experimental diagram, and 12 chickens in the 5th control group were left as
uninfected control and were given the same volume of saline solution was sent.
Table 2
Results of determination of LD50 and LD100 indicators of S. pullorom
gallinarium in broiler chickens.
Groups
The
number
of
infected S. pullorum
gallinarium
cells
(1ml/piece) KHQB
Number of
infected
chicks
Number
of
dead and alive
chicks
Scientist
%
Dead
Alive
1- experience 750x10
6
10
10
0
100
2-experience 650x10
6
10
8
2
80
3-experience 500x10
6
10
5
5
50
4-experience 350x10
6
10
3
7
30
5- control
Phys. solution
12
0
12
0
In order to clarify the results of the experiment, the chicks in the experimental
group were observed for 10 days, and the dead and survivors were recorded in the
relevant journals. 100% and 50% chick lethality in the experiment was determined by
the method of Reed and Mench, based on the number of chicks that died and survived
at the end of the experiment.
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According to the data of Table 2, by the end of the experiment, not one out of 10
chicks survived in the chickens infected with 750 million pieces of S. pullorom
gallinarium in the 1st experiment group. In the 2nd experiment group infected with 650
million microbe cells (KHQB), 8 chicks died and 2 chicks survived. Of the chickens
infected with 500 million microbial bodies in the 3rd experiment group, 5 died, and the
remaining 5 survived. 3 out of 10 chicks in the 4th experiment group infected with 350
million microbial cells died, the remaining 7 survived. None of the chicks in the control
group died before the end of the experiment and they are healthy.
According to the results of the research, chicks infected with a large number of
bacterial cells are unable to protect themselves from pathogens based on their
biological laws, and quickly become infected with experimental salmonellosis without
showing any clinical symptoms. it was noted that he died. When the dead chicks were
dissected and examined, pathological anatomical changes characteristic of
salmonellosis were clearly visible. However, according to the results of bacteriological
tests, S. pullorum gallinarium was re-isolated from the pathological samples of dead
chickens. In other chicks of this group, the disease passed in an acute form, and in the
end death was observed in them as well.
24-36 hours after infection, when dead chicks were examined clinically and
pathologically, obvious clinical and pathomorphological changes characteristic of
pullorosis were observed. The chicks that did not die during the experiment were
lagging behind in growth and development compared to the control group, and became
prone to external environmental factors and susceptible to non-infectious diseases.
500 million in experience. 500 million due to the fact that 5 out of 10 infected
chickens in the 3rd experiment group, where the S. pullorum gallinarium microbe was
injected into the div, died by 50%. amount of salmonella was LD50 and 750 mln.
This amount was determined to be the LD100, as all 100% died in the immunized
group.
Conclusions:
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1) Pathomorphological changes in pullorosis infection of chicks are mainly
general dystrophic processes, especially hemodynamic and dystrophic changes were
detected in 2-8 days.
2) Morphological indicators of blood in chicks' blood, i.e., erythrocytes and
hemoglobin decreased by 29.7 and 21.6 percent, respectively, and the number of
leukocytes and thrombocytes increased by 12.45 and 6.72 percent, according to private
studies.
3) 500 mln. LD50 of S. pullorum gallinarium in the experimental group, 750 mln.
LD100 was found in 2-8-day-old chicks in the group injected with the microbe.
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