Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
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VOLUME
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ABSTRACT
In Central Asia, in the second half of the XVI century, independent states - Bukhara and Khiva khanates were
established and began to develop. At the beginning of the XVIII century, after long wars, the independent Kokan
Khanate was established. In Bukhara Emirate, Kokan and Khiva khanates, mosques, madrasas, houses, baths,
caravanserais, and hospitals were built to support the development of cities.
KEYWORDS
Bukhara, Samarkand, Khiva, Urganch, Jizzakh, Koshmadrasa, Kokaldosh, Amir Temur, Mir Izzatulla, Abdullah Khan,
Abdulaziz Khan, Qaffol Shoshi.
INTRODUCTION
Mir Arab, Abdullakhan II, Abdulazizkhan madrasas in
Bukhara, Kokaldosh madrasa and Qaffol Shoshiy
mausoleum in Tashkent, Olloqulikhan complex in
Khiva, Koshmadrasa, Norbotabiy and Modarikhan
madrasas in Kokon, Modarikhan castle, Khudoyorkhan
palace are among them.
Research Article
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LIFE OF CITIES DURING THE
KHANATE PERIOD
Submission Date:
October 01, 2022,
Accepted Date:
October 06, 2022,
Published Date:
October 28, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume02Issue10-06
Qudratov Davlat
Lecturer Academic Lyceum of Gulistan State University, Uzbekistan
Based on Q.O. Almanov’s
Doctor of Philosophy in History Department of History Gulistan State University, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
33
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
10
Pages:
32
-38
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
According to information, from the end of the XVI
century to the XIX century, there was a 12-kilometer
city wall of Bukhara, which was built of raw bricks and
straw. The gates are made of baked brick. Only two of
the 11 gates - the Karakol and Talipoch gates built by
Abdullah Khan II on the western wall of Bukhara - were
preserved. As a result of the archeological researches
of the last century, the foundation remains of the
former Darvozai Samarkand and Darvozai Sheikh Jalal
city gates were found. On the basis of scientific
research and archival materials, a project was created
and the gates of Darvozai Samarkand and Darvozai
Sheikh Jalal were restored, and the part of the city wall
adjacent to Sheikh Jalal Gate was repaired at a distance
of 850 meters [1].
One of the most remarkable cities in Central Asia -
Khiva is located on the left bank of the Amudarya in the
south of the current Khorezm region of Uzbekistan.
This is the only rare monument in the region - the city.
In 1967, Khiva was declared a reserve city, and since
1990, the second part of Khiva - Ichan Castle - has been
recognized by UNESCO as a historical monument of
world importance.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Since the XVI century, Khiva has been declared the
capital of the khanate several times. At the beginning
of the XVII century, during the reign of Muhammad the
Arab (1602-1623), when relative political stability was
established in Khorezm, Khiva really became the
capital city of the state. The construction work
expanded somewhat, including the construction of the
magnificent Arab Muhammad madrasa. Khiva was
highly developed especially in the XIX century. In
connection with the expansion and strengthening of
the Khiva Khanate, the pace of construction in Ichan
Castle and Dishan Castle accelerated. The majestic city
wall is a vivid example of the construction of Khorezm
defensive fortifications. The height of the wall is about
10 meters, it looks a little steep from the outside, and
towers are made every 30 meters. The top of the wall
is finished with a kungura.
In the south-eastern corner of the Ichan fortress, the
remains of a rectangular tower are preserved - this is
an example of the early traditions of the construction
of the fortress in Khorezm. Ichan Castle has four gates.
Constellations are carved on the arched sides of the
gates. They are called Garden Gate in the north, Polvan
Gate in the east, Stone Gate in the south, and Father
Gate in the west.
In the XIX century, 10 gates were built around the
Dishan fortress. Of them, only the Kosh Gate has been
preserved. The gate has a unique architectural
appearance. Double arches, three bouquets - the
constellation is made between the arches. A bazaar, a
caravanserai and a bath house are located in front of
the city gates. Mosques, madrasas and mausoleums
were built near the market. In 1616, in connection with
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
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VOLUME
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the transfer of the Khorezm capital from Old Urganch
to Khiva, Arab Muhammad Khan built a madrasa
dedicated to this event. The madrasa was restored
during Olloquli Khan’s reign [2. 99
-101].
Juma Mosque, located in the center of Ichan Castle,
was built at the end of the XVIII century on the site of a
ruined building. This is a unique structure without a
roof and a dome, without a courtyard and an archway.
