Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
427
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
:
427-432
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
In this article, the author presented his research results on the biography of Zakhiriddin Babur (1483
–
1530). Over his
47 years, this talented man left a colossal mark on history and literature. Interesting facts about life and creativity are
presented in our article.
KEYWORDS
Philosophy of love, vostoyanaya philosophy, aspects of love, concept, categories, principles.
INTRODUCTION
One of the brilliant representatives of the Uzbek
people is undoubtedly the outstanding statesman,
scientist, encyclopedist, poet Zakhiriddin Muhammad
Babur, who left behind a unique legacy.
Babur - a descendant of the Temurids, the creator of a
great empire, ruler and commander - was truly a
multifaceted personality. He went down in history as a
poet, historian, geographer, a major theorist, literary
critic, a recognized expert on poetry, the inventor of a
new written language, and a talented translator. Of
course, the world-famous encyclopedic work
“Baburname” is at th
e center of his work.
Babur, prefacing his narration, emphasizes that he will
strive to ensure that “every word in it is written
truthfully.” This work is of the highest value, first of all,
as a reliable and rich historical source. “Baburnama”
very realistically and objectively describes the events
taking place in the period from 1494 to 1529 in the
Research Article
BABUR-NAME AS THE CENTER OF GRAVITY OF THE CULTURE OF THE
EAST
Submission Date:
December 20, 2023,
Accepted Date:
December 25, 2023,
Published Date:
December 30, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume03Issue12-62
Hamdamov Behzod Khabibovich
A Teacher Of The Department Of Social Sciences Of The Bukhara State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
428
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
:
427-432
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
countries of Central and Asia Minor. Great attention is
paid to science, literature, and art. The descriptions are
so detailed that they contain the names of over one
and a half thousand personalities, including
approximately seven hundred shahs, emirs, officials,
religious
figures,
scientists
and
thinkers,
representatives of literature and art, farmers and
artisans.
Scientists around the world have been studying this
work with great interest for centuries. More than thirty
novels, more than a hundred stories and essays, as well
as many historical and scientific works, doctoral
dissertations, and films were made about Babur’s
personality and his incomparable memoirs.
The importance of the scientific and literary heritage
and merits of Babur Mirzo is highly appreciated by
researchers of the East and West. They see in Babur an
extraordinary personality, a fearless commander who
did not retreat from life’s difficulti
es, a noble man who
passionately loved science and art, and valued creative
people. Thus, the Scottish statesman and historian
Mountstuart Elphinstone called “Baburname” “the
only true example of historical narrative in Asia,” and
the Russian orientalist scholar, academician of the St.
Petersburg Academy of Sciences Vasily Bartold
described this work as “a classic realistic example of
Turkic prose.” The famous Hungarian orientalist and
linguist Hermann Vambery, comparing the Baburnama
with the Commentaries of Gaius Julius Caesar, admits
that “the first work is much more soulful.”
The history of translations of Baburnama is also
interesting. To date, the book has been translated into
twenty languages of the world and published many
times in different years. It was first translated into
Persian by Sheikh Zein, then by Mirzo Payand and
Muhammad Quli Gisar (1586), Abdurakhim Khanihan
(1589), Tagai Murad Karluk Khatlani. “Baburname” was
translated into Dutch by Witsen in 1705, into English by
J. Leiden, W. Erskine (1826), R.M. Caldecote (1844), F.
Talbot (1909), L. King (1921), A. Beveridge (1922), W.
Thaxton (1996, 2002), into German - A. Kaysir (1828), W.
Stamler (1990 ), in French - P.D. Krutheil (1871), B.
Grammont (1969), into Turkish - R.R. Arat (1943-1946),
in Russian - M.A. Salye (1948, 1958), in Urdu - M. Nasir
ad-Din (1924), R. Akhtar Nadvi (1969), Hasan Bek
(2000), in Hindi - Y. Navalpuri (1974), in Kazakh - B.
Kojabekov (1990) and I. Gemini (2022), in Uyghur - H.
Timur (1992), in Chinese - V. Dzhilai (1997), in Japanese
- E. Mano (1998), in Spanish - M. Comas (2001) , in
Arabic - M. Makhluf (2013), in Farsi-Dari - Sh. Yarkin
(2007), in Azerbaijani - F. Bayati (2009) and R. Asker
(2011).
Facsimile editions of the manuscript were first printed
in Kazan by N. Ilminsky (1857) and in London by Mrs.
Beveridge (1905). For the first time in Uzbekistan,
some parts of the work were published (1928) by the
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
429
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
:
427-432
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
representative of the national educational movement
of the Jadids, A. Fitrat.
I would like to emphasize with particular pride that
today interest in this unique work continues
throughout the world. So, last year it was once again
translated into Kazakh by the Kazakh scientist Islam
Dzhemeney and published in Almaty.
A significant event of this year, the year of celebration
of the 540th anniversary of Babur, was the publication
of an Italian translation, authored by the Italian
orientalist Federico Pastore. He took as a basis the
English translation of the American orientalist W.
