Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
1
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
08
Pages:
01
-05
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
In this article, information about the activity and history of blacksmithing, one of the trades in the Zarafshan oasis,
was more fully explained.
KEYWORDS
Gira, halfa, water, pose.
The master of the craft is the end,
Did I take it and go to the mud?
A. Navoi
Research Article
AN AGE-OLD CRAFT
Submission Date:
August 26, 2022,
Accepted Date:
September 04, 2022,
Published Date:
September 16, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume02Issue09-01
Tursunova Hilola Yarkulovna
State Museum of History and Culture of Navoi Region, Head of Department, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
2
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
08
Pages:
01
-05
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
INTRODUCTION
It is known from history that crafts, entrepreneurship
and trade were the main part of commerce in all times.
Craftsmen have been valued in our people since
ancient times, and their history goes back to the
ancient times of mankind. As humanity grew, so did
skills. As long as there is a struggle for living, in the
process of increasing the need for a good life, the need
for manual labor, hunting weapons, and household
items has increased. The crafts that our ancestors left
us as a legacy are becoming the immovable foundation
of our life. Handicraft came into existence with the
production activity of man, and with the development
of society, its types gradually expanded. Crafts
production products were the main factor of the
development of the society. First of all, stone carving,
bone carving, blacksmithing, coppersmithing, and later
wood carving and other crafts are now in the pages of
history due to their antiquity.
Even when A. Temur captured unruly cities by force, he
created an opportunity for artisans, people of
knowledge, and writers to move and live in their
desired places. He moved the Hunar people to the
cities of Movarunnahr, such as Samarkand, Bukhara
and Khorezm, and provided all the conditions for them
to work and live freely.
In our nation, the members of this category, i.e.,
blacksmiths, lived on the basis of the profits they
earned from their crafts. The craftsmen sold their
products in the village markets and bought the goods
they needed in exchange for the sold items. In
historical books, both among the settled population
and among the nomads, the artisans have clearly
preserved their former position. Although blacksmiths
could not leave their homes and rise to the level of
large-scale industrial production, small hand-made
products were also exported to foreign countries. That
is, the products made on the handmade machine,
which look strange at first glance, have not lost their
value and importance.
Blacksmithing was one of the main branches of crafts
of the Zarafshan oasis at the end of the 19th century
and the beginning of the 20th century. At that time, it
was difficult to imagine the inhabitants of the
Zarafshan oasis without handicrafts.
Cities and regions such as Bukhara, Samarkand,
Gijduvan, Kattakurgan, Karmana had many large craft
centers due to their dense population.
Master Jora, master Sharif, master Abdullah, master
Khudoiberdi, master Turdi, master Eshmurad, master
Nusratullah, as well as Yorcha Hojiev, Shercha Hojiev,
Turob masters from the village of Uyrot, who lived in
the Karmana district, were very famous blacksmiths
with the name of Pozagir. They passed on their
knowledge and experience to the next generation.
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
3
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
08
Pages:
01
-05
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Blacksmiths have been teaching their apprentices the
secrets of their laborious craft for years. In this way,
they served to ensure the continuity of centuries-old
traditions in this regard. In ancient times, parents who
wanted their child to learn a trade took him to a master
craftsman, and there was no written contract between
them about taking the young man as an apprentice,
usually this matter was settled by verbal agreement.
In most cases, the apprentice was not paid for his
services, as all his support was provided by the master.
In the early years, the apprentice looked after the
household chores of the master. After some time, with
the master's permission, he entered the shop and
gradually learned the secrets of the trade by watching
the master's work. 16-17-year-olds were accepted as
apprentices in hard-working professions such as
pottery, blacksmithing, and coppersmithing. In the
past, the apprenticeship period lasted from 3 to 10
years, sometimes more, depending on the severity of
the trade. As it turns out, due to the hard work of
blacksmithing, the arrival of apprentices from abroad
is rare, so this craft is passed down from generation to
generation. Only the masters took only very few
patient and agile students to this craft. Thus, after a
certain period, the disciples began to work
independently.
The art of metalworking is also developed in Karmana
district. In particular, at the beginning of the 20th
century, about 10 large blacksmiths in Karmana and its
surroundings had small blacksmith shops in their
homes.
In the shop, the working tools of blacksmiths were
very simple, consisting of ombir, pencil ombirs, two
types of egos, sangdon, hammer and gira (air)
hammer. In most cases, three people worked in the
workshop - the master, the apprentice (an apprentice
who learned a trade in the medieval workshops. After
completing the apprenticeship, he worked for several
years under the master and became a master;) and the
apprentice. While the master performed the difficult
and complex processes himself, the servant assisted
him in hammering the metal object he was working
with with a heavy hammer. The student was lighting
the fire from the plane with the help of a ladder.
Blacksmiths were very popular at the end of the 19th
century. Iron and copper raw materials were mainly
imported from abroad to the blacksmiths and metal
products production workshops operating in the cities
and villages of the Lower Zarafshan oasis.
Brought. Merchants who were engaged in selling
cotton and yarn products to Russia, in turn, started to
bring iron and copper from there. Although precious
metals, primarily gold and silver, were mined from the
territory of the Bukhara Emirate, those who made
tools and household items from these metals could not
satisfy the ever-increasing demand. For this reason,
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
4
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
08
Pages:
01
-05
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
most of the precious metals are imported from India,
Iran and China.
We mentioned above that iron and copper, which are
the main raw materials for blacksmithing and
metalworking crafts in the Lower Zarafshan oasis,
were mainly imported from Russia. However, the
findings found in the Kyzylkum and Nurota mountains
prove that metal has long been developed in the
territory of Central Asia, and Uzbekistan has long been
famous for its mineral wealth, such as gold, silver,
copper, and iron.
According to historical sources, blacksmiths received
huge orders for weapons during wars and military
actions, and during the rest of the time, when peace
reigned in the country, craftsmen made a living by
making small items such as knives, water bottles, and
horseshoes. It was in high demand because farmers
had to change the ploughshare (a straight metal trivet
for the ploughshare) often, sometimes once a week.
During the winter months, potters were busy casting
and making other metal objects. In other seasons of
the year, and especially in the spring months, the
demand for the pose has increased.
In the 6th-12th centuries, when knife-making
developed, and the technologies of its decoration
changed, in the 15th-17th centuries, types of knives
hanging on the side appeared. This can be seen from
the miniatures of Navoi and Babur. Later, special
schools of knives appeared.
Fortunately, there are master blacksmiths among us
who do not neglect their craft. The work of a farmer
without a hoe made by them, a craftsman without a
hole, and a cook without a knife is not complete.
In general, the blacksmith profession tried to use all
the possibilities to fully satisfy the population's need
for these fine products.
By nature, patient and hardworking artisans, even in
difficult conditions, honor their ancestral profession
and strive to preserve the age-old traditions in this
regard.
In the collections of the State Museum of History and
Culture of the Navoi region, the unique creations of the
oasis craftsmen are preserved.
In the museum sections, there are a lot of tools made
by skilled Uzbek blacksmiths and given a unique artistic
appearance, plows, national swords, daggers and
knives, hook, bell, chain, candlestick, hoe, axe, ax,
khaskash, panshakha, household household items.
objects, such as scrapers and doorknobs, are included
in the collection and exhibits of the Air Raid Museum,
among the works of the blacksmith's workshop. These
objects still inspire incomparable admiration in the
hearts of the audience with their delicacy and perfect
forms.
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
5
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
08
Pages:
01
-05
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
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S. Bulatov. Uzbek folk decorative art. Tashkent,
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