On the north side of the mosque, facing one of the
city’s central streets, there is a minaret, its height is 32
meters. It consists of a single room and a porch. The
flat beam ceiling of the porch is supported by 213
wooden columns.
In 1686, the construction of the Old Ark fortress began
near the western gate of the Ichan fortress. The ark has
many courtyards, the structure is complex, and there
were rooms for the khan and his family members and
officials. Of the many buildings in the Ark, only a few
structures from the XIX and early XX centuries have
been preserved - a viewing house, a mosque, a mint
and a harem.
During the Kokan Khanate (1709-1876), the city of
Kokan became the largest political, economic and
cultural center of Central Asia. From the time of Olim
Khan in 1798, the name of the country was officially
called “Kokan Khanate” and the ruler was called
“Khan”. During the reign of Khan Umar Khan of
Kokand, the city acquired the title Kokandi Latif. It
means beautiful, pleasant and elegant city.
Architecture, crafts, science, and trade have developed
tremendously.
Urban planning culture was formed in the traditional
way of medieval cities, the city with one common
center was radially planned, surrounded by a 7-meter-
high fortress wall. 12 gates were opened from the
walls: Tashkent, Kuduglik, Ghaziyokglik, Khojand,
Afghan garden or Isfara, Moyimubarak, Qatagon,
Rishton, Margilon, Toglik, Namangan, Chust gates. The
name of the place where the gates are located or the
road leading from the gate is named after that place.
The city walls were usually built of mud (pakhsa), and
sometimes raw bricks were also used in the
construction of the walls. This is confirmed by the
following words of F. Skibin, who visited Central Asia in
1697: “Turkestan and other cities are surrounded by
mud walls” [3.399
-400]. F. Beneveni notes that the
wall around the city of Bukhara was “made of mud and
raw bricks”. This information can be found in Mir Izz
at
Ulla’s “city walls were built of raw bricks” [4.201]
- is
also confirmed by the message.
Hafiz Tanish Bukhari, who wrote about the city wall of
Samarkand, noted that Amir Temur “started to build
the existing city wall in 703 AH and finished it in a short
time” [5.231]. Mir Izzatulla testifies that “the city wall
... was built of mud” [4.125].
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
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The city of Termiz was also “surrounded by strong
walls” [6.34]. This wall was also made of “clay” and it
was “very strong” [5.231].
As in the Emirate of Bukhara, the cities of the Khiva
Khanate had a tradition of surrounding them with
straw walls. Writing about Urganch in the XVI century,
Antony Jenkinson notes that the town “situated on a
plain and was surrounded by mud walls about 4 miles
long” [7.177].
The cities of the Kokand Khanate differed from
Bukhara and Khiva in terms of their protection by
defensive walls. The authors of the XIX century note
that Kokan cities were not surrounded by defensive
walls. In particular, Kun writes that “... starting from
M
argilan, we rarely meet walled cities” [8.417]. These
thoughts apply mainly to the new cities of the Kokan
Khanate. Because the ancient cities of the Ferghana
Valley existed in the Kokand Khanate, which separated
from the Bukhara Emirate only at the beginning of the
XVIII century. They were surrounded by defensive
walls. One such city, Andijan, was surrounded by a
strong wall by Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, who
wrote, “There are three gates in the city” [9.29].
The city of Margilan was also surrounded by a wall. At
the beginning of the XIX century, Mir Izzat Ulla wrote
about this city: “the city is surrounded by a mud wall,
which is currently in ruins” [10.48]. This information
was confirmed by a later researcher who wrote that
“the city was surrounded by a wall” [8.425].
At the beginning of the XIX century, the city of
Tashkent came under the control of the Khanate of
Kokan, and it was also surrounded by a wall.
There were also commercial and economic centers in
the khanate that were not surrounded by walls. This
can be observed in the case of newly formed cities. One
such city was Namangan. At the beginning of the XIX
century, F. Nazarov wrote that “Namangan does not
have any fortifications either” [11.50].
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Ethnic processes in the Turkish khanate were
investigated in the study based on comparative,
historical and logic analysis methods.
The capital Kokan was surrounded by a wall only in
1842.
About the wall of the city of Samarkand, N. Khanikov
wrote the following: “It is quite rectan
gular, more
precisely, a trapezoid... This wall is similar to the wall of
Bukhara in many respects” [12.201].