Thaxton, which maximally preserved all the properties
inherent in the memoirs of Babur Mirzo. It is
noteworthy that Pastore often gives comments and
concepts of certain words and terms in the book. Such
reverent attitude towards translation increases its
value even more. The author of the translation notes
that “Baburnama” is “the first example of an
autobiographical work of Islamic civilization that
allows us to recreate the everyday life of that time.”
“Babur
-
name” is the historical work of Babur. The work
is rightly called “the best work of Turkic prose.” This
book is not simply a summary of historical chronicles.
The work is devoted to a description of the activities of
Babur, his successful and unsuccessful military
campaigns, and a presentation of all the vicissitudes of
his rich adventuro
us life. To date, “Babur
-
name” has
been translated into 31 languages of the world.
“Babur
-
nama” contains a lot of factual data on
ethnography: interesting descriptions of the various
clothes of the Hindus, their caste system, customs,
lifestyle of the common people and the feudal nobility.
For example, the “Babur
-
nama” describes Hindu men's
clothing - dhoti, women's clothing - saris, which Babur
calls the Central Asian term langut and describes in
detail the way they are dressed. Similar information is
not contained in other historical chronicles and is
valuable historical and ethnographic data. He primarily
notes features that are directly of Indian origin. For
example, the method of extracting date juice and
making palm wine (tari) in India, which is completely
unknown in Central Asia. Babur also describes the
wonderful mango fruit, which made a great impression
on him.
From the animal world, the author describes
elephants, rhinoceroses, peacocks, parrots and others.
Babur is amazed by the beauty of these birds. Of the
flowers, Babur mentions the red flower of the pink
laurels of Gwalior, which he brought to Agra and
ordered to be replanted in his Zarafshan garden. The
“nilupar” flower, which he described in detail in
“Babur
-
nama,” also attracted his attenti
on. He
especially notes the properties of aleander and
jasmine. About jasmine, he writes that this flower is
larger and its smell is stronger than that of Central Asia.
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
430
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
:
427-432
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Despite his very short reign in India (1526-1530), Babur
managed to some extent unify the feudal-fragmented
country and implement such important measures as
streamlining land-water relations and the tax system.
On his orders, mosques were improved, buildings for
various purposes were constructed, baths were built,
wells were dug, etc. In large cities of India - Delhi, Agra,
Lahore, Devalpur - Babur laid out gardens and parks
with ornamental plants. It is characteristic that when
planning the gardens, Babur used the Central Asian
charbagh system. From the “Babur
-
nama” it becomes
known that in 1526 in Panipat, Babur, in honor of the
victory over Ibrahim Lodi, laid out a large garden called
Kabul-bakht, which, apparently, was his first
construction on Indian territory. In the gardens laid out
in India, Babur first applied the experience of growing
Central Asian melons and grapes (a grape variety called
Anguri Samarkandi, i.e. Samarkand grapes, is still
grown in India).
In his activities, Babur constantly pursued the goal of
improving the large cities of India under his control.
The layout and architecture of public and private
buildings, their external design and interior, having a
lot with the Central Asian style, were organically
combined at the same time with Indian form and style,
which led to the contact of two cultures - Indian and
Central Asian. This process was further developed
under Babur's successors, which is especially
noticeable in the style of large buildings built in
Northern India by his descendants.
However, not only the interpenetration and mutual
influence of two cultures - Central Asia and India - is
characteristic of the reign of Babur in India, but also a
certain transformation of some feudal institutions
inherent in both countries in the Middle Ages (for
example, the institutions of Tarkhan, Suyurgal, etc.). All
this is well reflected in Babur-nama.
In India, Babur constantly sought to strengthen trade
and economic ties with Central Asia, Afghanistan and
Iran, which were interrupted after Babur's defeat in
1511 in the battle with Ubaydulla Khan at Quli Malik,
near Bukhara. Bab
ur’s special firman (decree) on
measuring the distance between Agra and Kabul, on
the improvement of caravanserais, the construction of
special wells on trade highways, the procurement of
fodder and food supplies for travelers was created
with the aim of i
ncreasing the country’s trade turnover,
normalizing the system of external relations with other
countries.
Babur considered his work as a guide for governing the
state, the provisions of which were supposed to
contribute not only to the significant stabilization of
the state tax system, but, as a result, to improve the
situation of the masses and protect them from the
excesses of the feudal lords. Babur dedicated this work
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
431
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
:
427-432
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
to his son Humayun, his heir, the future second ruler of
India in 1530-1556.
Babur wrote this work in the old Uzbek language
(Turkic). As evidenced by historical primary sources
written in India in the Middle Ages, the role of the Old
Uzbek language - the language of Alisher Navoi, Babur
and his successors - was noticeable during this period.
The Old Uzbek language, along with the Persian
language (Dari) and Urdu, played a significant role in
the development of art and literature in India in the
16th-17th centuries. and took pride of place. Many
representatives of historical science and literature
from Babur’s inner circle
- Khoja Kalan, Sheikh Zain,
Turdibek Khaksar, Bayram Khan and others also wrote
their works in the Old Uzbek language. Not only
“Babur
-
name” and the treatise “Mubayin” were
written in the old Uzbek language, but also a poetic
divan, conventionally called by us “Indian divan”,
compiled by Babur himself, currently stored in Rampur
in the library of the Indian nawob.
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
:
427-432
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.
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)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
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–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
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