During the last Middle Ages, cities developed and
expanded territorially. As a result, some parts of the
city walls were rebuilt.
In the 40s of the XIX century, N. Khanykov wrote about
Karshi, “the city is surrounded by three concentric
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
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(ISSN
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VOLUME
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OCLC
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walls” [12.108]. This information also indicates the
expansion of the city’s territory.
By the first half of the XIX century, according to some
researchers, the city walls lost their importance as a
military fortification [13.72].
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
The city of Tashkent also had several gates. In 1735, Nur
Muhammad Alimov reported that the city has thirty-
two gates. At the beginning of the XIX century, 12 gates
were built along the city wall by Lashkar Beglarbegi.
This was confirmed by F. Nazarov, who was in Tashkent
in 1813-1814, and reported that there were 12 gates on
the city wall [11.59]. At the end of the XIX century, the
historian Muhammad Salih Tashkandi showed that
there were 12 gates in the city, and he gave the
following names: Qiyat, Turklar, Uzbek, Takhtapul,
Karasaroy,
Chigatoy,
Sogbaniyan,
Kokcha,
Kamondaran, Kangli, Beshyogoch, Qataghon [14.57].
This information about the gates of Tashkent indicates
that the city expanded in the late 18th - early XIX
centuries and the scope of its trade and economic
relations grew. The city wall of Kokan, built in 1842, also
had 12 gates [15.40].
There were also several gates in the defense walls of
the cities of the Khiva Khanate. As a result of territorial
expansion of cities, the number of gates also
increased. In particular, there were a number of gates
on the walls of the inner and outer parts of the capital
city of Khiva - Ichan Castle and Dishan Castle. According
to information, there are “three gates” on the Ichan
-
Kala wall of the city [16], and on the outer wall there
were seven, namely Khazorasp in the east, Urganch
and Bogcha in the north, Eshik Gate in the southeast,
and others [17.231].
Shahrisabz and Karshi, the major commercial and
economic centers of Central Asia, also had several
gates. Based on ethnographic data, O.A. Sukhareva
proved that in the XIX century there were gates in
Shahrisabz - Samarkand, Chirakchi, Yakkabog and
Kunchiqar, and in Karshi - Tutak, Sharshara,
Qarliqkhana, Charmgar, Nasaf, Misgarlik, Jilovkhona,
Rasta, Khandaq [18.112,129].
In addition to city gates, streets were of great
importance in their structural structure. The streets
intersected at the city markets, which started from the
city gates. These streets are wide and split into smaller
streets along the way. On both sides of the streets
there were often stalls.
In the cities, some streets were closed. It was
traditional to cover the streets in different ways and
use them as stalls. Antony Jenkinson, writing about
Urganch in the middle of the XVI century, noted that
“one long street was covered over, which served as a
market” [19.177].
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
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VOLUME
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Pages:
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SJIF
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6.
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)
OCLC
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Cities were divided into different parts, the number of
which could be different in different regions. For
example, centers such as Samarkand and Margilan are
divided into four parts [20.92], Shahrisabz was divided
into two parts [18.130]. The city of Kokan was divided
into 12 parts according to the 12 gates of the city
[15.40]. Tashkent was divided into four parts, which
consisted of Kokcha, Sebzor, Shaikhontohur, and
Beshyogoch [21.109].
The names of neighborhoods in cities often reflect
their natural topographic location. Orka kocha, Jar
kocha, Qator terak, Qishloq tepa, Kuduq boshi, Kora
tut, Kumloq, Tikkocha, Oktepa, Koshtut, Chukur
village, Karatash, Kuvir arik and others are among
them. In some cases, neighborhoods are named after
historical monuments, bridges, etc. in the lands where
they are located. Among them, you can find Oq masjid,
Baland Mosque, Gisht Mosque, Sirlik Mosque, Sogal
Mosque, Yoruglik mozor, Pushti hammom, Sari
Khumdon, Hatin masjid, Kok masjid and others. The
names of most of Tashkent neighborhoods reflect the
occupation of the people living in them. Among them,
Degrez, Egarchi, Oqchi, Parchabof, Konchilik,
Temirchilik, etc. can be distinguished among them
[21.112-121].
CONCLUSION
In general, despite the fact that they were located in
the territory of different khanates, there were a
number of aspects that united the cities of the late
middle Ages located in a single region - Central Asia.
One of them is the structure of cities and some aspects
related to it. These include being surrounded by walls,
the presence of gates, the internal structure of cities,
etc.
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Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
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